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After the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895, and of the principles of X-ray diffraction by Laue and the Bragg family, it took several decades for the benefits of diffraction imaging to be fully recognized, and the first useful experimental techniques to be developed. The first systematic reports of laborat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On August 5, 2010, the DOE announced a retooling of the FutureGen project, dubbed FutureGen 2.0. The revised plan includes retrofitting a shuttered coal-fired power plant in Meredosia, Illinois to demonstrate advanced oxy-combustion technology, and piping the carbon dioxide 175 miles to Mattoon for underground storage... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In modern gas turbines, the turbine entry temperature (~1750K) exceeds superalloy incipient melting temperature (~1600K), with the help of surface engineering. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recombinant antibodies (rAbs) are produced in vitro by the means of expression systems based on mammalian cells. Their monospecific binding to a specific epitope makes rAbs eligible not only for research purposes, but also as therapy options against certain cancer types, infections and autoimmune diseases. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1949 expatriate German Ronald Richter proposed the Huemul Project in Argentina, announcing positive results in 1951. These turned out to be fake, but prompted others' interest. Lyman Spitzer began considering ways to solve problems involved in confining a hot plasma, and, unaware of the Z-pinch efforts, he created t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The production of trichloroacetonitrile by dehydration of trichloroacetamide was first described in 1873 by L. Bisschopinck at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
Trichloroacetonitrile can be obtained by chlorination of acetonitrile on a zinc, copper and alkaline earth metal halide-impregnated activated carbon catalyst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The static mixer traces its origins to an invention for a mixing device filed on Nov. 29, 1965 by the Arthur D. Little Company. This device was the housed-elements type and was licensed to the Kenics Corporation and marketed as the Kenics Motionless Mixer. Today, the Kenics brand is owned by National Oilwell Varco. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA silencing describes several mechanistically related pathways which are involved in controlling and regulating gene expression. RNA silencing pathways are associated with the regulatory activity of small non-coding RNAs (approximately 20–30 nucleotides in length) that function as factors involved in inactivating hom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In ionic curing processes, an ionic photoinitiator is used to activate the functional group of the oligomers that are going to participate in cross-linking. Typically photopolymerization is a very selective process and it is crucial that the polymerization takes place only where it is desired to do so. In order to sati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nuclear physics, spectral bands refer to the electromagnetic emission of polyatomic systems, including condensed materials, large molecules, etc. Each spectral line corresponds to the difference in two energy levels of an atom. In molecules these levels can split. When the number of atoms is large, one gets a contin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A structure field map is typically two-dimensional, although higher dimensional versions are feasible. The axes in an SFM are the ionic sequences. For example, in oxide perovskites ABO, where A and B represent two metallic cations, the two axes are ionic radii of the A-site and B-site cations. SFMs are constructed acco... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Viruses that infect plant and animal cells have also been manipulated to introduce foreign genes into plant and animal cells. The natural ability of viruses to adsorb to cells, introduce their DNA and replicate have made them ideal vehicles to transfer foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells in culture. A vector based on Sim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For dilute thermodynamic conditions, the ideal-gas equation of state (EoS) provides sufficiently accurate results in modelling the fluid thermodynamics. This occurs in general for low values of reduced pressure and high values of reduced temperature, where the term reduced refers to the ratio of a certain thermodynamic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacterial cells are widely used for cloning processes, genetic modification and small-scale productions. Escherichia coli (E. Coli) is widely utilised due to its highly explored genetics, widely available genetic tools for gene expression, accurate profiling and its ability to grow in inexpensive media at high cell den... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Atmospheric circulation
*Ocean current
*Ocean dynamics
*Thermohaline circulation
*Boundary current
*Sverdrup balance
*Subsurface currents | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cetilistat is a synthetic lipase inhibitor. Instead of having a β-lactone structure like most of the lipase inhibitors, it has a bicyclic benzoxazinone ring. It is also a lipophilic compound but differs in the hydro- and lipophilic side chain.
