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The use of chlorofluorocarbons as aerosols in medicine, such as USP-approved salbutamol, has been phased out by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A different propellant known as hydrofluoroalkane, or HFA, which was not known to harm the environment, was chosen to replace it. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, spherical aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some spherical compounds such as fullerenes and polyhedral boranes.
In 2000, Andreas Hirsch and coworkers in Erlangen, Germany, formulated a rule to determine when a fullerene would be aromatic. They found that if the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The subject of bubble size is important because the aeration system in a wastewater or sewage treatment plant consumes an average of 50 to 70 percent of the energy of the entire plant. Increasing the oxygen transfer efficiency decreases the power the plant requires to provide the same quality of effluent water. Furthe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hypothetical azeotrope of constituents X and Y is shown in the adjacent diagram. Two sets of curves on a phase diagram one at an arbitrarily chosen low pressure and another at an arbitrarily chosen, but higher, pressure. The composition of the azeotrope is substantially different between the high- and low-pressure pl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Energy homeostasis is the homeostatic control of energy balance – the difference between energy obtained through food consumption and energy expenditure – in living systems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to MoOPH's steric bulk, preferential attack at the O–O bond occurs from the less hindered enolate face in the absence of stereoelectronic factors.
In addition, nitriles with acidic alpha protons can be converted directly to cyanohydrins; however, in the case of branched nitriles, this reaction directly affords the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some enzymatic nitrification inhibitors, such as nitrapyrin, can also inhibit the oxidation of methane in methanotrophic bacteria. AMO shows similar kinetic turnover rates to methane monooxygenase (MMO) found in methanotrophs, indicating that MMO is a similar catalyst to AMO for the purpose of methane oxidation. Furthe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemokines are functionally divided into two groups:
*Homeostatic: are constitutively produced in certain tissues and are responsible for basal leukocyte migration. These include: CCL14, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL25, CCL27, CXCL12 and CXCL13. This classification is not strict; for example, CCL20 can act also as pro-infla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*1999 - Outstanding Faculty Award, State Council of Higher Education of Virginia (SCHEV)
*2007 - Jabir Ibn Hyyan (Geber) Award, Saudi Chemical Society
*2008 - SAE International Award for Research on Automotive Lubricants, Society of Automotive Engineering
*2012–13 - Jefferson Science Fellow (JSF), U.S. Department of S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homogeneous metallocene catalysts, e.g., derived from or related to zirconocene dichloride introduced a level of microstructural control that was unavailable with heterogeneous systems. Metallocene catalysts are homogeneous single-site systems, implying that a uniform catalyst is present in the solution. In contrast,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles.
Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased. In 1852, Robert Angus ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The gauche effect is very sensitive to solvent effects, due to the large difference in polarity between the two conformers. For example, 2,3-dinitro-2,3-dimethylbutane, which in the solid state exists only in the gauche conformation, prefers the gauche conformer in benzene solution by a ratio of 79:21, but in carbon te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anionic and cationic surfactants can be determined thermometrically by titrating one type against the other. For instance, benzalkonium chloride (a quaternary-type cationic surfactant) may be determined in cleaners and algaecides for swimming pools and spas by titrating with a standard solution of sodium dodecyl sulfat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The origins of the field date back to the 1950s, when Yehuda Hirshberg developed the photochromic spiropyrans and suggested their use in data storage. In the 1970s, Valerii Barachevskii demonstrated that this photochromism could be produced by two-photon excitation, and at the end of the 1980s Peter M. Rentzepis showed... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the polymerization technique applied, two different types of poly(phthalaldehyde) can be acquired, linear and cyclic. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC), or multimodal chromatography, refers to chromatographic methods that utilize more than one form of interaction between the stationary phase and analytes in order to achieve their separation. What is distinct from conventional single-mode chromatography is that the secondary interactions... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coupling magnetic nanoparticles to gene vectors results in hundreds-fold increase of the uptake of these vectors on a time scale of minutes, thus leading to high transfection efficiency. Gene vector and magnetic nanoparticle complexes are transfected into cells after 10–15 minutes, which is faster than the 2–4 hours th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Thomas Edison's work in chemistry, including the development of carbon filaments and the nickel-iron battery and research into domestic sources of rubber at the Thomas Edison National Historical Park in West Orange, New Jersey, The Henry Ford in Dearborn, Michigan, and the Edison and Ford Winter Estates in Fort Myers,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas (), completing the nitrogen cycle. This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Paracoccus, under anaerobic conditions. They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration. These facultativel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mixtures containing HFC-43-10mee can replace CFC-113 and perfluorocarbon (PFC) as solvents in cleaning systems because HFC-43-10mee does not harm the ozone layer, unlike CFC-113 and PFC. Various mixtures of HFC-43-10mee are commercially available for a variety of cleaning purposes. Examples of zeotropic solvents in cle... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Nyāya Sūtra's Book 4, Chapter 1, verses 19–21, postulates God exists, states a consequence, then presents contrary evidence, and from contradiction concludes that the postulate must be invalid.
