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The technique operates on the principle that a positron or positronium will annihilate through interaction with electrons. This annihilation releases gamma rays that can be detected; the time between emission of positrons from a radioactive source and detection of gamma rays due to annihilation corresponds to the lifet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Ascorbic acid is easily oxidized and so is used as a reductant in photographic developer solutions (among others) and as a preservative.
* In fluorescence microscopy and related fluorescence-based techniques, ascorbic acid can be used as an antioxidant to increase fluorescent signal and chemically retard dye photoble... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable plug or disc element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of the body being separated by an internal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kerma ("kinetic energy released per unit mass") is used in radiation metrology as a measure of the liberated energy of ionisation due to irradiation, and is expressed in grays. Importantly, kerma dose is different from absorbed dose, depending on the radiation energies involved, partially because ionization energy is n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some cases in the EU MRLs are also used for ornamental produce, and checked against MRLs for food crops. While this is a sound approach for the general environmental impact, it doesnt reflect potential exposure of people handling ornamentals. A swap test can eliminate this gap. MRLs for ornamental produce can someti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PPS, available as PPS Silent Surfactant from Expedeon, is the abbreviation for sodium 3-(4-(1,1-bis(hexyloxy)ethyl)pyridinium-1-yl)propane-1-sulfonate. This acetalic detergent is split under acidic conditions into hexanol and the zwitterionic 3-acetyl-1-(3-sulfopropyl)pyridinium. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electronic entropy is the entropy of a system attributable to electrons' probabilistic occupation of states. This entropy can take a number of forms. The first form can be termed a density of states based entropy. The Fermi–Dirac distribution implies that each eigenstate of a system, , is occupied with a certain probab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid was called oil of vitriol by medieval European alchemists because it was prepared by roasting iron(II) sulfate or green vitriol in an iron retort. The first allusions to it in works that are European in origin appear in the thirteenth century AD, as for example in the works of Vincent of Beauvais, in the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Colloid vibration current is an electroacoustic phenomenon that arises when ultrasound propagates through a fluid that contains ions and either solid particles or emulsion droplets.
The pressure gradient in an ultrasonic wave moves particles relative to the fluid. This motion disturbs the double layer that exists at th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first study about submarine groundwater discharge was done by Sonrel (1868), who speculated on the risk of submarine springs for sailors. However, until the mid-1990s, SGD remained rather unrecognized by the scientific community because it was hard to detect and measure the freshwater discharge. The first elaborate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of such an enantiomer is the sedative thalidomide, which was sold in a number of countries around the world from 1957 until 1961. It was withdrawn from the market when it was found to cause birth defects. One enantiomer caused the desirable sedative effects, while the other, unavoidably present in equal qu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Blasius correlation is the simplest equation for computing the Darcy friction
factor. Because the Blasius correlation has no term for pipe roughness, it
is valid only to smooth pipes. However, the Blasius correlation is sometimes
used in rough pipes because of its simplicity. The Blasius correlation is valid
up to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
T*-weighted imaging can be created as a postexcitation refocused gradient echo sequence with small flip angle. The sequence of a GRE T*WI requires high uniformity of the magnetic field. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In space plasmas where the electron density is relatively low, the Debye length may reach macroscopic values, such as in the magnetosphere, solar wind, interstellar medium and intergalactic medium. See the table here below: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydrogen ions displace metal from the salt so that metal, instead of hydrogen, is deposited on the positive plate. Examples:
* Silver oxide, used in the Silver-oxide battery
* Copper sulphate, used in the Daniell cell
* Mercurous sulphate, used in the Weston and Clark standard cells | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A hydrogen bond is an extreme form of dipole-dipole bonding, referring to the attraction between a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an element with high electronegativity, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction. However, it also has... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The atoms that are used to build the purine nucleotides come from a variety of sources:
The de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides by which these precursors are incorporated into the purine ring proceeds by a 10-step pathway to the branch-point intermediate IMP, the nucleotide of the base hypoxanthine. AMP and GMP are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initially, the optical mapping system has been used to construct whole-genome restriction maps of bacteria, parasites, and fungi. It has also been used to scaffold and validate bacterial genomes. To serve as scaffolds for assembly, assembled sequence contigs can be scanned for restriction sites in silico using known se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The occurrence of underpotential deposition is often interpreted as a result of a strong interaction between the electrodepositing metal M with the substrate S (of which the electrode is built). The M-S interaction needs to be energetically favoured to the M-M interaction in the crystal lattice of the pure metal M. Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GGT is elevated by ingestion of large quantities of alcohol (needs reference) However, determination of high levels of total serum GGT activity is not specific to alcohol intoxication, and the measurement of selected serum forms of the enzyme offer more specific information. Isolated elevation or disproportionate ele... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Discrete dipole approximation (DDA), also known as coupled dipole approximation, is a method for computing scattering of radiation by particles of arbitrary shape and by periodic structures. Given a target of arbitrary geometry, one seeks to calculate its scattering and absorption properties by an approximation of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In aquatic organisms the most common form of nitrogen waste is ammonia, whereas land-dwelling organisms convert the toxic ammonia to either urea or uric acid. Urea is found in the urine of mammals and amphibians, as well as some fish. Birds and saurian reptiles have a different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Along with his interest in science, Fraser-Reid was an accomplished pianist and organist who gave recitals at notable venues such as St. George's Cathedral, Kingston, Jamaica (December 1986) and Cathedral de Seville, Spain (August 1995).
In the 1970s Fraser-Reid filed a lawsuit against a building contractor who had not... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Contour advection is another useful method for characterizing chaotic mixing.
In chaotic flows, advected contours will grow exponentially over time.
The figure above shows the frame-by-frame evolution of a contour advected over
several days. The figure to the right shows the length of this contour
as a function of tim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1 July (14 July, New Style) 1900 was organized the Moscow Higher Women Courses (MHWC). Their structure originally consisted of two departments: History and Philosophy and Physics and Mathematics. On the last one were soon opened two offices: mathematical and natural, and after a few years two more – medical and chemica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aluminium hydroxide, , is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric, i.e., it has both basic and acidic properties. Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and alumin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electro-optic effect is a change in the optical properties of an optically active material in response to changes in an electric field. This interaction usually results in a change in the birefringence, and not simply the refractive index of the medium. In a Kerr cell, the change in birefringence is proportional to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conjugated polymers offer the tantalizing possibility of organic molecules with a manipulable electronic band structure, but current methods for production have an uncontrolled topology. Sun, Lauher, and Goroff discovered that certain amides ensure a linear polymerization of poly(diiododiacetylene). The underlying me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word solder comes from the Middle English word , via Old French and , from the Latin , meaning "to make solid". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anthocyanins are found in the cell vacuole, mostly in flowers and fruits, but also in leaves, stems, and roots. In these parts, they are found predominantly in outer cell layers such as the epidermis and peripheral mesophyll cells.
Most frequently occurring in nature are the glycosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The desired enantiomer from resolution, allylic alcohol 5.1 (Scheme 5) was acetylated with acetic anhydride and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine in methylene chloride to yield monoacetate 5.2. It is noteworthy that this reaction was exclusive for the allylic alcohol, and the adjacent hydroxyl group was not acetylated. Alcohol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The highly reducing ferredoxins are reduced either by using another strong reducing agent, or by using some source of energy to "boost" electrons from less reducing sources to the ferredoxin. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With polymerase chain reaction (PCR) being among the most popular contexts in which DNA denaturation is desired, heating is the most frequent method of denaturation. Other than denaturation by heat, nucleic acids can undergo the denaturation process through various chemical agents such as formamide, guanidine, sodium s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recognizing that approximately 50% of commercial pharmaceuticals are salts, ionic liquid forms of a number of pharmaceuticals have been investigated. Combining a pharmaceutically active cation with a pharmaceutically active anion leads to a Dual Active ionic liquid in which the actions of two drugs are combined.
