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A Ludwieg tube is a cheap and efficient way of producing supersonic flow. Mach numbers up to 4 in air are easily obtained without any additional heating of the flow. With heating, Mach numbers of up to 11 can be reached. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Certain M┄H−C interactions are not classified as agostic but are described by the term anagostic. Anagostic interactions are more electrostatic in character. In terms of structures of anagostic interactions, the M┄H distances and M┄H−C angles fall into the ranges 2.3–2.9 Å and 110°–170°, respectively. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the calculation strategy of CASTp, alpha-shape and discrete-flow methods are applied to the protein binding site, also the measurement of pocket size by the program of CAST by Liang et al. in 1998, then updated by Tian et al. in 2018. Firstly, CAST identifies atoms which form the protein pocket, then calculates the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crucibles used for copper smelting were generally wide shallow vessels made from clay that lacks refractory properties which is similar to the types of clay used in other ceramics of the time. During the Chalcolithic period, crucibles were heated from the top by using blowpipes. Ceramic crucibles from this time had sli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/inside.htm NMR/MRI tutorial]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100108014732/http://nmr.chinanmr.cn/guide/eNMR/eNMRindex.html NMR Library] NMR Concepts
* [http://www.grandinetti.org/Teaching/Chem7160/Notes NMR Course Notes]
* [https://www.nmr.tips/indexe.html Downloadable NMR exercis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A body-centered cubic unit cell has six octahedral voids located at the center of each face of the unit cell, and twelve further ones located at the midpoint of each edge of the same cell, for a total of six net octahedral voids. Additionally, there are 24 tetrahedral voids located in a square spacing around each octah... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. In an acidic medium, blue litmus paper turns red, while in a basic or alkaline medium, red litmus paper turns blue. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) is an epidemiological measure used in communicating the effectiveness of a health-care intervention, typically a treatment with medication. The NNT is the average number of patients who need to be treated to prevent o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levetiracetam is effective for treatment of generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy. It has been approved in the United States as add-on treatment for myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures. Levetiracetam has been approved in the European Union as a monotherapy treatment for epilepsy in the case of partial seizures or as an ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term glycosynthase refers to a class of proteins that have been engineered to catalyze the formation of a glycosidic bond. Glycosynthase are derived from glycosidase enzymes, which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. They were traditionally formed from retaining glycosidase by mutating the active site nuc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The coefficients are calculated by fitting to experimentally measured masses of nuclei. Their values can vary depending on how they are fitted to the data and which unit is used to express the mass. Several examples are as shown below.
The formula does not consider the internal shell structure of the nucleus.
The semi-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the EPA methods are created by different regulatory departments within the EPA, finding methods on the EPA website itself can be challenging. To make finding methods easier, some organizations have created method search databases that organize all the methods into one place and link to actual test methods. Some a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Landes joined the University of Houston at an assistant professor in 2006, and moved to Rice University in 2009. She was appointed Kenneth S. Pitzer-Schlumberger Chair in 2021. Her early independent work considered super-resolution single molecule spectroscopy for the characterization of biomolecules using FRET with me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Blueprint Initiative started as a research program in the lab of Dr. Christopher Hogue at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto. On December 14, 2005, Unleashed Informatics Limited acquired the commercial rights to The Blueprint Initiative intellectual property. This included ri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Calculation of rainfall.
* Calculation of Evapotranspiration
* Calculating surface runoff and precipitation.
* Determining the water balance of a region.
* Determining the agricultural water balance.
* Designing riparian-zone restoration projects.
* Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and Drought risk.
* Real-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cost of power generation by solar power projects would be below Rs. 1.0 per Kwh in few years. Availability of cheaper, clean and perennial/renewable power would favour more water lifting/pumping and tunnels in the river link projects rather than purely gravity links to economize on cost, reduce construction time and re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Earth-based rectenna would likely consist of many short dipole antennas connected via diodes. Microwave broadcasts from the satellite would be received in the dipoles with about 85% efficiency. With a conventional microwave antenna, the reception efficiency is better, but its cost and complexity are also considerab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
BSA is prepared by treating acetamide with trimethylsilyl chloride in the presence of a base (Me = CH, Et = CH):
The reaction of BSA with alcohols gives the corresponding trimethylsilyl ether, together with acetamide as a byproduct (Me = CH): | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eating a variety of foods that contain potassium is the best way to get an adequate amount.
