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Quality of measurements made in chemistry and other areas is an important issue in today's world as measurements influence quality of life, cross-border trade and commerce. In this respect, EN ISO 17025 is the main standard used by testing and calibration laboratories as to appropriately tackle quality management relat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gas phase species absorb and display unique spectra between 120 – 240 nm where high energy σ→σ*, n→σ*, π→π*, n → π* electronic transitions can be excited and probed. VUV spectra reflect the absorbance cross section of compounds and are specific to their electronic structure and functional group arrangement. The ability... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nine-membered enediynes are also referred to as chromoproteins because they have an attached protein as a variable group. This protein is necessary for transport and stabilization of the enediyne group. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of thiol–disulfide exchange between oxidoreductases is understood to begin with the nucleophilic attack on the sulfur atoms of a disulfide bond in the oxidised partner, by a thiolate anion derived from a reactive cysteine in a reduced partner. This generates mixed disulfide intermediates, and is followed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In lipidomics, the process of shotgun lipidomics (named by analogy with shotgun sequencing) uses analytical chemistry to investigate the biological function, significance, and sequelae of alterations in lipids and protein constituents mediating lipid metabolism, trafficking, or biological function in cells.
Lipidomics ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Function Maize gene for first step in biosynthesis of benzoxazin, which aids in resistance to insect pests, pathogenic fungi and bacteria.
First report Hamilton 1964, as a mutant sensitive to the herbicide atrazine, and lacking benzoxazinoids (less than 1% of non-mutant plants).
Molecular characterization reveals tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-metallic inclusions are chemical compounds and nonmetals that are present in steel and other alloys. They are the product of chemical reactions, physical effects, and contamination that occurs during the melting and pouring process. These inclusions are categorized by origin as either endogenous or exogenous. Endog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Q-FISH combines FISH with PNAs and computer software to quantify fluorescence intensity. This technique is used routinely in telomere length research. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Relaxivities, nuclear relaxation rates, line shape and other parameters were reported useful in structural studies of carbohydrates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To enhance the performance of surfactant properties of natural sophorolipids, chemical modification methods have been actively pursued. Recently, researchers demonstrated the possibility of applying sophorolipids as building blocks via ring-opening metathesis polymerization for a new type of polymers, known as polysoph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
IR Spectrum Table by Frequency
IR Spectra Table by Compound Class
To use an IR spectrum table, first need to find the frequency or compound in the first column, depending on which type of chart that is being used. Then find the corresponding values for absorption, appearance and other attributes. The value for absorpti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In plants, ATP synthase is also present in chloroplasts (CFF-ATP synthase). The enzyme is integrated into thylakoid membrane; the CF-part sticks into stroma, where dark reactions of photosynthesis (also called the light-independent reactions or the Calvin cycle) and ATP synthesis take place. The overall structure and t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tarnish is a product of a chemical reaction between a metal and a nonmetal compound, especially oxygen and sulfur dioxide. It is usually a metal oxide, the product of oxidation; sometimes it is a metal sulfide. The metal oxide sometimes reacts with water to make the hydroxide, or with carbon dioxide to make the carbona... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Superalloys were originally iron-based and cold wrought prior to the 1940s when investment casting of cobalt base alloys significantly raised operating temperatures. The 1950s development of vacuum melting allowed for fine control of the chemical composition of superalloys and reduction in contamination and in turn led... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order for two flows to be similar, they must have the same geometry and equal Reynolds and Euler numbers. When comparing fluid behavior at corresponding points in a model and a full-scale flow, the following holds:
where is the Reynolds number for the model, and is full-scale Reynolds number, and similarly for the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemical model consists of a set of chemical species present in solution, both the reactants added to the reaction mixture and the complex species formed from them. Denoting the reactants by A, B..., each complex species is specified by the stoichiometric coefficients that relate the particular combination of react... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of the winnowing barn allowed rice plantations in South Carolina to increase their yields dramatically. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Main methods to study protein–ligand interactions are principal hydrodynamic and calorimetric techniques, and principal spectroscopic and structural methods such as
*Fourier transform spectroscopy
*Raman spectroscopy
*Fluorescence spectroscopy
*Circular dichroism
*Nuclear magnetic resonance
*Mass spectrometry
*Atomic f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA is an information storage macromolecule that encodes the complete set of instructions (the genome) that are required to assemble, maintain, and reproduce every living organism.
