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Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit. Native copper, however, was found worldwide, along with silver, gold, and platinum, which were also used to make tools, jewelry, and other objects since Neolithic times. Copper was the hardest of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Androgens, antiandrogens, estrogens, gonadotropin, corticosteroids, human growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetics (sulfonylureas, biguanides/metformin, thiazolidinediones, insulin), thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, calcitonin, diphosphonate, vasopressin analogues. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantitative filter paper, also called ash-free filter paper, is used for quantitative and gravimetric analysis. During the manufacturing, producers use acid to make the paper ash-less and achieve high purity. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above systems produce an economizer effect by using compressors, meters, valves and heat exchangers within the refrigeration cycle. In some refrigeration systems the economizer can be an independent refrigeration mechanism. Such is the case of subcooling the liquid line by any other means that draws the heat out of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drospirenone (DRSP) is used by itself as a progestogen-only birth control pill, in combination with the estrogens ethinylestradiol (EE) or estetrol (E4), with or without supplemental folic acid (vitamin B), as a combined birth control pill, and in combination with the estrogen estradiol (E2) for use in menopausal hormo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a class of molecules found on the surface of some eukaryotes, in particular protozoa. Each is made up of two parts, lipid and polysaccharide (also called glycan). They are bonded by a phosphodiester, hence the name lipo-phospho-glycan.
One species with extensive lipophosphoglycan coating is L... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In April 2011, elevated levels of caesium-137 were also being found in the environment after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disasters in Japan. In July 2011, meat from 11 cows shipped to Tokyo from Fukushima Prefecture was found to have 1,530 to 3,200 becquerels per kilogram of Cs, considerably exceeding the Japanese le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar (1992) Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press .
* David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals, Oxford University Press .
* J. Prost & C.E. Williams (1999) "Liquid Crystals: Between Order and Disorder", pp 289&ndas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Among the array of substrates that can be altered by CK2 many of them have been found in increased prevalence in cancers of the breast, lung, colon, and prostate. An increased concentration of substrates in cancerous cells infers a likely survival benefit to the cell, and activation of many of these substrates requires... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The density of a gas is calculated using the ideal gas law and an equation of state calculation such as the one described in AGA Report No. 8. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many proteins may adopt a beta sheet as part of their secondary structure. In beta sheets, sections of a single polypeptide may run side-by-side and antiparallel to each other, to allow for hydrogen bonding between their backbone chains. Beta sheets can also be either a parallel or anti-parallel secondary structure. Ho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cage is a part of the valve that surrounds the plug and is located inside the body of the valve. Typically, the cage is one of the greatest determiners of flow within the valve. As the plug is moved more of the openings in the cage are exposed and flow is increased and vice versa. The design and layout of the openi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
# Prepare a series of standards diluted with 0.15 M NaCl to final concentrations of 0 (blank = No protein), 250, 500, 750 and 1500 µg/mL. Also prepare serial dilutions of the unknown sample to be measured.