A literal interpretation of the three verses suggests that Nyāya school rejected the need for a God for the efficacy of hum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The leakage current of logic switching transistors increases with temperature. In rare instances, this may lead to thermal runaway in digital circuits. This is not a common problem, since leakage currents usually make up a small portion of overall power consumption, so the increase in power is fairly modest — for an At... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stable isotopes have become a popular method for understanding aquatic ecosystems because they can help scientists in understanding source links and process information in marine food webs. These analyses can also be used to a certain degree in terrestrial systems. Certain isotopes can signify distinct primary producer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quark–gluon plasma (QGP or quark soup) is an interacting localized assembly of quarks and gluons at thermal (local kinetic) and (close to) chemical (abundance) equilibrium. The word plasma signals that free color charges are allowed. In a 1987 summary, Léon van Hove pointed out the equivalence of the three terms: quark... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Titanium powder metallurgy (P/M) offers the possibility of creating net shape or near net shape parts without the material loss and cost associated with having to machine intricate components from wrought billet. Powders can be produced by the blended elemental technique or by pre-alloying and then consolidated by meta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Besides trying to re-activate the tumor suppressive function of pRb, one other distinct approach to treat dysregulated pRb pathway cancers is to take advantage of certain cellular consequences induced by pRb loss. It has been shown that E2F stimulates expression of pro-apoptotic genes in addition to G1/S transition gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solvents can affect rates through equilibrium-solvent effects that can be explained on the basis of the transition state theory. In essence, the reaction rates are influenced by differential solvation of the starting material and transition state by the solvent. When the reactant molecules proceed to the transition sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A new chapter was opened when Max Lewandowsky in 1899 in Berlin observed that adrenal extracts acted on the smooth muscle of the eye and orbit of cats — such as the iris dilator muscle and nictitating membrane — in the same way as sympathetic nerve stimulation. The correspondence was extended by John Newport Langley an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a primary carbon is a carbon atom which is bound to only one other carbon atom. It is thus at the end of a carbon chain. In case of an alkane, three hydrogen atoms are bound to a primary carbon (see propane in the figure on the right). A hydrogen atom could also be replaced by a hydroxy group (), ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest theoretical model is that of a homogeneous sphere surrounded by a conducting dielectric medium. For a homogeneous sphere of radius and complex permittivity in a medium with complex permittivity the (time-averaged) DEP force is:
The factor in curly brackets is known as the complex Clausius-Mossotti funct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In iron and steel metallurgy, ledeburite is a mixture of 4.3% carbon in iron and is a eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite. Ledeburite is not a type of steel as the carbon level is too high although it may occur as a separate constituent in some high carbon steels. It is mostly found with cementite or pearlite i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystals can be classified in three ways: lattice systems, crystal systems and crystal families. The various classifications are often confused: in particular the trigonal crystal system is often confused with the rhombohedral lattice system, and the term "crystal system" is sometimes used to mean "lattice system" or ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Stokes radius or Stokes–Einstein radius of a solute is the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as that solute. Named after George Gabriel Stokes, it is closely related to solute mobility, factoring in not only size but also solvent effects. A smaller ion with stronger hydration, for example, may ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) is the transfer of nuclear spin polarization from one population of spin-active nuclei (e.g. H, C, N etc.) to another via cross-relaxation. A phenomenological definition of the NOE in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is the change in the integrated intensity (positive or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Autoproteolysis takes place in some proteins, whereby the peptide bond is cleaved in a self-catalyzed intramolecular reaction. Unlike zymogens, these autoproteolytic proteins participate in a "single turnover" reaction and do not catalyze further reactions post-cleavage. Examples include cleavage of the Asp-Pro bond in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, IUPAC Recommendations 2005 is the 2005 version of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (which is informally called the Red Book). It is a collection of rules for naming inorganic compounds, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The karat (US spelling, symbol k or Kt) or carat (UK spelling, symbol c or Ct) is a fractional measure of purity for gold alloys, in parts fine per 24 parts whole. The karat system is a standard adopted by US federal law. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Mesopotamia, from –2750 BC, the lost-wax technique was used for small-scale, and then later large-scale copper and bronze statues. One of the earliest surviving lost-wax castings is a small lion pendant from Uruk IV. Sumerian metalworkers were practicing lost-wax casting from approximately –3200 BC. Much later examp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a guaianolide is a type of sesquiterpene lactone consisting of a gamma-lactone and either a cyclopentane or cyclopentene, both fused to a central cycloheptane or cycloheptene structure. There are two subclasses, structural isomers differing in the location that part of the lactone is bonded to th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), is a transmembrane receptor found predominantly in the ovary and testis, but also many extragonadal organs such as the uterus and breasts. The receptor interacts with both... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a conventional oil refinery, isobutane is alkylated with low-molecular-weight alkenes (primarily a mixture of propene and butene) in the presence of a Brønsted acid catalyst, which can include solid acids (zeolites). The catalyst protonates the alkenes (propene, butene) to produce carbocations, which alkylate isobut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest method of obtaining 1,2-, 1,4-, and 1,6- heteroatom substitution patterns is to start with them. Biochemical and industrial processes can provide inexpensive sources of chemicals that have normally inaccessible substitution patterns. For example, amino acids, oxalic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, tartar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*SSC, Noakhali R.K. Zilla H.E. School, 1945
*HSC, Comilla Victoria College, 1947
*BSc (Hons), Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, First in the First Class
*MSc, Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, First in the First Class, 1951
*PhD, Manchester University, UK (Thesis entitled "The Acid Behaviour of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Invalid if other proteins or immunoglobulins compete with TBG, including familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Deepening of the voice
* Growth of facial and body hair
* Male-pattern baldness
* Enlargement of the clitoris
* Breast atrophy – possible shrinking and/or softening of breasts | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Push–pull technology was developed at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Kenya in collaboration with Rothamsted Research, UK. and national partners in the 1990s. Research and development for the push-pull strategy was funded by a number of partners including the Gatsby Charitable Foun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including insulin, growth factors (such as IGF-1 and IGF-2), and amino acids. mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymer-protein conjugates can also form a higher ordered supramolecular structure via self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers into micelles and microcapsules, which is one of the most promising strategies to generate drug delivery systems. Such systems have the innate advantage of rapid preparation, a high drug loading ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The plot reveals whether hydrophobic amino acids are concentrated on one side of the helix, usually with polar or hydrophilic amino acids on the other. This arrangement is common in alpha helices within globular proteins, where one face of the helix is oriented toward the hydrophobic core and one face is oriented towar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ortho effect also occurs when a meta-directing group is positioned in a meta arrangement relative to an ortho–para-directing group, a new substituent introduced into the molecule tends to preferentially occupy the ortho position relative to the meta-directing group rather than the para position. Currently, there i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shadowing and blocking are important concepts in almost all types of ion-surface interactions and result from the repulsive nature of the ion-nucleus interaction. As shown at right, when a flux of ions flows in parallel towards a scattering center (nucleus), they are each scattered according to the force of the Coulom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A synonym for such neutron emission is "prompt neutron" production, of the type that is best known to occur simultaneously with induced nuclear fission. Induced fission happens only when a nucleus is bombarded with neutrons, gamma rays, or other carriers of energy. Many heavy isotopes, most notably californium-252, als... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several other report types that have some resemblance in name or degree of detail to the Phase I Environmental Site Assessment:
Phase II Environmental Site Assessment is an "intrusive" investigation which collects original samples of soil, groundwater or building materials to analyze for quantitative values o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrothermal ore minerals, which typically form from high temperature aqueous solutions, trap tiny bubbles of liquids or gases when cooling and forming solid rock. The trapped fluid in an inclusion preserves a record of the composition, temperature and pressure of the mineralizing environment. An inclusion often contai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1964 Hisatsune and Surez investigated the infrared spectrum of metaborate anions in dilute solid solutions of potassium salt in alkali halides such as potassium chloride KCl. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
No laninamivir resistance has been reported. However it is a concern that resistance to laninamivir is similar to that of zanamivir because of the similarity in binding properties with the NA protein. Laninamivir octanoate (CS-8958), which is a prodrug of laninamivir (another inhaled NAI with long-acting properties), h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Earl Sutherland of Vanderbilt University won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine, via second messengers (such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein-linked receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Upon treatment with a standard acid, fluoride salts convert to hydrogen fluoride and metal salts. With strong acids, it can be doubly protonated to give fluoronium|. Oxidation of fluoride gives fluorine. Solutions of inorganic fluorides in water contain F and bifluoride . Few inorganic fluorides are soluble in water wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This book is a description of the various types of veins that can be found. There are 30 illustrations of different forms of these veins, forming the majority of Book III. Agricola also describes a compass to determine the direction of veins and mentions that some writers claim that veins lying in certain directions a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Newton loop-node method is based on Kirchhoff’s first and second laws. The Newton loop-node method is the combination of the Newton nodal and loop methods and does not solve loop equations explicitly. The loop equations are transformed to an equivalent set of nodal equations, which are then solved to yield the noda... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An enyne is an organic compound containing a double bond (alkene) and a triple bond (alkyne). It is called a conjugated enyne when the double and triple bonds are conjugated.
The term is a contraction of the terms alkene and alkyne.
The simplest enyne is vinylacetylene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adverse effects of dextromethorphan in overdose at doses 3 to 10 times the recommended therapeutic dose:
At doses 11 to 75 times the recommended therapeutic dose:
Episodic acute psychosis can occur when high doses of dextromethorphan are taken for recreational use, and an abundance of psychiatric symptoms can result, i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jean Brachets research in Brussel demonstrated the localization and relative abundance between RNA and DNA in the cells of both animals and plants opened up the door into the research of cytochemistry. The work by Moller and Holter in 1976 about endocytosis which discussed the relationship between a cells structure and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hormones derived from the modification of amino acids are referred to as amine hormones. Typically, the original structure of the amino acid is modified such that a –COOH, or carboxyl, group is removed, whereas the , or amine, group remains. Amine hormones are synthesized from the amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In genetics, coverage is one of several measures of the depth or completeness of DNA sequencing, and is more specifically expressed in any of the following terms:
*Sequence coverage (or depth) is the number of unique reads that include a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence. Deep sequencing refers to the gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Open flow microperfusion (OFM) is a sampling method for clinical and preclinical drug development studies and biomarker research. OFM is designed for continuous sampling of analytes from the interstitial fluid (ISF) of various tissues. It provides direct access to the ISF by insertion of a small, minimally invasive, me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electron distribution around an atom or molecule undergoes fluctuations in time. These fluctuations create instantaneous electric fields which are felt by other nearby atoms and molecules, which in turn adjust the spatial distribution of their own electrons. The net effect is that the fluctuations in electron posit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Caesium carbonate facilitates the N-alkylation of compounds such as sulfonamides, amines, β-lactams, indoles, heterocyclic compounds, N-substituted aromatic imides, phthalimides, and other similar compounds. Research on these compounds has focused on their synthesis and biological activity. In the presence of sodium te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many biochemists predicted when examining K. C. Nicolaou's biomimetic synthesis of the endiandric acid cascade that enzymes aided this reaction in the biosynthesis. The biomimetic series determined that this process took place synthetically through a series of Diels-Alder cyclization reactions and therefore led resear... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since stringent environmental regulations limiting emissions have been enacted in many countries, is being removed from flue gases by a variety of methods. Common methods used:
*Wet scrubbing using a slurry of alkaline sorbent, usually limestone or lime, or seawater to scrub gases;
*Spray-dry scrubbing using similar ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some members of the Heidelberg-Moscow collaboration claimed a detection of neutrinoless beta decay in Ge in 2001. This claim was criticized by outside physicists as well as other members of the collaboration. In 2006, a refined estimate by the same authors stated the half-life was 2.3 years. This half-life has been exc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a crystal, a superstructure manifests itself through additional reflections in diffraction patterns, e.g., in low energy electron diffraction (LEED) or X-ray diffraction experiments. Often a set of weak diffraction spots appears between the stronger spots belonging to what is referred to as the substructure. In some... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1945 there were 38 furnaces worldwide, each with a capacity of 1 Mt/year. The process was favored in Germany due to the autarky policy of the Nazi regime, which prioritized the use of low-quality domestic iron ore. The transfer of technology between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan led to the Japanese Empire benefiti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hybrid Fusion FISH ([http://www.prevnos.com/hybrid-fusion-fish HF-FISH]) uses primary additive excitation/emission combination of fluorophores to generate additional spectra through a labeling process known as dynamic optical transmission (DOT). Three primary fluorophores are able to generate a total of 7 readily detec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the United States, modern MRFs began in the 1970s. Peter Karter established Resource Recovery Systems, Inc. in Branford, Connecticut, the "first materials recovery facility (MRF)" in the US. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steam locomotives and the steam engines used on ships and stationary applications such as power plants also require feedwater pumps. In this situation, though, the pump was often powered using a small steam engine that ran using the steam produced by the boiler. A means had to be provided, of course, to put the initial... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alpha hydroxy acids can be converted into amino acids directly using aqueous ammonia solution, hydrogen gas and a heterogeneous metallic ruthenium catalyst. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following assumptions are made regarding the problem in the vortex lattice method:
*The flow field is incompressible, inviscid and irrotational. However, small-disturbance subsonic compressible flow can be modeled if the general 3D Prandtl-Glauert transformation is incorporated into the method.
*The lifting surfac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphites, sometimes called phosphite esters, have the general structure P(OR) with oxidation state +3. Such species arise from the alcoholysis of phosphorus trichloride:
:PCl + 3 ROH → P(OR) + 3 HCl
The reaction is general, thus a vast number of such species are known. Phosphites are employed in the Perkow r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Addition polymers are generally chemically inert, involving strong C-C bonds. For this reason they are non-biodegradable and difficult to recycle. In contrast, condensation polymers tend to be more readily bio-degradable because their backbones contain weaker bonds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There exist multiple transcription and translation mechanisms to prevent lethality due to deleterious mutations in the coding region. Such measures include proofreading by some DNA Polymerases during replication, mismatch repair following replication, and the Wobble Hypothesis which describes the degeneracy of the thir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cp metal complexes are mainly used as stoichiometric reagents in chemical research. Ferrocenium reagents are oxidants. Cobaltocene is a strong, soluble reductant.