The structure and more information about Cetilistat is shown in the table o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Underwater air retaining surfaces are of great interest for technical applications. If a transfer of the effect to a technical surface is successful, ship hulls could be coated with this surface to reduce friction between ship and water resulting in less fuel consumption, fuel costs and reduction of its negative enviro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Assay offices are institutions set up to assay (test the purity of) precious metals. This is often done to protect consumers from buying fake items. Upon successful completion of an assay (i.e. if the metallurgical content is found be equal or better than that claimed by the maker and it otherwise conforms to the preva... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In eukaryotic cells, in general, stable disulfide bonds are formed in the lumen of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and the mitochondrial intermembrane space but not in the cytosol. This is due to the more oxidizing environment of the aforementioned compartments and more reducing environment of the cytosol (see gl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
India approved and commissioned NWDA in June 2005 to identify and complete feasibility studies of intra-State projects that would inter-link rivers within that state. The Governments of Nagaland, Meghalaya, Kerala, Punjab, Delhi, Sikkim, Haryana, Union Territories of Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar islands, Daman & Diu a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cryptoregiochemistry refers to the site of initial oxidative attack in double bond formation by enzymes such as fatty acid desaturases. This is a mechanistic parameter that is usually determined through the use of kinetic isotope effect experiments, based on the premise that the initial C-H bond cleavage step should be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Absinthin's (1) complex structure is classified as a sesquiterpene lactone, meaning it belongs to a large category of natural products chemically derived from 5-carbon "building blocks" (3) derived from isoprene (4). The complete structure consists of two identical monomers (2) that are attached via a suspected natural... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aside from his oft-cited Plasma chemistry in electrical discharges published 1967 in 16 editions in 4 languages, McTaggart was author or co-author on a number of papers in journals including Australian Journal of Chemistry, Nature, and the Journal of Applied Chemistry on experimental research into its physics and chemi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The definition of a good ecological status is a matter of interpretation. For member states of the European Union, the Water Framework Directive defines two different ecological target states, which are the good ecological status and the good ecological potential. The good ecological status refers to a natural body of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Planned
* EnMAP
Current and Past
*AVIRIS — airborne
*MODIS — on board EOS Terra and Aqua platforms
*MERIS — on board Envisat
*Hyperion — on board Earth Observing-1
*Several commercial manufacturers for laboratory, ground-based, aerial, or industrial imaging spectrographs | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) was described in 1984, and used in many applications since then. The combination of Raman scattering and NSOM techniques was first realized in 1995, when it was used for imaging a Rb-doped KTP crystal at a spatial resolution of 250 nm.
NSOM employs two different methods for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An approach that is amenable to algebraic calculation by computer algebra methods is to differentiate in log space. Since the elasticity can be defined logarithmically, that is:
differentiating in log space is an obvious approach. Logarithmic differentiation is particularly convenient in algebra software such as Mathem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous commentaries have been written on Nyāya-Sutra since its composition. Some of these commentaries are available on [https://archive.org/ www.archive.org] for reference. A few of the commentaries are mentioned below:
# Nyaya-Sutra by Gotama or Aksapada
# Nyaya-Bhasya by Vatsyayana
# Nyaya-Varttika by Udyotakar
# ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell toxicity tests are performed for applications such as cell growth scaffolds. By growing the cell with the ability to produce fluorescent protein, the growth of the cell can be monitored with fluorescent imaging techniques. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The results showed that global warming potential and acidification potential were the most significant environmental impacts. On average producing a tonne of steel emits 1.8 tonnes of . However, a steel mill using a top gas recycling blast furnace (TGRBF) producing a tonne of steel will emit 0.8 to 1.3 tonnes of depen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In October 2019, a French-Spanish team of scientists published an article in Nature Ecology and Evolution that concludes that while the salt plains are teeming with halophilic microorganisms, there is no life in Dallol's multi-extreme ponds due to the combination of hyperacidic and hypersaline environments, and the abu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kinetic fractionation of dissolved iron occurs as a result of diffusion. When isotopes diffuse, the lower mass isotopes diffuse more quickly than the heavier isotopes, resulting in fractionation. This difference in diffusion rates has been approximated as:
In this equation, D and D are the diffusivities of the isotopes... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1968, Lusk described the limitation of bacterial (Escherichia coli) growth on Mg-poor media, suggesting that bacteria required Mg and were likely to actively take this ion from the environment. The following year, the same group and another group, Silver, independently described the uptake and efflux of Mg in metabo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrophilic alkylation uses Lewis acids and Brønsted acids, sometimes both. Classically, Lewis acids, e.g., aluminium trichloride, are employed when the alkyl halide are used. Brønsted acids are used when alkylating with olefins. Typical catalysts are zeolites, i.e. solid acid catalysts, and sulfuric acid. Silico... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bicarbonate, originally known as bi-carbonate of potash, was coined by William Hyde Wollaston in 1814 based on hydrocarbonate's potential to release two molar equivalents of carbon dioxide (referred to as carbonic acid at the time) as released by both potassium hydrocarbonate (initially known as carbonate of potash, su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, adiabatic changes are those that do not increase the entropy. They occur slowly in comparison to the other characteristic timescales of the system of interest and allow heat flow only between objects at the same temperature. For isolated systems, an adiabatic change allows no heat to flow in or out. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) converts IMP into XMP
* GMP synthase converts XMP into GMP
* GMP reductase converts GMP back into IMP | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1788 he was once more promoted and as Gubernialrath he held a powerful position in the administration of Transylvania. Müller was knighted by Leopold II to the lowest title of nobility, Edler, in the same year. From that point on he carried the name Franz-Joseph Müller Edler von Reichenstein. He was elected as a me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thioketenes are electrophilic. They add amines to give thioamides:
With peroxyacids, they produce thioketene-S-oxides:
Thioketenes bind to metal carbonyls giving adducts. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Salts comprising these cations are typically prepared by alkylation of thiourea:
:SC(NH) + RX → [RSC(NH)]X | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
William Hyde Wollaston (; 6 August 1766 – 22 December 1828) was an English chemist and physicist who is famous for discovering the chemical elements palladium and rhodium. He also developed a way to process platinum ore into malleable ingots. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common nitrate test, known as the brown ring test can be performed by adding iron(II) sulfate to a solution of a nitrate, then slowly adding concentrated sulfuric acid such that the acid forms a layer below the aqueous solution. A brown ring will form at the junction of the two layers, indicating the presence of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tellus Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology is a scientific journal that was published by Blackwell Publishing for the International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm, Sweden until December 2011. From January 2012 the issues are published online by Co-action Publishing as an open access journal. The journal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prouts hypothesis remained influential in chemistry throughout the 1820s. However, more careful measurements of the atomic weights, such as those compiled by Jacob Berzelius in 1828 or Edward Turner in 1832, disproved the hypothesis. In particular, the atomic weight of chlorine, which is 35.45 times that of hydrogen, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. The study of stereochemistry focuses on the relationships between stereoisomers, which by definition have the same molecular formula and sequence of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Major control and isolation valves in traditional fire sprinkler systems are typically large gate valves of the "Outside Screw and Yoke" (OS&Y) type, sometimes called "rising stem" valves; or butterfly valves. The position (open or closed) of these valves can be determined visually. Alarm sensors may be attached to mon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
2-Phenylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula CHCHN (or CHN). It is a colourless viscous liquid. The compound and related derivatives have attracted interest as precursors to highly fluorescent metal complexes of possible value as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).