# Add 100 µL of each of the above to a separate test tube (or spectrophotometer tube if using a Spectronic 20).
# ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*2001 M J Pettifor
*2000 Terry Gladman
*1999 Etham T Turkdogan
*1998 R Baker
*1997 F Kenneth Iverson
*1996 Sir Brian Moffat
*1995 P Wright
*1994 F B Pickering
*1993 H Saito | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions based on how the water will be used. In the case of natural water bodies, agencies also make some reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Natural water bodies will vary in response to a region's environmental conditions, whereby... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The inverse sixth-power distance dependence of Förster resonance energy transfer was experimentally confirmed by Wilchek, Edelhoch and Brand using tryptophyl peptides. Stryer, Haugland and Yguerabide also experimentally demonstrated the theoretical dependence of Förster resonance energy transfer on the overlap integral... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbohydrate macromolecules (polysaccharides) are formed from polymers of monosaccharides. Because monosaccharides have multiple functional groups, polysaccharides can form linear polymers (e.g. cellulose) or complex branched structures (e.g. glycogen). Polysaccharides perform numerous roles in living organisms, acting... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Untranslated regions (UTRs) are sections of the mRNA before the start codon and after the stop codon that are not translated, termed the five prime untranslated region (5 UTR) and three prime untranslated region (3 UTR), respectively. These regions are transcribed with the coding region and thus are exonic as they are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In combustion, Clarke–Riley diffusion flame is a diffusion flame that develops inside a naturally convected boundary layer on a hot fuel surface with quiescent oxidizer environment, first studied and experimentally verified by John Frederick Clarke and Norman Riley in 1976. This problem is an extension of Emmons proble... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to copper oxide heap leaching, also using dilute sulfuric acid. Rio Tinto is commercializing this technology in Namibia and Australia; the French nuclear fuel company Orano, in Niger with two mines and Namibia; and several other companies are studying its feasibility.
The final product is yellowcake and requir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acetone (propanone) is the simplest ketone and is separated into three groups in the Joback method: two methyl groups (−CH) and one ketone group (C=O). Since the methyl group is present twice, its contributions have to be added twice. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending upon the desired product, either the solvent or solute stream of RO will be waste. For food concentration applications, the concentrated solute stream is the product and the solvent stream is waste. For water treatment applications, the solvent stream is purified water and the solute stream is concentrated wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At equilibrium the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the backward reaction rate. A simple reaction, such as ester hydrolysis
has reaction rates given by expressions
According to Guldberg and Waage, equilibrium is attained when the forward and backward reaction rates are equal to each other. In these circumstance... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similar to single-stage impactors in collection methods, cascade impactors have multiple size cuts (PM, PM), allowing for bioaerosols to separate according to size. Separating biological material by aerodynamic diameter is useful due to size ranges being dominated by specific types of organisms (bacteria exist range fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vacuum pyrolysis, with the removal of neutral volatile byproducts i.e. methanol or chloroform, has been used to prepare dihydroimidazole and triazole based carbenes. Historically the removal of chloroform by vacuum pyrolysis of adducts A was used by Wanzlick in his early attempts to prepare dihydroimidazol-2-ylidenes b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The BGIT is based on empirical data and heat of formation. Some groups are too hard to measure, so not all the existing groups are available in the table. Sometimes approximation should be made when those unavailable groups are encountered. For example, we need to approximate C as C and N as N in C≡N, which clearly cau... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following her formal retirement, Waters continued part-time research and teaching activities at Massey Albany. Her husband, Neil Waters, died in Auckland in 2018. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first polar FOCE (antFOCE) experiment was awarded funding in November 2012, followed by design and concept studies initiated in 2013. Installation and initial science experiments are planned for 2014. antFOCE is a collaborative effort between the University of Tasmania, Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Clim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) is a heterobifunctional amine-to-sulfhydryl crosslinker, which contains two reactive groups at opposite ends: N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester and maleimide, reactive with amines and thiols respectively. SMCC is often used in bioconjugation to link proteins w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The presence of waters near the freezing point alters the balance of the relative effects of contrasts in salinity and temperature on sea water density. This is described in the equation,
where is the thermal expansion coefficient and is the haline contraction coefficient. In particular, the ratio is crucial. Using ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In simple cases there is only one grain or one type of material in the area used for collecting a diffraction pattern. However, often there is more than one. If they are in different areas then the diffraction pattern will be a combination. In addition there can be one grain on top of another, in which case the electro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tilth is a physical condition of soil, especially in relation to its suitability for planting or growing a crop. Factors that determine tilth include the formation and stability of aggregated soil particles, moisture content, degree of aeration, soil biota, rate of water infiltration and drainage. Tilth can change rapi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleosides are typically synthesized through the coupling of a nucleophilic pyrimidine, purine, or other basic heterocycle with a derivative of ribose or deoxyribose that is electrophilic at the anomeric carbon. When an acyl-protected ribose is employed, selective formation of the β-nucleoside (possessing the S config... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture is a biennial award given by the Australian Academy of Science to recognise outstanding scientific research in the biological sciences.