DNA and RNA are both capable of encoding genetic information, because there are biochemical mechanisms which read the information coded wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The company was founded in 1975 by Robert Gielow and James Paul, two Professional Engineers with backgrounds in the aerospace industry. They quickly realized that the analysis techniques they applied to projects such as the Apollo program Moon rockets and commercial aircraft design could be used to advance a wide vari... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The French physician Martin Mathee published in 1553 the French translation of De Materia Medica, printed by Balthazar Arnoullet, in Lyons. This granted much more access for the students of medicine to the teachings.
The Greek version was reprinted in 1518, 1523 and 1529, and reprinted in 1518, 1523 and 1529. Between 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The frit fast atom bombardment (FAB) and continuous flow-FAB (CF-FAB) interfaces were developed in 1985 and 1986 respectively. Both interfaces were similar, but they differed in that the first used a porous frit probe as connecting channel, while CF-FAB used a probe tip. From these, the CF-FAB was more successful as a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A collection of data from the United States found that about half the water stations tested had hardness over 120 mg per litre of calcium carbonate equivalent, placing them in the categories "hard" or "very hard". The other half were classified as soft or moderately hard. More than 85% of American homes have hard water... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Paul Alivisatos (Ph.D. 1986) - Professor Emeritus, National Medal of Science (2015); Priestley Medal (2020)
*Neil Bartlett - Professor (1969)
*Carolyn Bertozzi (Ph.D. 1993) - Professor (1996-2015), Nobel Prize (2022)
*Melvin Calvin (B.S. 1931, Ph.D. 1935) - Professor, Nobel laureate (1961)
*Robert E. Connick (Ph.D. 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As PACs consist of a light sensor and an enzyme in a single protein, they can be expressed in other species and cell types to manipulate cAMP levels with light. When bPAC is expressed in mouse sperm, blue light illumination speeds up the swimming of transgenic sperm cells and aids fertilization. When expressed in neuro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Mori synthesis ((-) chiral, 2003) was the first one containing an asymmetric reaction step. It also features a large number of Pd catalyzed reactions. In it N-tosyl amine 1 reacted with allyl carbonate 2 in an allylic asymmetric substitution using Pd(dba) and asymmetric ligand (S-BINAPO) to chiral secondary amine 3... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Experimentally, the concentration of the molecule complex [AB] is obtained indirectly from the measurement of the concentration of a free molecules, either [A] or [B].
In principle, the total amounts of molecule [A] and [B] added to the reaction are known.
They separate into free and bound components according to the m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metamerism, in chemistry, is used to define the isomeric relationship between compounds with the same polyvalent functional group with heteroatom but differ in the main carbon chain or any of the side chains. It has rather been an obsolete term for isomerism, which has not been recognised by IUPAC in its publications. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pipefitters install, assemble, fabricate, maintain, repair, and troubleshoot pipe carrying fuel, chemicals, water, steam, and air in heating, cooling, lubricating, and various other process piping systems. Pipefitters are employed in the maintenance departments of power stations, refineries, offshore installations, fac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
smFRET is a group of methods using various microscopic techniques to measure a pair of donor and acceptor fluorophores that are excited and detected at the single molecule level. In contrast to "ensemble FRET" or "bulk FRET" which provides the FRET signal of a high number of molecules, single-molecule FRET is able to r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of its antimicrobial activity, it is used to treat ich in fish. However, it usually is illegal to use in fish intended for human consumption. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dopamine is one of neurotransmitters in the body which helps cells send impulses. Polydopamine (PDA) is obtained through the self-aggregation of dopamine to form a melanin-like substance under mild alkaline conditions. PDA has strong NIR absorption, good photothermal stability, excellent biocompatibility and biodegrada... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acicular ferrite is a microstructure of ferrite in steel that is characterised by needle-shaped crystallites or grains when viewed in two dimensions. The grains, actually three-dimensional in shape, have a thin lenticular shape. This microstructure is advantageous over other microstructures for steel because of its cha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
α-Glucans (alpha-glucans) are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers
linked with glycosidic bonds of the alpha form. α-Glucans use cofactors in a cofactor site in order to activate a glucan phosphorylase enzyme. This enzyme causes a reaction that transfers a glucosyl portion between orthophosphate and α-I,4-glucan. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secondary production is the generation of biomass of heterotrophic (consumer) organisms in a system. This is driven by the transfer of organic material between trophic levels, and represents the quantity of new tissue created through the use of assimilated food. Secondary production is sometimes defined to only inclu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Labile cells refer to cells that constantly divide by entering and remaining in the cell cycle. These are contrasted with "stable cells" and "permanent cells".