Foods with high sources of potassium include kiwifruit, orange juice, potatoes, coconut, avocados, apricots, parsnips and turnips, although many other fruits, vegetables, legumes, and meats contain potassium.
Common foods very ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Volcanic gases were collected and analysed as long ago as 1790 by Scipione Breislak in Italy. The composition of volcanic gases is dependent on the movement of magma within the volcano. Therefore, sudden changes in gas composition often presage a change in volcanic activity. Accordingly, a large part of hazard monitor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isolobal fragments of tetrahedral and octahedral molecules can be related. Structures with the same number of frontier orbitals are isolobal to one another. For example, the methane with two hydrogen atoms removed, CH is isolobal to a d ML complex formed from an octahedral starting complex (Figure 4). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Slender-body theory in Stokes flow is a simple approximate method of determining the irrotational flow field around bodies whose length is large compared with their width. The basis of the method is to choose a distribution of flow singularities along a line (since the body is slender) so that their irrotational flow ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Validations can be broken into three stages: validating the raw data collected (data validation), the interpretation of the data into the atomic model (model-to-data validation), and finally validation on the model itself. While the first two steps are specific to the technique used, validating the arrangement of atoms... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The word "emulsion" comes from the Latin emulgere "to milk out", from ex "out" + mulgere "to milk", as milk is an emulsion of fat and water, along with other components, including colloidal casein micelles (a type of secreted biomolecular condensate). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Persistent triplet state carbenes are likely to have very similar reactivity as other non-persistent triplet state carbenes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One field where these are found is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, where it identifies radio frequency (RF) coils that are smaller than 1 mm.
The detection limits of micro-MRI or MRM can be pushed further by taking advantage of microsystem fabrication techniques. In general, the RF receiver coil should c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plant stress responses can be observed in plants that are under- or over-supplied with Mg. The first observable signs of Mg stress in plants for both starvation and toxicity is a depression of the rate of photosynthesis, it is presumed because of the strong relationships between Mg and chloroplasts/chlorophyll. In pine... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Select filter cloth to obtain solid binding resistance and good cake release. Use coated fabric for more effective cake release and have a longer-lasting cloth media due to solid binding filter cloth. Both the discharge roll speed and drum speed must be the same. Adjust the scraper knife to leave a significant heal on ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The position of Whitley Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Oxford is one of the permanent chairs of the university, and the first in the field of biochemistry at the university. It is associated with a fellowship at Trinity College, Oxford, and was established with an endowment of £10,000 by Edward Whitley ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite dicloxacillin being insensitive to beta-lactamases, some organisms have developed resistance to other narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics including methicillin. Such organisms include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various magnetic particles (magnetic carrier) coated with silica are often used as silica coated beads
Maghemite particle (γ-FeO) and magnetite particle (FeO),
as well as an intermediate iron oxide particle thereof, are most suitable as magnetic carriers.
Generally, the quality of the magnetic beads is characterized b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mimic poison frog Ranitomeya (Dendrobates) imitator is polymorphic, with a striped morph that imitates the black and yellow striped morph of Ranitomeya variabilis, a spotted morph that imitates the largely blue-green highland spotted morph also of R. variabilis, and a banded morph that imitates the red and black ba... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In high-throughput screening (HTS), one of the major goals is to select compounds (including small molecules, siRNAs, shRNA, genes, et al.) with a desired size of inhibition or activation effects. A compound with a desired size of effects in an HTS screen is called a hit. The process of selecting hits is called hit sel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field.
