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At high pressures, water has a complex phase diagram with 15 known phases of ice and several triple points, including 10 whose coordinates are shown in the diagram. For example, the triple point at 251 K (−22 °C) and 210 MPa (2070 atm) corresponds to the conditions for the coexistence of ice Ih (ordinary ice), ice III ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipid bilayers are structures of lipid molecules consisting of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head group. Therefore, these structures experience all the characteristic Interbilayer forces involved in that regime. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hyperconjugation is the stabilizing interaction that results from the interaction of the electrons in a sigma bond (usually C-H or C-C) with an adjacent empty (or partially filled) non-bonding p-orbital or antibonding π orbital or an antibonding sigma orbital to give an extended molecular orbital that increases the sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Background BOD or benthic oxygen demand is the diffuse source of BOD represented by the decay of organic matter that has already settled on the bottom. This will give rise to a constant diffuse input thus the change in BOD over time will be
where
* is the rate for oxygen consumption by BOD, usually in .
* is the BOD ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to it being a lesser understood post-translational modification, arginylation and its regulation in vivo still remains largely esoteric. The expression of ATE1 can vary significantly within different tissues, but its levels within these tissues peak at mid-development but begin to decline as an organism ages. It ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The molecular mechanism of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) generation in chloroplasts is similar to that in mitochondria and takes the required energy from the proton motive force (PMF). However, chloroplasts rely more on the chemical potential of the PMF to generate the potential energy required for ATP synthesis. The PM... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Autocrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell. This can be contrasted with paracrine signaling, intracrine signaling, or classical endocrine signali... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical milling or industrial etching is the subtractive manufacturing process of using baths of temperature-regulated etching chemicals to remove material to create an object with the desired shape. Other names for chemical etching include photo etching, chemical etching, photo chemical etching and photochemic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The B-B bond adds across alkenes and alkynes to give the 1,2-diborylated alkanes and alkenes. Using various organorhodium or organoiridium catalysts, it can also be installed onto saturated hydrocarbons:
:CH(CH)CH + [pinB] → pinBH + CH(CH)Bpin
These reactions proceed via boryl complexes.
Bis(pinacolato)diboron can also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perovskite solar cells are solar cells that include a perovskite-structured material as the active layer. Most commonly, this is a solution-processed hybrid organic-inorganic tin or lead halide based material. Efficiencies have increased from below 5% at their first usage in 2009 to 25.5% in 2020, making them a very ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is an amplification technique (conceptually like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but not involving nucleotides) to multiply misfolded prions originally developed by Soto and colleagues. It is a test for spongiform encephalopathies like chronic wasting disease (CWD) or bovi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An abnormal basal metabolic rate is not necessarily indicative of disease; a number of physiological factors can alter the BMR by influencing cellular metabolic activity. For instance, males are more likely than females to have a high BMR, and in women, the BMR may rise to abnormal levels during pregnancy or lactation.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amyl nitrite is administered to treat cyanide poisoning. It works by converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which allows for the binding of cyanide (CN) anions by ferric (Fe) cations and the formation of cyanomethemoglobin. The immediate goal of forming this cyanide adduct is to prevent the binding of free cyanide to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon monoxide can be produced from CORR over various precious metal catalysts. Steel has proven to be one such catalyst., or hydrogen.