An important example of this is in the epithelium of the cornea, where cells divide at the basal level and move upwards, and the topmost cells die and fall off. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The coxibs are widely distributed throughout the body. All of the coxibs achieve sufficient brain concentrations to have a central analgesic effect, and all reduce prostaglandin formation in inflamed joints. All are well absorbed, but peak concentration may differ between the coxibs. The coxibs are highly protein-bound... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Energetic helium nuclei (helium ions) may be produced by cyclotrons, synchrotrons, and other particle accelerators. Convention is that they are not normally referred to as "alpha particles." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a quantity that is well defined so as to describe the path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or a path function. As an example, mechanical work and heat are process functions because they des... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In vitro, thiomers were shown to have antimicrobial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria. In particular, N-acyl thiolated chitosans show great potential as highly efficient, biocompatible and cost-effective antimicrobial compounds. Metabolism and mechanistic studies are under way to optimize these thiomers for clini... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nitrate esters isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) and isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur, Ismo, Monoket, Mononitron) are converted in the body to nitric oxide, a potent natural vasodilator. In medicine, these esters are used as a medicine for angina pectoris (ischemic heart disease). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gill remodelling happens in only a few species of fish, and it involves the buildup or removal of an inter-lamellar cell mass (ILCM). As a response to hypoxia, some fish are able to remodel their gills to increase respiratory surface area, with some species such as goldfish doubling their lamellar surface areas in as ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wöhlers discoveries had a significant influence on the theoretical basis of chemistry. The journals of every year from 1820 to 1881 contain his original scientific contributions. The Scientific American' supplement for 1882 stated that "for two or three of his researches he deserves the highest honor a scientific man c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FCCS is an extension of the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) method that uses two fluorescent molecules instead of one that emits different colours. The technique measures coincident green and red intensity fluctuations of distinct molecules that correlate if green and red labelled particles move together th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A lactim is a cyclic imidic acid compound characterized by an endocyclic carbon-nitrogen double bond. They are formed when lactams undergo tautomerization. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mesoionic carbenes (MICs) are similar to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) except that canonical resonance structures with the carbene depicted cannot be drawn without adding additional charges. Mesoionic carbenes are also referred to as abnormal N-heterocyclic carbenes (aNHC) or remote N-heterocyclic carbenes (rNHC). A v... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ler positively regulates the LEE genes by competition with its homolog, H-NS. H-NS silences LEE genes via rigid filament structures bound to the DNA that Ler disrupts and replaces through unknown mechanisms. Though little is known of the mechanism of Ler regulation, Ler interacts with DNA in specific ways. Ler binds DN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Parecoxib sodium is a water-soluble inactive ester amide prodrug of valdecoxib, a novel second-generation COX-2-specific inhibitor and the first such agent to be developed for injectable use. It is rapidly converted by hepatic enzymatic hydrolysis to the active form valdecoxib. The compound then undergoes another conve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluid feed rate and operating pressure range are the key parameters of an injector, and vacuum pressure and evacuation rate are the key parameters for an ejector.