At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lugol's iodine, also known as aqueous iodine and strong iodine solution, is a solution of potassium iodide with iodine in water. It is a medication and disinfectant used for a number of purposes. Taken by mouth it is used to treat thyrotoxicosis until surgery can be carried out, protect the thyroid gland from radioacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Per Teodor Cleve (10 February 1840 – 18 June 1905) was a Swedish chemist, biologist, mineralogist and oceanographer. He is best known for his discovery of the chemical elements holmium and thulium.
Born in Stockholm in 1840, Cleve earned his BSc and PhD from Uppsala University in 1863 and 1868, respectively. After rece... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The spectrum of action includes many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (including Pseudomonas) and anaerobic bacteria. The overall spectrum is similar to that of imipenem, although meropenem is more active against Enterobacteriaceae and less active against Gram-positive bacteria. It works against extended-spect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given the advantages of , a group of scientists from institutions around the world are working on the Rice Project to produce a strain of rice, naturally a plant, that uses the pathway by studying the plants maize and Brachypodium. As rice is the world's most important human food—it is the staple food for more than... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flux is a reducing agent designed to help reduce (return oxidized metals to their metallic state) metal oxides at the points of contact to improve the electrical connection and mechanical strength. The two principal types of flux are acid flux (sometimes called "active flux"), containing strong acids, used for metal me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
London dispersion forces arise from instantaneous dipoles between two nonpolar molecules close together. The random nature of electron orbit allows moments in which the charge distribution in a molecule is unevenly distributed, allowing an electrostatic attraction to another molecule with a temporary dipole. A larger m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proline isomerization of certain prolines in RNA polymerase II is key in the process of recruiting and placing processing factors during transcription. PPIases target RNA polymerase II by interacting with the Rpb1 carboxy terminal domain, or CTD. Proline isomerization is then used as part of the mechanism of the CTD to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Specific control of the lac genes depends on the availability of the substrate lactose to the bacterium. The proteins are not produced by the bacterium when lactose is unavailable as a carbon source.
The lac genes are organized into an operon; that is, they are oriented in the same direction immediately adjacent on the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
2-C-Methyl--erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) is an intermediate on the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It is the first committed metabolite on that pathway on the route to IPP and DMAPP. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During early 2016, science writers and bloggers speculated that one of the superheavy elements would be named oganessium or oganesson. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) announced in November 2016 that element 118 would be named oganesson to honor Oganessian. It was first observed in 2002 at ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In developing countries many governments are corrupt and poor and they respond to these problems with frequently changing policies and non clear agreements. Water demand exceeds supply, and household and industrial water supplies are prioritised over other uses, which leads to water stress. Potable water has a price in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In statistical mechanics, the thermodynamic limit or macroscopic limit, of a system is the limit for a large number of particles (e.g., atoms or molecules) where the volume is taken to grow in proportion with the number of particles.
The thermodynamic limit is defined as the limit of a system with a large volume, wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, inherent chirality is a property of asymmetry in molecules arising, not from a stereogenic or chiral center, but from a twisting of the molecule in 3-D space. The term was first coined by Volker Boehmer in a 1994 review, to describe the chirality of calixarenes arising from their non-planar structure in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gamma-ray detected by Gamma-ray detector in an oil or gas wells, is not only a function of radioactivity of the formations, but also other factors as follows:
* Borehole Fluid: the influence of borehole fluid depends on its volume (i.e. hole size), the position of the tool, its density, and composition. Potassium chlor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is a method for visualizing and analyzing particles in liquids that relates the rate of Brownian motion to particle size. The rate of movement is related only to the viscosity and temperature of the liquid; it is not influenced by particle density or refractive index. NTA allows the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of a protein-coding gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include introns and untranslated regions of the mature mRNA. Noncoding genes can also contain introns that are removed during processing to produce the mature functional RNA.