It was established in 1971 and honours the memory of the Nobel laureate Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, OM KBE MD FAA FRS, the Australian virologis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aerated solutions of Cr(CHCN)(NS) are highly photoactive and prone to rapid decomposition. Deaerated solutions of Cr(CHCN)(NS) in acetonitrile are stable as long as they are kept in the dark. Continuous photolysis using 366 nm light is slow, while using a 355 nm pulsed laser results in faster labilization of NS. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As enzymes have evolved to bind their substrates tightly, and most reversible inhibitors bind in the active site of enzymes, it is unsurprising that some of these inhibitors are strikingly similar in structure to the substrates of their targets. Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are prominent examples. Other... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the carbon-hydrogen bond ( bond) is a chemical bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be found in many organic compounds. This bond is a covalent, single bond, meaning that carbon shares its outer valence electrons with up to four hydrogens. This completes both of their outer shells, making them... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used for making high-strength concrete or to place self-compacting concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water conte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Luminol (CHNO) is a chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. Luminol is a white-to-pale-yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in most polar organic solvents, but insoluble in water.
Forensic investigators use luminol to detect trace amounts of blood ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A paper coauthored by Tomlin won the 1992 Sugden Award of The Combustion Institute. Tomlin was elected to the inaugural 2018 class of Fellows of The Combustion Institute, "for innovative research on the development and application of mechanism reduction, sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification in combustion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mollapour is married to Dimitra Bourboulia, PhD, Associate Professor, Assistant Dean for Undergraduate and Graduate Medical Education Research, and Director for the Office of Research for Medical Students, at SUNY Upstate Medical University. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanoparticles are classified as having at least one of its dimensions in the range of 1-100 nanometers (nm). The small size of nanoparticles allows them to have unique characteristics which may not be possible on the macro-scale. Self-assembly is the spontaneous organization of smaller subunits to form larger, well-org... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Increasing the intensity of the electromagnetic field and the particle velocity, the emission of photons with energy comparable to the electron one becomes more probable and non-linear inverse Compton scattering starts to progressively differ from the classical limit because of quantum effects such as photon recoil. A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mount Polley ships material, concentrated by floating, by truck to Vancouver when it is sent overseas to buyers who then smelt and refine the material. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The instrumentation needed to perform capillary electrophoresis is relatively simple. A basic schematic of a capillary electrophoresis system is shown in figure 1. The systems main components are a sample vial, source and destination vials, a capillary, electrodes, a high voltage power supply, a detector, and a data... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The only North American producer, Monsanto Company, marketed PCBs under the trade name Aroclor from 1930 to 1977. These were sold under trade names followed by a four-digit number. In general, the first two digits refer to the product series as designated by Monsanto (e.g. 1200 or 1100 series); the second two numbers i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some aircraft have been built to use the Magnus effect to create lift with a rotating cylinder instead of a wing, allowing flight at lower horizontal speeds. The earliest attempt to use the Magnus effect for a heavier-than-air aircraft was in 1910 by a US member of Congress, Butler Ames of Massachusetts. The next attem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each process is one of the following:
*isothermal (at constant temperature, maintained with heat added or removed from a heat source or sink)
*isobaric (at constant pressure)
*isometric/isochoric (at constant volume), also referred to as iso-volumetric
*adiabatic (no heat is added or removed from the system during adia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Let's assume that we understand mechanics well enough to understand and measure volume, area, mass, and force. These may be combined to understand the concept of pressure, which is force per unit area and density, which is mass per unit volume. It has been experimentally determined that, at low enough pressures and den... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Target proteins are functional biomolecules that are addressed and controlled by biologically active compounds. They are used in the processes of transduction, transformation and conjugation. The identification of target proteins, the investigation of signal transduction processes and the understanding of their interac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wind driven ventilation can be classified as cross ventilation and single-sided ventilation. Wind driven ventilation depends on wind behavior, on the interactions with the building envelope and on openings or other air exchange devices such as inlets or windcatchers.