ILs ca... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A genomic library is a set of clones that together represents the entire genome of a given organism. The number of clones that constitute a genomic library depends on (1) the size of the genome in question and (2) the insert size tolerated by the particular cloning vector system. For most practical purposes, the tissue... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, yield, also referred to as reaction yield, is a measure of the quantity of moles of a product formed in relation to the reactant consumed, obtained in a chemical reaction, usually expressed as a percentage. Yield is one of the primary factors that scientists must consider in organic and inorganic chemica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most exciting and most studied uses of photocatalysis is the photo-oxidation of organics as it applies to environmental decontamination.
In contrast to gas phase interactions with the solid surface, the vast number of variables associated with the liquid solid interface (i.e. solution pH, photocatalyst conc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many industrial peroxides are produced using hydrogen peroxide. Reactions with aldehydes and ketones yield a series of compounds depending on conditions. Specific reactions include addition of hydrogen peroxide across the C=O double bond:
In some cases, these hydroperoxides convert to give cyclic diperoxides:
Addition ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbonation is the chemical reaction of carbon dioxide to give carbonates, bicarbonates, and carbonic acid. In chemistry, the term is sometimes used in place of carboxylation, which refers to the formation of carboxylic acids.
In inorganic chemistry and geology, carbonation is common. Metal hydroxides (MOH) and metal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TTM has been studied in several use scenarios where it has not usually been found to be helpful, or is still under investigation, despite theoretical grounds for its usefulness. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This method is similar to the previous method in that the glycosyl donor is protected at C-2 by an OAc group, which is converted into an enol ether by the Tebbe reagent. However, in this approach, N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) is used to tether the glycosyl acceptor to the enol ether, and in a second step, activation of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The study of extracellular metabolites has been prevalent in scientific literature. However, global exometabolite profiling was only realized with recent advances allowing for improved chromatographic separation and detection of hundreds to thousands of compounds by the mid-2000s. The first work to demonstrate the biol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 5 UTR of prokaryotes consists of the Shine–Dalgarno sequence (5-AGGAGGU-3'). This sequence is found 3-10 base pairs upstream from the initiation codon. The initiation codon is the start site of translation into protein. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drill pipe, is hollow, thin-walled, steel or aluminium alloy piping that is used on drilling rigs. It is hollow to allow drilling fluid to be pumped down the hole through the bit and back up the annulus. It comes in a variety of sizes, strengths, and wall thicknesses, but is typically 27 to 32 feet in length (Range 2)... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The free-surface boundary conditions and apply at the yet unknown free-surface elevation . They can be transformed into boundary conditions at a fixed elevation by use of Taylor series expansions of the flow field around that elevation.
Without loss of generality the mean surface elevation – around which the Taylor ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fretting refers to wear and sometimes corrosion damage of loaded surfaces in contact while they encounter small oscillatory movements tangential to the surface. Fretting is caused by adhesion of contact surface asperities, which are subsequently broken again by the small movement. This breaking causes wear debris to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mechanism proceeds in two stages: β-nucleophilic addition to the unsaturated carbonyl compound, followed by electrophilic substitution at the α-carbon of the resulting enolate.
When the nucleophile is an organometallic reagent, the mechanisms of the first step can vary. Whether reactions take place by ionic or radi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compound was first described by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780, who obtained it by the dry distillation of mucic acid. For this reason it was initially known as pyromucic acid. This was the first known synthesis of a furan compound, the second being furfural in 1821.
Despite this, it was furfural which came to set na... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The corium (molten core) will cool and change to a solid with time. It is thought that the solid is weathering with time. The solid can be described as Fuel Containing Mass, it is a mixture of sand, zirconium and uranium dioxide which had been heated at a very high temperature until it has melted. The chemical nature o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Journal of Molecular Structure is a scientific journal published by Elsevier ScienceDirect since 1968. Its articles discuss molecular structure in chemistry.