Mechanistically, carbon monoxide arises from the metal bonded to the carbon of CO (see metallacarboxylic acid). Oxygen is lost as water. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the applications of pharmacometabolomics to personalized medicine are largely only being realized now, the study of an individual's metabolism has been used to treat disease since the Middle Ages. Early physicians employed a primitive form of metabolomic analysis by smelling, tasting and looking at urine to di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Monoamine precursors are precursors of monoamines and monoamine neurotransmitters in the body. The amino acids -tryptophan and -5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; oxitriptan) are precursors of serotonin and melatonin, while the amino acids -phenylalanine, -tyrosine, and -DOPA (levodopa) are precursors of dopamine, epinephrine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
P680 receives excitation energy either by directly absorbing a photon of suitable frequency or indirectly from other chlorophylls within photosystem II, thereby exciting an electron to a higher energy level. The resulting P680 with a loosened electron is designated as P680*, which is a strong reducing agent. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of pseudorotation occurs when the two axial ligands close like a pair of scissors pushing their way in between two of the equatorial groups which scissor out to accommodate them. Both the axial and equatorial constituents move at the same rate of increasing the angle between the other axial or equatorial co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nuclear medicine technique commonly called the bone scan usually uses Tc. It is not to be confused with the "bone density scan", DEXA, which is a low-exposure X-ray test measuring bone density to look for osteoporosis and other diseases where bones lose mass without rebuilding activity. The nuclear medicine techniq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This equation is used:
In this equation, α (Greek letter "alpha") is the measured rotation in degrees, l is the path length in decimeters, and ρ (Greek letter "rho") is the density of the liquid in g/mL, for a sample at a temperature T (given in degrees Celsius) and wavelength λ (in nanometers). If the wavelength of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Membrane fusion is a key biophysical process that is essential for the functioning of life itself. It is defined as the event where two lipid bilayers approach each other and then merge to form a single continuous structure. In living beings, cells are made of an outer coat made of lipid bilayers; which then cause fusi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitochondria can repair oxidative DNA damage by mechanisms analogous to those occurring in the cell nucleus. The proteins employed in mtDNA repair are encoded by nuclear genes, and are translocated to the mitochondria. The DNA repair pathways in mammalian mitochondria include base excision repair, double-strand break r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If the peptides are not cleaved from the solid support we deal with a mixture of beads, each bead containing a single peptide. Smith and his colleagues showed earlier that peptides could be tested in tethered form, too. This approach was also used in screening peptide libraries. The tethered peptide library was tested ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Optical magnetometry makes use of various optical techniques to measure magnetization. One such technique, Kerr magnetometry makes use of the magneto-optic Kerr effect, or MOKE. In this technique, incident light is directed at the samples surface. Light interacts with a magnetized surface nonlinearly so the reflected l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The underlying premise of spectroscopy is that light is made of different wavelengths and that each wavelength corresponds to a different frequency. The importance of spectroscopy is centered around the fact that every element in the periodic table has a unique light spectrum described by the frequencies of light it em... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) is a Mössbauer spectroscopy technique based on conversion electron.
The CEM spectrum can be obtained either by collecting essentially all the electrons leaving the surface (integral technique), or by selecting the ones in a given energy range by means of a beta ray spec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultra- and High Shear in-line or batch reactors allow production of biodiesel continuously, semi- continuously, and in batch-mode. This drastically reduces production time and increases production volume.
The reaction takes place in the high-energetic shear zone of the Ultra- and High Shear mixer by reducing the drople... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Escitalopram appears to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder, with relapse on escitalopram at 20% rather than placebo at 50%, which translates to a number needed to treat of 3.33. Escitalopram appears effective in treating social anxiety disorder as well. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Uncompahgre Ute indigenous people from Central Colorado are one of the first documented groups of people in the world credited with the application of mechanoluminescence involving the use of quartz crystals to generate light. The Ute constructed unique ceremonial rattles made from buffalo rawhide which they fille... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, materials science, and physics, the liquidus temperature specifies the temperature above which a material is completely liquid, and the maximum temperature at which crystals can co-exist with the melt in thermodynamic equilibrium. The solidus is the locus of temperatures (a curve on a phase diagram) below... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a methine group or methine bridge is a trivalent functional group , derived formally from methane. It consists of a carbon atom bound by two single bonds and one double bond, where one of the single bonds is to a hydrogen. The group is also called methyne or methene, but its IUPAC systematic name... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schlögl was born October 5, 1924, in Vienna. Schlögl's first contact with organic chemistry happened during his middle-school education, when his father - the principal and teacher for natural sciences - took young Karl to school after hours to do experiments together.