The knowledge of the urban climatology i.e. the win... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By February 1994, several regional landfills in Campania had become overfilled, and Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio Ciampi declared a state of emergency and created the Committee for the Waste Emergency in Campania (Commissariato di Governo per lemergenza rifiuti in Campania').
By December 1999, all regional landfills ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main component of a VIPA is a glass plate whose normal is slightly tilted with respect to the input light. One side (light input side) of the glass plate is coated with a 100% reflective mirror and the other side (light output side) is coated with a highly reflective but partially transmissive mirror. The side with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sigma-2 receptors have been found to be highly expressed in proliferating cells, including tumor cells, and to play a role in the differentiation, morphology, and survival of those cells. By interacting with EGFR membrane proteins sigma-2 receptors play a role in the regulation of signals further downstream such as PKC... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbamylation of the ε-amino group of Lys210 is stabilized by coordination with the . This reaction involves binding of the carboxylate termini of Asp203 and Glu204 to the ion. The substrate RuBP binds displacing two of the three aquo ligands. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The parent metallacyclopentane has the formula LM(CH). Such compounds are intermediates in the metal catalysed dimerization, trimerization, and tetramerization of ethylene to give but-1-ene, hex-1-ene and oct-1-ene, respectively. Metallacyclopentanes are invoked as intermediates in the evolution of heterogeneous alken... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most widely used electrode is the glass electrode, which is selective for the hydrogen ion. This is suitable for all acid–base equilibria. values between about 2 and 11 can be measured directly by potentiometric titration using a glass electrode. This enormous range of stability constant values (ca. 100 to 10) is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SaltMod is computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain discharge (hydrology) in irrigated agricultural lands, using different (geo)hydrologic conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground wat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Changes in Arc mRNA and/or protein are correlated with a number of behavioral changes including cued fear conditioning, contextual fear conditioning, spatial memory, operant conditioning, and inhibitory avoidance. The mRNA is notably upregulated following electrical stimulation in LTP-induction procedures such as high ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Evidence that eRNAs cause downstream effects on the efficiency of enhancer activation and gene transcription suggests its functional capabilities and potential importance.
The transcription factor p53 has been demonstrated to bind enhancer regions and generate eRNAs in a p53-dependent manner. In cancer, p53 plays a cen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common thermodynamic equations and quantities in thermodynamics, using mathematical notation, are as follows: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The control of enzymatic browning has always been a challenge for the food industry. A variety of approaches are used to prevent or slow down enzymatic browning of foods, each method aimed at targeting specific steps of the chemical reaction. The different types of enzymatic browning control can be classified into two ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is also possible to synthesise heterocyclic compounds via the Elbs reaction. In 1956 an Elbs reaction of a thiophene derivative was published. The expected linear product was not obtained due to a change in reaction mechanism after formation of the first intermediate which caused multiple free radical reaction steps... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Weak affinity chromatography (WAC) is an affinity chromatography technique for affinity screening in drug development. WAC is an affinity-based liquid chromatographic technique that separates chemical compounds based on their different weak affinities to an immobilized target. The higher affinity a compound has towards... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NAPQI becomes toxic when GSH is depleted by an overdose of acetaminophen, Glutathione is an essential antidote to overdose. Glutathione conjugates to NAPQI and helps to detoxify it. In this capacity, it protects cellular protein thiol groups, which would otherwise become covalently modified; when all GSH has been spent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is the earliest theory specifically for grain boundaries, in which McLean uses a model of P solute atoms distributed at random amongst N lattice sites and p solute atoms distributed at random amongst n independent grain boundary sites. The total free energy due to the solute atoms is then:
where E and e are energi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
3M produces perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) under different brand names of Novec 1230 and Novec 649. These two products have different purity grades (>99% and >99.9%, respectively) intended for different industrial applications. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In June 1955 Bussard moved to Los Alamos and joined the Nuclear Propulsion Divisions Project Rover designing nuclear thermal rocket engines. Bussard and R.D. DeLauer wrote two important monographs on nuclear propulsion, Nuclear Rocket Propulsion and Fundamentals of Nuclear Flight'. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymerized ionic liquids, poly(ionic liquid)s or polymeric ionic liquids, all abbreviated as PIL is the polymeric form of ionic liquids. They have half of the ionicity of ionic liquids since one ion is fixed as the polymer moiety to form a polymeric chain. PILs have a similar range of applications, comparable with tho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Periodic Videos (also known as The Periodic Table of Videos) is a video project and YouTube channel on chemistry. It consists of a series of videos about chemical elements and the periodic table, with additional videos on other topics in chemistry and related fields. They are published on YouTube and produced by Brady ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar projects have been undertaken in Finland, which requires all buildings with area over 600 m to have an NBC (nuclear-biological-chemical) shelter, and Norway, which requires all buildings with an area over 1000 m to have a shelter.