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine it said that it would no longer consider manuscripts written by scientists at Russian institutions. Rui Fausto, the jo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a solid, inelastic scattering events also contribute to the photoemission process, generating electron-hole pairs which show up as an inelastic tail on the high BE side of the main photoemission peak. In fact this allows the calculation of electron inelastic mean free path (IMFP). This can be modeled based on the Be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is mRNA transport. Because eukaryotic transcription and translation is compartmentally separated, eukaryotic mRNAs must be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm—a process that may be regulated by different signaling pathways. Mature mRNAs are recognized by thei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Robert W. Bussard (August 11, 1928 – October 6, 2007) was an American physicist who worked primarily in nuclear fusion energy research. He was the recipient of the Schreiber-Spence Achievement Award for STAIF-2004. He was also a fellow of the International Academy of Astronautics and held a Ph.D. from Princeton U... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A large number of currently prescribed drugs have been either directly derived from or inspired by natural products.
Some of the oldest natural product based drugs are analgesics. The bark of the willow tree has been known from antiquity to have pain relieving properties. This is due to presence of the natural product ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A glacier can exert a sufficient amount of pressure on its lower surface to lower the melting point of its ice. The melting of the ice at the glacier's base allows it to move from a higher elevation to a lower elevation. Liquid water may flow from the base of a glacier at lower elevations when the temperature of the ai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A rotor ship uses one or more Flettner rotors mounted upright. They are rotated by the ship's engines, and act like sails to propel the ship under wind power. A conventionally-powered underwater propeller may be provided for additional operational flexibility.
An early prototype, the Baden Baden (formerly the Buckau), ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cicadia wings have a surface of hexagonally close packed nanopillars that have been shown to have self-cleaning properties. Similarly templated nanopatterned silica arrays have been shown to have hydrophobic, anti-reflective, and self-cleaning properties. These silica arrays begin as non-close packed monolayers, and ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stamp sand is a coarse sand left over from the processing of ore in a stamp mill. In the United States, the most well-known deposits of stamp sand are in the Copper Country of northern Michigan, where it is black or dark gray, and may contain hazardous concentrations of trace metals.
In the 19th and early 20th centurie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The choice of aryl halide or pseudohalide substrate (sp-carbon) is one of the factors that mainly influence the reactivity of the Sonogashira catalytic system. The reactivity of halides is higher towards iodine, and vinyl halides are more reactive than analogous aryl halides. The coupling of aryl iodides proceeds at ro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GTPases are enzymes capable of binding and hydrolyzing guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Small GTPases, such as Ran and Ras, can exist in either a GTP-bound form (active) or a GDP-bound form (inactive), and the conversion between these two forms grants them a switch-like behavior. As such, small GTPases are involved in mu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lupeol has a complex pharmacology, displaying antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antitumor and chemopreventive properties.
Animal models suggest lupeol may act as an anti-inflammatory agent. A 1998 study found lupeol to decrease paw swelling in rats by 39%, compared to 35% for the standardized control comp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The biosynthesis of benzoxazinone, a cyclic hydroxamate and a natural insecticide, has been well-characterized in maize and related grass species. In maize, genes in the pathway are named using the symbol bx. Maize Bx-genes are tightly linked, a feature that has been considered uncommon for plant genes of a biosyntheti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Based on mammalian median lethal dose (LD) rating of 2,660 mg/kg body mass, boric acid is only poisonous if taken internally or inhaled in large quantities. The Fourteenth Edition of the Merck Index indicates that the LD of boric acid is 5.14 g/kg for oral dosages given to rats, and that 5 to 20 g/kg has produced death... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cristae greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane on which the above-mentioned reactions may take place. A widely accepted hypothesis for the function of the cristae is that the high surface area allows an increased capacity for ATP generation. However, the current model is that active ATP synthase co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The AFM can be used to image and manipulate atoms and structures on a variety of surfaces. The atom at the apex of the tip "senses" individual atoms on the underlying surface when it forms incipient chemical bonds with each atom. Because these chemical interactions subtly alter the tips vibration frequency, they can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In heap leaching processes, crushed (and sometimes agglomerated) ore is piled in a heap which is lined with an impervious layer. Leach solution is sprayed over the top of the heap, and allowed to percolate downward through the heap. The heap design usually incorporates collection sumps, which allow the "pregnant" leach... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In in vivo systems it is often used to quantify the binding of a test molecule to the binding site of radioligand. The higher the affinity of the molecule the more radioligand is displaced from the binding site and the increasing radioactive decay can be measured by scintillography. This assay is commonly used to calcu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
William Crookes was born in London in 1832, the eldest of eight surviving children (eight others died young) of Joseph Crookes (1792–1889), a wealthy tailor and real estate investor of north-country origin, and his second wife, Mary (née Scott; 1806–1884). Joseph Crookes's father, William (1734-–814), was also a tailor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dithionite () can also be used as a reductant. It is usually used in addition to iron reduce contaminants. A number of reactions take place and eventually the contaminant is removed. In the process, ditionite is consumed and the final product of all the reactions is 2 sulfur dioxide anions. The dithionite is not stable... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ion vibration current (IVI) and the associated ion vibration potential is an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a homogeneous fluid.