Schlögl graduated from high-school in 1943 and was... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanocasting is a method based on soft lithography which uses elastomeric molds to make nano-structured surfaces. For example, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was cast over the lotus leaf and used to make a negative PDMS template. PDMS was then coated with an anti-stick monolayer of trimethylchlorosilane and used to make a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Known relaxases are metal ion dependent tyrosine transesterases. This means that they use a metal ion to aid the transfer of an ester bond from the DNA phosphodiester backbone to a catalytic tyrosine side chain, resulting in a long-lived covalent phosphotyrosine intermediate that essentially unified the nicked DNA stra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Take a system in a certain super (i.e. Gibbs) state. By performing a Metropolis Monte Carlo walk it is possible to sample the landscape of states that the system moves between, using the equation
where ΔU = U(State) − U(State) is the difference in potential energy, β = 1/kT (T is the temperature in kelvins, while... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, the luminous intensity of a point on a surface varies by direction; for a Lambertian surface, that distribution is defined by the cosine law, with peak luminous intensity in the normal direction. Thus when the Lambertian assumption holds, we can calculate the total luminous flux, , from the peak luminous in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1845, the English physicist James Joule wrote a paper On the mechanical equivalent of heat for the British Association meeting in Cambridge. In this paper, he reported his best-known experiment, in which the mechanical power released through the action of a "weight falling through a height" was used to turn a paddle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that produced O as a waste product lived long before the first build-up of free oxygen in the atmosphere, perhaps as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The oxygen they produced would have been rapidly removed from the oceans by weathering of reducing minerals, most notably iron. This r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the chemicals being separated may be colourless, several methods exist to visualise the spots:
* Placing the plate under blacklight (366 nm light) makes fluorescent compounds glow
* TLC plates containing a small amount of fluorescent compound (usually manganese-activated zinc silicate) in the adsorbent layer allow f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004.
A number of homeowners seeking an environmentally friendly alternative to asphalt for paving have experimented with waste vegetable oil as a binder for driveways and parking areas in single-family applications. The earliest known ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Initially traffic was slow and very sparse, but, as early as 1856, a newspaper said, "The cart was near to the right hand kerb. According to the rules of the road, it should have been on the left side. In turning sharp round a right-hand corner, a driver should keep away to the opposite side." That rule was codified wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aside from the academic world, during all these years, George Hammond, "made many public speeches on controversial themes, both political (e.g., the invasion of Cambodia, delivered in 1971 at a public rally on Caltechs Olive Walk) and scientific (e.g., the future of chemistry)" Many of these controversial speeches affe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sewage liquor is run into deep tanks with diffuser grid aeration systems that are attached to the floor. These are like the diffused airstone used in tropical fish tanks but on a much larger scale. Air is pumped through the blocks and the curtain of bubbles formed both oxygenates the liquor and also provides the necess... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In recent years, expression vectors have been used to introduce specific genes into plants and animals to produce transgenic organisms, for example in agriculture it is used to produce transgenic plants. Expression vectors have been used to introduce a vitamin A precursor, beta-carotene, into rice plants. This product ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Marinobufagenin (marinobufagin) is a cardiotonic bufadienolide steroid. It can be found in the plasma and urine of human subjects with myocardial infarction, kidney failure, and heart failure. It is also secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. It is a vasoconstrictor with eff... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Borate anions (and functional groups) consist of trigonal planar and/or tetrahedral structural units, joined together via shared oxygen atoms (corners) or atom pairs (edges) into larger clusters so as to construct various ions such as , , , , , etc. These anions may be cyclic or linear in structure, and can further p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample.
This technique has two different applications in the earth and environmental sciences. The analysis of stable isotopes is normall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amorphous phases are important constituents of thin films. Thin films are solid layers of a few nanometres to tens of micrometres thickness that are deposited onto a substrate. So-called structure zone models were developed to describe the microstructure of thin films as a function of the homologous temperature (T), wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The weighted sum of partial specific volumes of a mixture or solution is an inverse of density of the mixture namely the specific volume of the mixture. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel-containing emergency contraception is available over-the-counter in some countries, such as the United States. On some college campuses, Plan B is available from vending machines.