Al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two monosaccharides with equivalent molecular graphs (same chain length and same carbonyl position) may still be distinct stereoisomers, whose molecules differ in spatial orientation. This happens only if the molecule contains a stereogenic center, specifically a carbon atom that is chiral (connected to four distinct ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many river systems are shaped by human activity and through anthropogenic forces. The process of human influence on nature, including rivers, is stated with the beginning of the Anthropocene, which has replaced the Holocene. This long-term impact is analyzed and explained by a wide range of sciences and stands in an i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UV disinfection is most effective for treating high-clarity, purified reverse osmosis distilled water. Suspended particles are a problem because microorganisms buried within particles are shielded from the UV light and pass through the unit unaffected. However, UV systems can be coupled with a pre-filter to remove thos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genes interact in the sense that they affect each others function. For instance, a mutation may be harmless, but when it is combined with another mutation, the combination may turn out to be lethal. Such genes are said to "interact genetically". Genes that are connected in such a way form genetic interaction networks. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inner sphere electron transfer (IS ET) or bonded electron transfer is a redox chemical reaction that proceeds via a covalent linkage—a strong electronic interaction—between the oxidant and the reductant reactants. In inner sphere electron transfer, a ligand bridges the two metal redox centers during the electron tran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most known methods used in microanalysis include:
* Most of the spectroscopy methods: ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray fluorescence, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry
* Most of the chromatog... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The Charlotte, North Carolina Mint – 1835 to 1861. After the Civil War, the plant was reopened in 1868 as an assay office until 1913, when it was ultimately closed.
* The New Orleans, Louisiana Mint – 1835 to 1942. Coinage operations were conducted here from 1838, but were suspended from 1861 until 1879; assay functi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This effect occurs with class-a metals such as iron(II). The Cyclopentadienyl complex (CH)Fe(CO)(SCN) is an example of chemical symbiosis. The cyclopentadienyl directs the thiocyanate to bond through its softer Sulphur donor. A more definitive example are the halopentamminocobalt(III) ions, Co(NH)X, which are more st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two types of pumps available for uniform delivery of relatively small liquid volumes for GPC: piston or peristaltic pumps. The delivery of a constant flow free of fluctuations is especially important to the precision of the GPC analysis, as the flow-rate is used for the calibration of the molecular weight, or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Preliminary treatment (sometimes called pretreatment) removes coarse materials that can be easily collected from the raw sewage before they damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of primary treatment clarifiers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organisms that rely on light energy to fix carbon, and thus participate in primary production, are referred to as photoautotrophs.
Photoautotrophs exists across the tree of life. Many bacterial taxa are known to be photoautotrophic such as cyanobacteria and some Pseudomonadota (formerly proteobacteria). Eukaryotic orga... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Culminating in the 1930s, the British chemists Christopher Ingold and Robert Robinson among others had investigated the mechanisms of organic reactions, and had come up with empirical rules which could predict reactivity of organic molecules. Woodward was perhaps the first synthetic organic chemist who used these ideas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amines are the most prevalent absorbent in postcombustion carbon capture technology today. In particular, monoethanolamine (MEA) has been used in industrial scales in postcombustion carbon capture, as well as in other CO separations, such as "sweetening" of natural gas. However, amines are corrosive, degrade over time... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PDE5 inhibitors have shown promise in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction through several beneficial effects on lung vasculature, cardiac remodelling and diastolic function. A study showed that effective treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with sildenafil improved functional capacity ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In gel electrophoresis proteins are normally separated by charge, size, or shape. The aim of isoelectric focusing (IEF), for example, is to separate proteins according to their isoelectric point (pI), thus, according to their charge at different pH values. Here, a similar mechanism is accomplished in a commercially ava... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On the cost side of pesticide use there can be costs to the environment and costs to human health. Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is significant overlap in function with regards to some of these proteins. In particular, the Rho-related genes are important in nuclear trafficking (i.e.: mitosis) as well as with mobility along the cytoskeleton in general. These genes of particular interest in cancer research.