Compression ratio and the entrainment ratio may also be defined:
The compression ratio of the injector, , is defined as ratio of the injector's outlet pressu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yulia Sister (, ; born September 12, 1936, in Chișinău, Bessarabia, Romania) is a Soviet Moldavian and Israeli analytical chemist engaged in chemical research with the use of polarography and chromatography, a science historian, and a researcher of Russian Jewry in Israel, France, and other countries. She holds the pos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Jacobi ellipsoid is a triaxial (i.e. scalene) ellipsoid under hydrostatic equilibrium which arises when a self-gravitating, fluid body of uniform density rotates with a constant angular velocity. It is named after the German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ocean is an extensive network of particle transport. Thorium isotopes can help researchers decipher the vertical and horizontal movement of matter. Th has a constant, well-defined production rate in the ocean and a half-life of 24 days. This naturally occurring isotope has been shown to vary linearly with depth. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Archaea have variants of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway. These variants are called the semiphosphorylative ED (spED) and the nonphosphorylative ED (npED):
* spED is found in halophilic euryachaea and Clostridium species.
* In spED, the difference is where phosphorylation occurs. In the standard ED, phosphorylation occurs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In agriculture, windrow composting is the production of compost by piling organic matter or biodegradable waste, such as animal manure and crop residues, in long rows – windrow.
As the process is aerobic, it is also known as Open Windrow Composting (OWC) or Open Air Windrow Composting (OAWC).
This method is suited to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MCEF or Major Cdk9-interacting elongation factor is a transcription factor related to Af4. It is the fourth member of the Af4 family (AFF) of transcription factors, involved in numerous pathologies, including Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), abnormal CNS development, breast cancer and azoospermia.
Because it appare... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The benzene dimer is the prototypical system for the study of pi stacking, and is experimentally bound by 8–12 kJ/mol (2–3 kcal/mol) in the gas phase with a separation of 4.96 Å between the centers of mass for the T-shaped dimer. The small binding energy makes the benzene dimer difficult to study experimentally, and th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NMR spectroscopy is used in industrially relevant systems to study the sequence distribution of copolymers or the occurrence of transesterification in polyester blends. A change in sequence distribution can effect the crystallinity, and transesterification can affect the compatibility of two otherwise incompatible poly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ørsted was a published poet, as well as scientist. His poetry series ("The Airship") was inspired by the balloon flights of fellow physicist and stage magician Étienne-Gaspard Robert.
In 1850, shortly before his death, he submitted for publication a two-volume collection of philosophical articles in German under the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Perey was born in 1909 in Villemomble, France, just outside Paris where the Curie's Radium Institute was located. Although she hoped to study medicine, the death of her father left the family in financial difficulties.
Perey earned a chemistry diploma from Paris Technical School of Womens Education in 1929; while not a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
John Dalton was an English chemist who developed the idea of atomic theory of chemical elements. Daltons atomic theory of chemical elements assumed that each element had unique atoms associated with and specific to that atom. This was in opposition to Lavoisiers definition of elements which was that elements are subs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ion interaction chromatography (ion-pair chromatography) is a laboratory technique for separating ions with chromatography. In this technique ions are mixed with ion pairing reagents (IPR). The analyte combines with its reciprocal ion in the IPR, this corresponds to retention time. Often organic salts are selected to p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Condensation polymerization is an important class of step-growth polymerization, which is formed simply by the reaction of two monomers and results in the release of a water molecule. Since these polymers are typically made up of two or more monomers, the resulting end groups are from the monomer functionality. Example... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amine alkylation (amino-dehalogenation) is a type of organic reaction between an alkyl halide and ammonia or an amine. The reaction is called nucleophilic aliphatic substitution (of the halide), and the reaction product is a higher substituted amine. The method is widely used in the laboratory, but less so industriall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paul Kazuo Kuroda (1 April 1917 – 16 April 2001) was a Japanese-American chemist and nuclear scientist.
He held the esteemed title of honorary professor at the University of Arkansas and is widely recognized as the pioneering scientist who achieved the distinction of becoming the first individual from Japan to natural... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mathematically, lubrication theory can be seen as exploiting the disparity between two length scales. The first is the characteristic film thickness, , and the second is a characteristic substrate length scale . The key requirement for lubrication theory is that the ratio is small, that is, .
The Navier–Stokes equat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whereas Gram-negative bacteria primarily use acylated homoserine lactones, Gram-positive bacteria generally use oligopeptides as autoinducers for quorum sensing. These molecules are often synthesized as larger polypeptides that are cleaved post-translationally to produce “processed” peptides. Unlike AHLs that can fre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conditional entropy,
is the number of bits which would have to be transmitted to identify from equally likely possibilities, less the relative entropy of the product distribution from the true joint distribution — i.e. less the expected number of bits saved which would have had to be sent if the value of were ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere, and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life.