A policy update in 2015, required all pharmacies, clinics, and emergency departments run by Indian Health Services (for Nativ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eddy saturation and eddy compensation are phenomena found in the Southern Ocean. Both are limiting processes where eddy activity increases due to the momentum of strong westerlies, and hence do not enhance their respective mean currents. Where eddy saturations impacts the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), eddy compe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For an isothermal gaseous star, the pressure is due to the kinetic pressure and radiation pressure
whe
* is the density
* is the Boltzmann constant
* is the mean molecular weight
* is the mass of the proton
* is the temperature of the star
* is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant
* is the speed of light
The equation for equ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metanil Yellow (Acid Yellow 36) is a dye of the azo class. In analytical chemistry, it is used as a pH indicator and it has a color change from red to yellow between pH 1.2 and 3.2.
Although it is an unpermitted food dye, because of its bright yellow color, Metanil Yellow has been used as an adulterant in turmeric pow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three stages in the post-Soviet history of Ural metallurgy:
* 1991-1994 - adaptation to market conditions, search for sources of raw materials and sales markets, accumulation of working capital.
* 1994-2003 - formation of vertically integrated companies and their development.
* since 2003 - modernization of e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Akula is a Dunkleosteus like creature. They have 3 sets of jaws and is the apex predator of the Pandoran ocean. They are introduced in Avatar: The Way of Water, where Jakes son Loak fights of one after he is stranded in the ocean, before being saved by Payakan. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the rate equation (also known as the rate law or empirical differential rate equation) is an empirical differential mathematical expression for the reaction rate of a given reaction in terms of concentrations of chemical species and constant parameters (normally rate coefficients and partial orders of rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Facultative anaerobes are able to grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen due to the expression of both aerobic and anaerobic respiratory chains using either oxygen or an alternative electron acceptor. For example, in the absence of oxygen, E. coli can use fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, dimethyl sulfoxide, or trim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In conventional seasoning, the oil or fat is converted into a hard surface at or above the high temperatures used for cooking, analogous to the reaction of drying oils. When oils or fats are heated, multiple degradation reactions occur, including decomposition, autoxidation, thermal oxidation, polymerization, and cycli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The smelting of gold began sometime around 6000 – 3000 BC. According to one source the technique began to be in use in Mesopotamia or Syria. In ancient Greece, Heraclitus wrote on the subject.
According to de Lecerda and Salomons (1997) mercury was first in use for extraction at about 1000 BC, according to Meech and ot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
That is, the change in the internal energy of the substance within a volume is the negative of the amount carried out of the volume by the flow of material across the boundary plus the work done compressing the material on the boundary minus the flow of heat out through the boundary. More generally, it is possible to i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because chemical diffusion is a net transport process, the system in which it takes place is not an equilibrium system (i.e. it is not at rest yet). Many results in classical thermodynamics are not easily applied to non-equilibrium systems. However, there sometimes occur so-called quasi-steady states, where the diffusi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several molecular biology studies during the 1950s indicated that RNA played some kind of role in protein synthesis, but that role was not clearly understood. For instance, in one of the earliest reports, Jacques Monod and his team showed that RNA synthesis was necessary for protein synthesis, specifically during the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV) offer a new and advancing proposed treatment of creating a living heart valve for people who are in need of either a full or partial heart valve replacement. Currently, there are over a quarter of a million prosthetic heart valves implanted annually, and the number of patients requ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
eIF-2 - eIF-2 kinase - electrochemical potential - electron - electron capture - electron configuration - electron microscopy - electron shell - electron transport chain - electron volt - electronegativity - electrophile - electrophoresis - electrophysiology - element - element symbol - ELISA - ELISPOT - embryo - embry... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies have shown that deletion of KAP1 in mice before gastrulation results in death (implicating it as a necessary protein for proliferation) while deletion in adult mice results in increased anxiety and stress-induced alterations in learning and memory. KAP1 has been shown to participate in the maintenance of pluri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A standard coinduction regimen for an adult might consist of a benzodiazepine sedative amnesic such as midazolam, followed by an opioid analgesic with further sedating properties such as fentanyl which has a fast onset, then an intravenous induction agent: propofol. A muscle relaxant such as atracurium would be adminis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The herpesviruses, Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus, are believed to cause cancer in humans, such as Kaposis sarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Although genes have been identified in these viruses that cause transformation, the manner in which the virus transforms a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These angles are best construed to mean the angles observed (measured) for a given system, and not an historically observed range in values (e.g., as in the range of the original Bürgi–Dunitz aminoketones), or an idealized value computed for a particular system (such as the = 0° for hydride addition to formaldehyde).... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermodynamics is principally based on a set of four laws which are universally valid when applied to systems that fall within the constraints implied by each. In the various theoretical descriptions of thermodynamics these laws may be expressed in seemingly differing forms, but the most prominent formulations are the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capping is a three-step process that utilizes the enzymes RNA triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase, and methyltransferase. Through a series of three steps, the cap is added to the first nucleotides 5 hydroxyl group of the growing mRNA strand while transcription is still occurring. First, RNA 5 triphosphatase hydrolyze... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the instantaneous relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change. In its s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
James N. Pitts Jr. (January 10, 1921 – June 19, 2014) was an American chemist and researcher known for his work in the fields of photochemistry and atmospheric chemistry. Pitts was a pioneer in the study of smog and air pollution, especially in Los Angeles County. Pitts co-founded the Statewide Air Pollution Research ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above equations can also be written using quantities related to the number of nuclide particles in a sample;
* The activity: .