Historically, the IVI was the first known electroacoustic phenomenon. It was predicted by Peter Debye in 1933.
When a longitudinal sound wave travels... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Degenerate matter occurs when the Pauli exclusion principle significantly alters a state of matter at low temperature. The term is used in astrophysics to refer to dense stellar objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars, where thermal pressure alone is not enough to avoid gravitational collapse. The term also appl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA repair genes are frequently repressed in cancers due to hypermethylation of CpG islands within their promoters. In head and neck squamous cell carcinomas at least 15 DNA repair genes have frequently hypermethylated promoters; these genes are XRCC1, MLH3, PMS1, RAD51B, XRCC3, RAD54B, BRCA1, SHFM1, GEN1, FANCE, FAAP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
August 2023 research, drawing from 176 flux stations globally, reveals a climate trade-off: increased carbon uptake from afforestation results in reduced albedo. Initially, this reduction may lead to moderate global warming over a span of approximately 20 years, but it is expected to transition into significant cooling... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the largest application areas is thin films, which can be produced on a piece of substrate by spin coating or dip-coating. Protective and decorative coatings, and electro-optic components can be applied to glass, metal and other types of substrates with these methods. Cast into a mold, and with further drying an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another important property which can be deduced from the stress strain curve is the energy that the foam is able to absorb. The area under the curve (specified to be before rapid densification at the peak stress), represents the energy in the foam in units of energy per unit volume. The maximum energy stored by the foa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acetone is fragmented in two different groups, one carbonyl group and two methyl groups. For the critical volume the following calculation results:
V = 40 + 60.0 + 2 * 55.0 = 210 cm
In the literature (such as in the Dortmund Data Bank) the values 215.90 cm, 230.5 cm and 209.0 cm are published. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A medical isotope is an isotope used in medicine.
The first uses of isotopes in medicine were in radiopharmaceuticals, and this is still the most common use. However more recently, separated stable isotopes have also come into use.
Examples of non-radioactive medical isotopes are:
* Deuterium in deuterated drugs
* Carb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other methods of laser cooling include:
* Sisyphus cooling
* Resolved sideband cooling
* Raman sideband cooling
* Velocity selective coherent population trapping (VSCPT)
* Gray molasses
* Optical molasses
* Cavity-mediated cooling
* Use of a Zeeman slower
* Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) cooling
* Anti-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many proteins capable of binding to glycans, including lectins, antibodies, microbial adhesins, viral agglutinins, etc. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A depsipeptide is a peptide in which one or more of its amide, -C(O)NHR-, groups are replaced by the corresponding ester, -C(O)OR-. Many depsipeptides have both peptide and ester linkages. Elimination of the N–H group in a peptide structure results in a decrease of H-bonding capability, which is responsible for seconda... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The majority of eukaryotic genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, proceeding in the 5 to 3 direction. In eukaryotes, specific subunits within the RNA polymerase II complex allow it to carry out multiple functions. General transcription factors help binding RNA polymerase II to DNA. Promoters are cites where RNA po... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In elution mode, solutes are applied to the column as narrow bands and, at low concentration, move down the column as approximately Gaussian peaks. These peaks continue to broaden as they travel, in proportion to the square root of the distance traveled. For two substances to be resolved, they must migrate down the co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scintillons are small structures in cytoplasm that produce light. Among bioluminescent organisms, only dinoflagellates have scintillons. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pigmentation patterns provide one of the most striking and easily scored differences between different species of animals. Pigmentation of the Drosophila wing has proven to be a particularly amenable system for studying the development of complex pigmentation phenotypes. The Drosophila guttifera wing has 12 dark pigmen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deterministic theories can be divided into two subgroups: if the initial chiral influence took place in a specific space or time location (averaging zero over large enough areas of observation or periods of time), the theory is classified as local deterministic; if the chiral influence is permanent at the time the chir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The abstract definition of chemical potential given above—total change in free energy per extra mole of substance—is more specifically called total chemical potential. If two locations have different total chemical potentials for a species, some of it may be due to potentials associated with "external" force fields (el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The F number is calculated using the formula:
where:
: B is the number of double bonds
: C is the number of primary carbon and secondary carbon atoms
: R is the number of non-aromatic rings. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
is a computer program that simulates inundation for rivers, flood plains and urban drainage systems. It dynamically couples 1D (MIKE 11 and Mouse) and 2D (MIKE 21) modeling techniques into one single tool. MIKE FLOOD is developed by DHI.