Derivatives of CpTiCl and CpZrCl are the basis of some reagents in organic synthesis. Upon treatment with aluminoxane, these dihalides give catalysts for ole... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Normally, angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, increasing blood pressure. Enalaprilat, the active metabolite of enalapril, inhibits ACE. Inhibition of ACE decreases levels of angiotensin II, leading to less vasoconstriction and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many design components of MBBR that come together to make the technology highly efficient. First, the process occurs in a basin (or aeration tank). The overall size of this tank is dependent on both the type and volume of wastewater being processed. The influent enters the basin at the beginning of treatment.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The material has the unusual property of changing to ammonium thiocyanate upon heating above . Upon cooling, the ammonium salt converts back to thiourea. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Injectors or ejectors are made of carbon steel, stainless steel, brass, titanium, PTFE, carbon, and other materials. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The needs of navigation may also require that a stable, continuous, navigable channel is prolonged from the navigable river to deep water at the mouth of the estuary. The interaction of river flow and tide needs to be modeled by computer or using scale models, moulded to the configuration of the estuary under considera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An evanescent field is a residue optical field that "leaks" during total internal reflection. This "leaking" of light fades off at an exponential rate. The evanescent field has found a number of applications in nanometer resolution imaging (microscopy); optical micromanipulation (optical tweezers) are becoming ever mor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If one dimension is very large compared to the others, the principal strain in the direction of the longest dimension is constrained and can be assumed as constant, that means there will be effectively zero strain along it, hence yielding a plane strain condition (Figure 7.2). In this case, though all principal stress... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are mainly two types of mathematical models to predict the dynamic stall behaviour: semi-empirical models and computational fluid dynamics method. With regard to the latter method, because of the sophisticated flow field during the process of the dynamic stall, the full Navier-Stokes equations and proper models a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, sparging, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique in which a gas is bubbled through a liquid in order to remove other dissolved gas(es) and/or dissolved volatile liquid(s) from that liquid. It is a method of degassing. According to Henry's law, the concentration of each gas in a liquid is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnesium can be removed either thermally or by reactive measures through the dissolution in acid.
Esen & Bor found a critical content of magnesium as a space holder to be 55-60%, above which compacts shrink excessively during sintering. Foams ranging in porosity from 45 to 70% with a bimodal pore distribution and co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Control of flux through a metabolic pathway requires that
*The degree to which metabolic steps determine the metabolic flux varies based on the organisms' metabolic needs.
*The change in flux that occurs due to the above requirement being communicated to the rest of the metabolic pathway in order to maintain a steady-s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After a hiatus, Norşuntepe was again occupied during the Early Bronze Age. During this period, the site was surrounded by a mudbrick city wall built on a stone foundation. There is evidence for copper production and some sort of palace or large, central building appears at the site in the final phases. In terms of mate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sphere packing problem is the three-dimensional version of a class of ball-packing problems in arbitrary dimensions. In two dimensions, the equivalent problem is packing circles on a plane. In one dimension it is packing line segments into a linear universe.
In dimensions higher than three, the densest lattice pack... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The acid converts deoxyribose to a molecule that binds with diphenylamine to form a blue substance. The reagent does not interact with RNA, so can be used to distinguish DNA from RNA. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) are distinguished surfaces of trajectories in a dynamical system that exert a major influence on nearby trajectories over a time interval of interest. The type of this influence may vary, but it invariably creates a coherent trajectory pattern for which the underlying LCS serves as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SINEs are much shorter (300bp) than LINEs. They share similarity with genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II, the enzyme that transcribes genes into mRNA transcripts, and the initiation sequence of RNA polymerase III, the enzyme that transcribes genes into ribosomal RNA, tRNA and other small RNA molecules. SINEs such a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
(lead(II) dicarbonate) can be formed at 30 GPa and 2000K from PbCO and CO. It forms white monoclinic crystals, with space group P2/c and four formula units per unit cell. At 30 GPa the unit cell has a=4.771 b=8.079 c=7.070 Å and β=91.32°. The unit cell volume is 272.4 Å and density 7.59.
(strontium dicarbonate) is ver... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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