* The amount of substance: .
* The mass: .
where = is the Avogadro constant, is the molar mass of the substance in kg/mol, and the amount of the substance is in moles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bay muds originate from two generalized sources. First alluvial deposits of clays, silts and sand occur from streams tributary to a given bay. The extent of these unconsolidated interglacial deposits typically ranges throughout a given bay to the extent of the historical perimeter marshlands. Second, in periods of h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pharmacometabolomics may decrease the burden on the healthcare system by better gauging the correct choice of treatment drug and dosage in order to optimize the response of a patient to a treatment. Hopefully, this approach will also ultimately limit the number of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with many trea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The boundary between one grain and its neighbour (grain boundary) is a defect in the crystal structure and so it is associated with a certain amount of energy. As a result, there is a thermodynamic driving force for the total area of boundary to be reduced. If the grain size increases, accompanied by a reduction in the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Numerous methods exist to synthesize phenylboronic acid. One of the most common synthesis uses phenylmagnesium bromide and trimethyl borate to form the ester PhB(OMe), which is then hydrolyzed to the product.
:PhMgBr + B(OMe) → PhB(OMe) + MeOMgBr
:PhB(OMe) + HO → PhB(OH) + MeOH
Other routes to phenylboronic acid involv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* An ingredient in diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), which is 32.5% urea and 67.5% de-ionized water. DEF is sprayed into the exhaust stream of diesel vehicles to break down dangerous emissions into harmless nitrogen and water.
* A component of animal feed, providing a relatively cheap source of nitrogen to promote growth
* ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, first published in 1956, is one of the oldest chemical engineering textbooks still in widespread use. The current Seventh Edition, published in 2004, continues its successful tradition of being used as a textbook in university undergraduate chemical engineering courses. It is wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Future Medicinal Chemistry is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of medicinal chemistry, including drug discovery, pharmacology, in silico drug design, structural characterization techniques, ADME-Tox investigations, and science policy, economic and intellectual property issues. It was established in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol or . It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance, rather than energy per temperature increment per par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To understand the prospects for life to exist elsewhere in the universe, astrobiologists are interested in measuring the chemical composition of extraplanetary bodies. Because of their small size and wide-ranging functionality, microfluidic devices are uniquely suited for these remote sample analyses. From an extrater... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typical photovoltaics work by creating a p–n junction near the front surface of a thin semiconductor material. When photons above the bandgap energy of the material hit atoms within the bulk lower layer, below the junction, an electron is photoexcited and becomes free of its atom. The junction creates an electric field... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organic azides engage in useful organic reactions. The terminal nitrogen is mildly nucleophilic. Generally, nucleophiles attack the azide at the terminal nitrogen N, while electrophiles react at the internal atom N. Azides easily extrude diatomic nitrogen, a tendency that is exploited in many reactions such as the Stau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of different classification systems of the patterns of leaf veins (venation or veination) have been described, starting with Ettingshausen (1861), together with many different descriptive terms, and the terminology has been described as "formidable". One of the commonest among these is the Hickey system, origi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HCN4 is the main isoform expressed in the sinoatrial node, but low levels of HCN1 and HCN2 have also been reported.