The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable, in both time and space.
In the early 20th century, Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula and structure , which are formally derived from carbamic acid (). The term includes organic compounds (e.g., the ester ethyl carbamate), formally obtained by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms by other organic funct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, organocatalysis is a form of catalysis in which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by an organic catalyst. This "organocatalyst" consists of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and other nonmetal elements found in organic compounds. Because of their similarity in composition and description, they a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chester (Chet) Sutula obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Holy Cross College, Worcester, Massachusetts in 1954 and his Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa in 1959. He worked for eight years for Marathon Oil Company, Littleton, Colorado, performing research on ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor (i.e. regulatory protein). A term derived from the lac operon, structural genes are typically viewed as those containing sequences of DNA corresponding to the amino acids of a protein that will be produced, as long as s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A SILAC approach involving incorporation of tyrosine labeled with nine carbon-13 atoms (C) instead of the normal carbon-12 (C) has been utilized to study tyrosine kinase substrates in signaling pathways. SILAC has emerged as a very powerful method to study cell signaling, post translation modifications such as phosphor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In condensed matter physics, an ultracold atom is an atom with a temperature near absolute zero. At such temperatures, an atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important.
To reach such low temperatures, a combination of several techniques typically has to be used. First, atoms are trapped and pre-cooled via laser... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flowability, also known as powder flow is a property that defines an ability of a powdered material to flow, related to cohesion.
Powder flowability depends on many traits:
* the shape and size of the powder particles due to intermolecular force,
* porosity
* electrostatic activity
* hygroscopy
* bulk density
* angle o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because of their resistant to cold water dissolution, which severely destroys the calcareous planktonic fossils at depth worldwide, Radiolarians has become one of the most commonly studied siliceous planktonic fossils for paleotemperature reconstruction.
Study of Radiolarians in the North Pacific deep sea cores has re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paracrine signaling of growth factors between nearby cells has been shown to exacerbate carcinogenesis. In fact, mutant forms of a single RTK may play a causal role in very different types of cancer. The Kit proto-oncogene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor whose ligand is a paracrine protein called stem cell factor ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thalidomides teratogenicity has been a subject of much debate and over the years numerous hypotheses have been proposed. Two of the best-known have been the anti-angiogenesis hypothesis and oxidative stress model hypothesis, with considerable experimental evidence supporting these two hypotheses regarding thalidomides ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several different structural and compositional motifs can be prepared using the Stöber process by the addition of chemical compounds to the reaction mixture. These additives can interact with the silica through chemical and/or physical means either during or after the reaction, leading to substantial changes in morphol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An unusual triad is found in sedolisin proteases. The low pK of the glutamate carboxylate group means that it only acts as a base in the triad at very low pH. The triad is hypothesised to be an adaptation to specific environments like acidic hot springs (e.g. kumamolysin) or cell lysosome (e.g. tripeptidyl peptidase). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Memorial plaque on the building of the Radium Institute
*A memorial plaque was installed on the building at 3 Roentgen Street in 1952 (architect Z. M. Vilensky).
*A memorial plaque was installed on the building at 23 Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt in 1990 (sculptor E. N. Rotanov, architect S. L. Mikhailov).
*In 1996, a mem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) based genome engineering is a genome editing platform centered on the use of recombinant AAV vectors that enables insertion, deletion or substitution of DNA sequences into the genomes of live mammalian cells. The technique builds on Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies' Nobel Pri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily is composed of nicotinic acetylcholine, GABA, GABA-ρ, glycine, 5-HT, and zinc-activated (ZAC) receptors. These receptors are composed of five protein subunits which form a pentameric arrangement around a central pore. There are usually 2 alpha subunits and 3 other beta,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neuraminidase inhibitors inhibit enzymatic activity of the enzyme neuraminidase (sialidase). These type of inhibitors have been introduced as anti-influenza drugs as they prevent the virus from exiting infected cells and thus stop further spreading of the virus. Neuraminidase inhibitors for human neuraminidase (hNEU) h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of course, the composition of the material that is used as the counter electrode is extremely important to creating a working photovoltaic, as the valence and conduction energy bands must overlap with those of the redox electrolyte species to allow for efficient electron exchange.