MIKE FLOOD is accepted by US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for use i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In theory, any complexation reaction can be used as a volumetric technique provided that:
# The reaction reaches equilibrium rapidly after each portion of titrant is added.
# Interfering situations do not arise. For instance, the stepwise formation of several different complexes of the metal ion with the titrant, resu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug development is the process of bringing a new drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes pre-clinical research (microorganisms/animals) and clinical trials (on humans) and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval to market the drug.
[h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Showy Indian clover, Trifolium amoenum, is an example of a species that was thought to be extinct, but was rediscovered in 1993 in the form of a single plant at a site in western Sonoma County. Seeds were harvested and the species grown in ex situ facilities.
The Wollemi pine is another example of a plant that is being... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The oldest known blast furnaces in the West were built in Durstel in Switzerland, the Märkische Sauerland in Germany, and at Lapphyttan in Sweden, where the complex was active between 1205 and 1300. At Noraskog in the Swedish parish of Järnboås, traces of even earlier blast furnaces have been found, possibly from aroun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
APDS monitors air and water for the three types of biological threat agents: bacteria, viruses, and toxins. The autonomous detection system is capable of (1) rapidly processing and accurately analyzing aerosol or water samples with a high level of confidence; (2) automating and integrating the major system functions in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a parenchyma (ground tissue) or chlorenchyma tissue called the mesophyll (Greek for "middle leaf"). This assimilation tissue is the primary location of photosynthesis in the plant. The products of photosynthesis are called "assimilates"... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TRH may cause nausea, vomiting and some patients experience an urge to urinate.
Rarely, TRH may cause blood vessel constriction leading to hemorrhage in patients with pre-existing pituitary tumors. Accordingly, patients should be advised about the risks, albeit rare, of TRH testing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phenol extraction is a laboratory technique that purifies nucleic acid samples using a phenol solution. Phenol is common reagent in extraction because its properties allow for effective nucleic acid extraction, particularly as it strongly denatures proteins, it is a nucleic acid preservative, and it is immiscible in wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The idea of the International Chemistry Olympiad was developed in the former Czechoslovakia in 1968. It was designed with the aim to increase the number of international contacts and the exchange of information between nations. Invitations were sent by the Czechoslovak national committee to all Warsaw Pact countries, e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Woods lamp is useful in diagnosing conditions such as tuberous sclerosis and erythrasma (caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum, see above). Additionally, detection of porphyria cutanea tarda can sometimes be made when urine turns pink upon illumination with Woods lamp. Woods lamps have also been used to differentiate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An antichlor is a substance used to decompose residual hypochlorite or chlorine after chlorine-based bleaching, in order to prevent ongoing reactions with, and therefore damage to, the material that has been bleached. Sodium bisulfite is an example of an antichlor. Historically, sodium bisulfite has been used in the te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copper can be found in the active sites of most enzymes that catalyze redox reactions (i.e., oxidoreductases), as it facilitates single electron transfers while reversibly oscillating between the Cu and Cu redox states. Enzymes typically contain between one (mononuclear) and four (tetranuclear) copper centers, which en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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