The current through HCN channels, called the pacemaker current (I), plays a key role in the generation and modulation of cardiac rhythmicity, as they are responsible for the spontaneous depolarization in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
the health effects of using hash oil were poorly documented. Cannabis extracts have less plant matter and create less harmful smoke. However, trace amounts of impurities are not generally regarded as safe (GRAS). In 2019 following an outbreak of illnesses additives added to vape pen mixtures were found to be causing br... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the generic term polyol is only derived from chemical nomenclature and just indicates the presence of several hydroxyl groups, no common properties can be assigned to all polyols. However, polyols are usually viscous at room temperature due to hydrogen bonding. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the same way that detecting a biosignature would be a significant discovery about a planet, finding evidence that life is not present can also be an important discovery about a planet. Life relies on redox imbalances to metabolize the resources available into energy. The evidence that nothing on an earth is taking a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2005, a mode of desorption was discovered by John Weaver et al. that has elements of both thermal and electron stimulated desorption. This mode is of particular interest as desorption can occur in a closed system without external stimulus. The mode was discovered whilst investigating bromine absorbed on silicone usi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With a gyromagnetic ratio 40.5% of that for H, P-NMR signals are observed near 202 MHz on an 11.7-Tesla magnet (used for 500 MHz H-NMR measurements). Chemical shifts are typically referenced to 85% phosphoric acid, which is assigned the chemical shift of 0, and appear at positive values (downfield of the standard). Du... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
4-Iodophenol (p-iodophenol) is an aromatic organic compound. A colorless solid, it is one of three monoiodophenols. 4-Iodophenol undergoes a variety of coupling reactions in which the iodine substituent is replaced by a new carbon group para to the hydroxy group of the phenol. It is also used to enhance chemiluminescen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A soda geyser is a physical reaction between a carbonated beverage, usually Diet Coke, and Mentos mints that causes the beverage to be expelled from its container. The candies catalyze the release of gas from the beverage, which creates an eruption that pushes most of the liquid up and out of the bottle. Lee Marek and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1932, it was reported that dinitrogen gas was generated via an unknown mechanism during fermentation in the sediments of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA. In 1965, F. A. Richards noticed that most of the ammonium that should be produced during the anaerobic remineralization of organic matter was unaccounted for. As ther... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common and practical expression of the Beer–Lambert law relates the optical attenuation of a physical material containing a single attenuating species of uniform concentration to the optical path length through the sample and absorptivity of the species. This expression is:where
* is the absorbance
* is the molar att... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The capacity of a sacrificial metal may be calculated from first principle as follows:
* 1 kg Al = 1000/27 moles Al
* 1 kg Al = 3 x 1000/27 moles of electrons
* 1 kg Al = 3 x 1000/27 x 96494 coulombs of charge (by Faraday principles)
* = 10.72 x 10 Amp.seconds of charge per Kg Al (1 Coulomb = 1 Amp.Second)
* = 10.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A splicing factor is a protein involved in the removal of introns from strings of messenger RNA, so that the exons can bind together; the process takes place in particles known as spliceosomes. Genes are progressively switched off as people age, and splicing factors can reverse this trend. Splicing factors regulate the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Temporins are a family of peptides isolated originally from the skin secretion of the European red frog, Rana temporaria. Peptides belonging to the temporin family have been isolated also from closely related North American frogs, such as Rana sphenocephala. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In those without signs of life, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be continued during active rewarming. For ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, a single defibrillation should be attempted. However, people with severe hypothermia may not respond to pacing or defibrillation. It is not known if f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tetrafluoromethane, like other fluorocarbons, is very stable due to the strength of its carbon–fluorine bonds. The bonds in tetrafluoromethane have a bonding energy of 515 kJ⋅mol. As a result, it is inert to acids and hydroxides. However, it reacts explosively with alkali metals. Thermal decomposition or combustion of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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