The former Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries often designed their und... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1989, the center received a further challenge grant, this time from Donald F. Othmer and his wife, Mildred Topp Othmer. Donald Othmer was a quiet chemical engineering professor from Polytechnic University in Brooklyn. The Othmers donated $5 million towards the creation of the Othmer Library of Chemical History. Ag... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Actinide chemistry (or actinoid chemistry) is one of the main branches of nuclear chemistry that investigates the processes and molecular systems of the actinides. The actinides derive their name from the group 3 element actinium. The informal chemical symbol An is used in general discussions of actinide chemistry to r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In environmental chemistry, the term "contamination" is in some cases virtually equivalent to pollution, where the main interest is the harm done on a large scale to humans, organisms, or environments. An environmental contaminant may be chemical in nature, though it may also be a biological (pathogenic bacteria, virus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) or aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are clean alternatives for traditional organic-water solvent extraction systems.
ABS are formed when either two polymers, one polymer and one kosmotropic salt, or two salts (one chaotropic salt and the other a kosmotropic salt) are mixed at appropriate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For clarification, a distinction between the two corresponding cases is needed. With reference to a phase diagram, the sublimation that occurs left of the solid-gas boundary, the triple point or the solid-liquid boundary (corresponding to evaporation in vaporization) may be called gradual sublimation; and the substance... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an endothermic reaction or system, energy is taken from the surroundings in the course of the reaction, usually driven by a favorable entropy increase in the system. An example of an endothermic reaction is a first aid cold pack, in which the reaction of two chemicals, or dissolving of one in another, requires calor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) occurs when two fluids of different density are impulsively accelerated. Normally this is by the passage of a shock wave. The development of the instability begins with small amplitude perturbations which initially grow linearly with time. This is followed by a nonlinear regim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For fluorene, there are 6 apparent double bonds (three pi bonds in each side benzene-like ring); the central ring has one secondary carbon and is non-aromatic. Therefore: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The HiFIT hammer operates with a hardened pin with a ball resting on the workpiece with a diameter D of 3 mm.