In 2018, Jin et al. prepared ternary n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The descendants of European settlers began coming to the area of the lake in the early 20th century, first using it as a staging area for bush pilots flying to mining camps and settlements further north. In the mid-1930s, abundant gold deposits in the area triggered the establishment of Yellowknife as a permanent settl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
"Polarity" is a gene expression mechanism in which transcription terminates prematurely due to a loss of coupling between transcription and translation. Transcription outpaces translation when the ribosome pauses or encounters a premature stop codon. This allows the transcription termination factor Rho to bind the mRNA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In comparison to many other Taoist texts, the origins of the Baopuzi are well documented. Ge completed the book during the era of Jianwu (), 317–318, when Emperor Yuan of Jin founded the Eastern Jin dynasty. Ge Hongu subsequently revised revised Baopuzi during the era of Xianhe (), 326–334.
Ge Hongs autobiography (Out... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a treatise entitled as Risala fi l-Illa al-Failali l-Madd wa l-Fazr (Treatise on the Efficient Cause of the Flow and Ebb), al-Kindi presents a theory on tides which "depends on the changes which take place in bodies owing to the rise and fall of temperature." In order to support his argument, he gave a description o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are different possible glucuronides that can be used as substrates for the β-glucuronidase, depending on the type of detection needed (histochemical, spectrophotometrical, fluorimetrical). The most common substrate for GUS histochemical staining is 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl glucuronide (X-Gluc). X-Gluc is hydrol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The six-factor formula is used in nuclear engineering to determine the multiplication of a nuclear chain reaction in a non-infinite medium.
The symbols are defined as:
*, and are the average number of neutrons produced per fission in the medium (2.43 for uranium-235).
* and are the microscopic fission and absorption... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tripotassium phosphate can be used in foods as a buffering agent, emulsifying agent, and for nutrient fortification. It can serve as a sodium-free substitute for trisodium phosphate. The ingredient is most common in dry cereals but is also found in meat, sauces, and cheeses. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In plants the glyoxylate cycle occurs in special peroxisomes which are called glyoxysomes. This cycle allows seeds to use lipids as a source of energy to form the shoot during germination. The seed cannot produce biomass using photosynthesis because of lack of an organ to perform this function. The lipid stores of germ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Unfortunately, the Tsuji–Wilkinson decarbonylation is stoichiometric. The product bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl chloride is not readily converted back to a CO-free reagent. Above 200 °C, carbon monoxide RhCl(CO)(PPh) does decarbonylate, however these high temperatures are often prohibitive. The ideal Tsuji–W... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vat level and drum speed are the two basic operating parameters for any rotary vacuum drum filter. These parameters are adjusted dependently to each other to optimize the filtration performance.
Valve level determines the proportion filter cycle in the filter. The filter cycle consist of the filter drum rotation, relea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the work of Gerold Schwarzenbach in 1949, phosphonic acids are known as effective chelating agents. The introduction of an amine group into the molecule to obtain −NH−C−PO(OH) increases the metal binding abilities of the phosphonate. Examples for such compounds are NTMP, EDTMP and DTPMP. These phosphonates are th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Minerals of copper were known from ancient times. In Crete, little fragments of malachite and azurite were powdered and used as make up or to decorate ceramic as early as 6000 BCE.
Therefore, the minerals were not collected because people were looking for copper but for virtues like those mentioned or simply because of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Regarding their applications, amorphous metallic layers played an important role in the discovery of superconductivity in amorphous metals made by Buckel and Hilsch. The superconductivity of amorphous metals, including amorphous metallic thin films, is now understood to be due to phonon-mediated Cooper pairing. The rol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kenneth D. Karlin was born on October 30, 1948, in Pasadena, California, a professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Research in his group focuses on coordination chemistry relevant to biological and environmental processes, involving copper or heme complexes. Of particular interest ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a solid, only those particles that are at the surface can be involved in a reaction. Crushing a solid into smaller parts means that more particles are present at the surface, and the frequency of collisions between these and reactant particles increases, and so reaction occurs more rapidly. For example, Sherbet (pow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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