*ARHGAP35
*ARHGAP5
*ARHGDIA
*... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of their wide needs, the overall chelating agents growth was 4 % annually during 2009-2014 and the trend is likely to increase. Aminopolycarboxylic acids chelators are the most widely consumed chelating agents; however, the percentage of the greener alternative chelators in this category continues to grow. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A program licensed and promoted by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection that provided free municipal wastewater sludge (biosolids) to farmers as fertilizer has resulted in PFAS contamination of local drinking water and farm-grown produce. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Extending the wavelength range for CD experiments had been both considered and instigated as far back as 1970. Three research groups had created their own "in-house" CD machines, with specialist lamps as their light source, to enable measurements in this range. Synchrotron radiation (SR) had been proposed for use as t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A third perspective is chemistry education research (CER). CER is a type of discipline-based education research (DBER) focusing on the teaching and learning of chemistry. An overarching goal for chemistry education researchers is to help students develop expert-like (coherent and useful) knowledge of chemistry. Thus, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Certain lachrymatory agents, most notably tear gas, are often used by police to force compliance. In some countries (e.g., Finland, Australia, and United States), another common substance is mace. The self-defense weapon form of mace is based on pepper spray which comes in small spray cans. Versions including CS are ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The expansion of the corrosion products (iron oxides) of carbon steel reinforcement structures may induce internal mechanical stress (tensile stress) that cause the formation of cracks and disrupt the concrete structure. If rebars have been improperly installed or have inadequate concrete cover at surfaces exposed to t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A case–control study of hospitalized patients found that the blood plasma levels of CMTM5 protein and CMTM5 messenger RNA (i.e. mRNA) in 350 patients with coronary artery disease were significantly higher than a matched group of 350 patients without this disease. The same research group similarly studied 124 hospitaliz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photolytic producers are similar to phototrophs, but source hydrogen from water molecules that are broken down as the organism interacts with light. Photolytic producers consist of algae and certain photosynthetic bacteria.
(algae)
(photolytic bacteria) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The starting reactants for these reactions are hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as well as HCN derivatives and acetylene. Both of these are hypothesized to be present on the early Earth. The conditions this reaction occurs in are a relatively moderate temperature of 35 degrees C and in anoxic or oxygen free conditions. The early... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in porous materials covers the application of using NMR as a tool to study the structure of porous media and various processes occurring in them. This technique allows the determination of characteristics such as the porosity and pore size distribution, the permeability, the water satur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tungsten plays a large and indispensable role in modern high-tech industry. Up to 500,000 tons of raw tungsten ore are mined each year by Wolfram Bergbau und Hütten AG (WHB)in Felbertal, Austria, which is the largest scheelite deposit in Europe. 25% of the run-of-mine ore are separated as waste before entering the mill... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triple disc rolling contact fatigue (RCF) Rig is a specialised testing apparatus used in the field of tribology and materials science to evaluate the fatigue resistance and durability of materials subjected to rolling contact. This rig is designed for simulating the conditions encountered in various mechanical systems,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*1 kg/m = 1 g/L (exactly)
*1 kg/m = 0.001 g/cm (exactly)
*1 kg/m ≈ 0.06243 lb/ft (approximately)
*1 kg/m ≈ 0.1335 oz/US gal (approximately)
*1 kg/m ≈ 0.1604 oz/imp gal (approximately)
*1 g/cm = 1000 kg/m (exactly)
*1 lb/ft ≈ 16.02 kg/m (approximately)
*1 oz/(US gal) ≈ 7.489 kg/m (approximately)
*1 oz/(imp gal) ≈ 6.236 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In vitro fertilization involves removing eggs from a woman, collecting sperm from a man, fertilizing the egg with the sperm, allowing the fertilized egg to form a blastocyst, and then transferring the blastocyst into the uterus. MRT involves an additional egg from a third person, and manipulation of both the recipient ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Other work has focused on predicting the gene expression levels in a gene regulatory network. The approaches used to model gene regulatory networks have been constrained to be interpretable and, as a result, are generally simplified versions of the network. For example, Boolean networks have been used due to their simp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is category A in Australia meaning that no evidence of harm has been found after being taken by many pregnant women. Use during breast feeding is generally safe. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resulting flow from applying a voltage is a plug flow. Unlike a parabolic profile flow generated from a pressure differential, a plug flow’s velocity profile is approximately planar, with slight variation near the electric double layer. This offers significantly less deleterious dispersive effects and can be contro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal quenching is a transient heat transfer process in terms of the time temperature transformation (TTT). It is possible to manipulate the cooling process to adjust the phase of a suitable material. For example, appropriate quenching of steel can convert a desirable proportion of its content of austenite to martensit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In bacteria, where two-component signaling is extremely common, about 25% of known histidine kinases are of the hybrid type. Two-component systems are much rarer in archaea and eukaryotes, and occur in lower eukaryotes and in plants but not in metazoans. Among known examples, most if not all eukaryotic two-component sy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Hepatitis C virus requires the CD81 co-receptor for infection. Studies suggest that the tight junction protein Claudin-1 (CLDN1) may also play a part in HCV entry. Claudin family abnormalities are also common in hepatocellular carcinoma, which can result from HPV infection. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, photoisomerization is molecular behavior in which structural change between isomers is caused by photoexcitation. Both reversible and irreversible photoisomerization reactions exist. However, the word "photoisomerization" usually indicates a reversible process. Photoisomerizable molecules are already put ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heat can flow into or out of a closed system by way of thermal conduction or of thermal radiation to or from a thermal reservoir, and when this process is effecting net transfer of heat, the system is not in thermal equilibrium. While the transfer of energy as heat continues, the system's temperature can be changing. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As early as 1754, the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) speculated about the possibility of cavitation. In 1859, the English mathematician William Henry Besant (1828–1917) published a solution to the problem of the dynamics of the collapse of a spherical cavity in a fluid, which had been presented by the A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Originally, the Van den Bergh reaction was used for a qualitative estimate of bilirubin.
This test is performed routinely in most medical laboratories and can be measured by a variety of methods.
Total bilirubin is now often measured by the 2,5-dichlorophenyldiazonium (DPD) method, and direct bilirubin is often measure... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This naming has been developed principally for coordination compounds although it can be more widely applied. Examples are:
*Si(OH) tetrahydroxidosilicon (additive), or silanetetrol (substitutive) (note silicic acid is an acceptable name—orthosilicic has been dropped).
*[CoCl(NH)]Cl pentaamminechloridocobalt(2+) chlori... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biomonitoring assessment requires a baseline dataset which, ideally, defines the environment in its natural or default state. This is then used for comparison against any subsequent measurements, in order to assess potential alterations or trends.
In some cases, these datasets are used to create standardised tools fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Even though the van der Waals interaction is attractive, as the adsorbed atom moves closer to the surface the wavefunction of electron starts to overlap with that of the surface atoms. Further the energy of the system will increase due to the orthogonality of wavefunctions of the approaching atom and surface atoms.
Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemical reaction engineering, "yield", "conversion" and "selectivity" are terms used to describe ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted—conversion, how much of a desired product was formed—yield, and how much desired product was formed in ratio to the undesired product—selectivity, represented as X, S, and Y... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glendenin was born in Bay City, Michigan on November 8, 1918. He attended the University of Chicago, graduating in 1941. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The measurement of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is underestimated by measurement of indirect bilirubin, as unconjugated bilirubin (without/yet glucuronidation) reacts with diazosulfanilic acid to create azobilirubin which is measured as direct bilirubin. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ketoacidosis is a pathological state of uncontrolled production of ketones that results in a metabolic acidosis, with serum ketone levels typically in excess of 3 mM. Ketoacidosis is most commonly caused by a deficiency of insulin in type 1 diabetes or late stage type 2 diabetes but can also be the result of chronic he... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Potent, bioactive natural products like triptolide that inhibit mammalian transcription via inhibition of the XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFH has been recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In response to a systemic bacterial infection, the immune system initiates a process known as "iron withholding". If bacteria are to survive, then they must obtain iron from their environment. Disease-causing bacteria do this in many ways, including releasing iron-binding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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