This pin is hammered with an adjustable intensity at around 180–300 Hz at the weld toe. Local mechanical deformations occur in the form of a treatment track. The weld toe is deformed plastically. The induced co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that biomimics the natural process of photosynthesis. The term artificial photosynthesis is used loosely, refer to any scheme for capturing and storing energy from sunlight by producing a fuel, specifically a solar fuel. An advantage of artificial photosynthesis is that t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Imido ligands, also known as imides or nitrenes, most commonly form "linear six electron bonds" with metal centers. Bent imidos are a rarity limited by complexes electron count, orbital bonding availability, or some similar phenomenon. It is common to draw only two lines of bonding for all imidos, including the most co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The minimum total potential energy principle is a fundamental concept used in physics and engineering. It dictates that at low temperatures a structure or body shall deform or displace to a position that (locally) minimizes the total potential energy, with the lost potential energy being converted into kinetic energy (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A viruses. Occasionally viruses are transmitted from this reservoir to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The green patina that forms naturally on copper and bronze, sometimes called verdigris, usually consists of varying mixtures of copper chlorides, sulfides, sulfates, and carbonates, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. In clean air rural environments, the patina is created by the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most Grignard reactions are conducted in ethereal solvents, especially diethyl ether and THF. Grignard reagents react with 1,4-dioxane to give the diorganomagnesium compounds and insoluble coordination polymer and (R = organic group, X = halide):
This reaction exploits the Schlenk equilibrium, driving it toward the r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a two-phase system consisting of the and phase in equilibrium with a surface dividing the phases, the total Gibbs free energy of a system can be written as:
where is the Gibbs free energy.
The equation of the Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm can be derived from the “particularization to the thermodynamics of the Euler... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cubosomes are discrete, sub-micron, nanostructured particles of the bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase. The term "bicontinuous" refers to two distinct hydrophilic regions separated by the bilayer. Bicontinuous cubic crystalline materials have been an active research topic because their structure lends itself w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Abrasion is the property of the coal which describes its propensity and ability to wear away machinery and undergo autonomous grinding. While carbonaceous matter in coal is relatively soft, quartz and other mineral constituents in coal are quite abrasive. This is tested in a calibrated mill, containing four blades of k... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several other quantities can be used to describe the composition of a mixture. These should not be called concentrations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Brigitte Zanda was a student at the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles from 1978 to 1982. She continued her education at the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris where she was a research fellow from 1982 to 1984. From 1984 to 1989, she worked as a research engineer at the Institut d'astrophysique de Par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This resonant process occurs in a neutral atom when the electric field displaces the electron density relative to the nucleus it surrounds.
This displacement occurs due to the equilibrium between restoration and electric forces.
Electronic polarization may be understood by assuming an atom as a point nucleus surrounded... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In his autobiography, What Mad Pursuit, Crick wrote about his choice of the word dogma and some of the problems it caused him:
Similarly, Horace Freeland Judson records in The Eighth Day of Creation: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Henrys law states that P=Kx where P is the partial pressure of gas above the solution. K is Henrys law constant. K increases as temperature increases. x is the mole fraction of gas in the solution. According to Henry's law carbonation increases in a solution as temperature decreases.
Since carbonation is the process ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the field of formation evaluation, porosity is one of the key measurements to quantify oil and gas reserves. Neutron porosity measurement employs a neutron source to measure the hydrogen index in a reservoir, which is directly related to porosity. The Hydrogen Index (HI) of a material is defined as the ratio of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, as well as in molecular biology, FRET is a useful tool to quantify molecular dynamics in biophysics and biochemistry, such as protein-protein interactions, protein–DNA interactions, and protein conformational changes. For monitoring the comple... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A comet assay can determine the degree of DNA fragmentation in sperm cells. The degree of DNA fragmentation has been associated with outcomes of in vitro fertilization.
The comet has been modified for use with sperm cells as a tool for male infertility diagnosis
To break down these tightly bound protamine proteins in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR
* Honorary Member of Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR
* Honorary member of Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR
* Honorary Member of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1952)
* Honorary Member of Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1953)
* Honorary Member of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The involvement of toll signalling in immunity was first demonstrated in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Fruit flies have only innate immune responses allowing studies to avoid interference of adaptive immune mechanisms on signal transduction. The fly response to fungal or bacterial infection occurs through two... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acetyl phosphate (AcP), a precursor to ATP, can readily be synthesized at modest yields from thioacetate in pH 7 and 20 °C and pH 8 and 50 °C, although acetyl phosphate is less stable in warmer temperatures and alkaline conditions than in cooler and acidic to neutral conditions. It is unable to promote polymerization o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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