The compound is prepared by the reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The EBF organizes annual symposia to involve the bioanalytical community: pharmaceutical industry, academia, CRO, instrument providers and regulatory agencies. It is the intention of the organisation to inform their business partners and peers about the discussion held and agreements achieved and to open the forum for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some kinds of cheese also, kefir, kumis (mare milk), shubat (camel milk), ayran, cultured milk products such as quark, filmjölk, crème fraîche, smetana, skyr, and yogurt | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liebig formulated his own theory claiming that the production of alcohol was not a biological process but a chemical process, discrediting the idea that fermentation could occur due to microscopic organisms. He believed that vibrations emanating from the decomposition of organic matter would spread to the sugar resulti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A typical method of top-down fabrication includes photolithography to define the geometry of channels on a substrate wafer. The geometry is created by several thin-film deposition and etching steps to form trenches. The substrate wafer is then bonded to another wafer to seal the trenches and form channels. Other techno... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcriptomics is most commonly applied to the mRNA content of the cell. However, the same techniques are equally applicable to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are not translated into a protein, but instead have direct functions (e.g. roles in protein translation, DNA replication, RNA splicing, and transcriptional regul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest evidence for iron-making is a small number of iron fragments with the appropriate amounts of carbon admixture found in the Proto-Hittite layers at Kaman-Kalehöyük and dated to 2200–2000 BCE. Souckova-Siegolová (2001) shows that iron implements were made in Central Anatolia in very limited quantities around... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell–cell fusogens have several different applications. These chemical agents can play a significant part in sexual and asexual reproduction by promoting the fusion of the membrane bilayers. With sexual reproduction, evidence found to prove that in mice, some mandatory sperm-egg fusogens are responsible for fusion; two... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jupiter, like all the gas giants, has an atmospheric methane cycle. Recent studies indicate a hydrological cycle of water-ammonia vastly different to the type operating on terrestrial planets like Earth and also a cycle of hydrogen sulfide.
Significant chemical cycles exist on Jupiter's moons. Recent evidence points to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chemical composition specifies the identity, arrangement, and ratio of the chemical elements making up a compound by way of chemical and atomic bonds.
Chemical formulas can be used to describe the relative amounts of elements present in a compound. For example, the chemical formula for water is HO: this means that ea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Boom method (aka Boom nucleic acid extraction method) is a solid phase extraction method for isolating nucleic acid from a biological sample. This method is characterized by "absorbing the nucleic acids (NA) to the silica beads". | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Casting achieves a specific form by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool, with no mechanical force. Forms of casting include:
* Investment casting (called lost wax casting in art)
* Centrifugal casting
* Die casting
* Sand casting
* Shell casting
* Spin casting | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following forces play an important role in the interaction of colloid particles:
*Excluded volume repulsion: This refers to the impossibility of any overlap between hard particles.
*Electrostatic interaction: Colloidal particles often carry an electrical charge and therefore attract or repel each other. The charge ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The traditional method for attaching sugars to natural products, drugs or drug leads is by chemical glycosylation. This classical approach typically requires multiple protection/deprotection steps in addition to the key anomeric activation/coupling reaction which, depending upon the glycosyl donor/acceptor pair, can le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and biomarkers, correlation of locations' geology was used to find how different formations relate to each other and to their environment. Oil-oil correlations (comparing petroleum to other oil found locally or in other areas) and oil-source correlations (comparing... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resting potential must be established within a cell before the cell can be depolarized. There are many mechanisms by which a cell can establish a resting potential, however there is a typical pattern of generating this resting potential that many cells follow. The generation of a negative resting potential within t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As an example of isotopic symmetry (in compositional, and not in geometrical sense) affecting the kinetics of physic-chemical processes, see mass independent isotope fractionation in ozone O. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Austria Viktor Obendrauf
* China Zhou Ning-Huai
* Egypt Mahmoud K. El-Marsafy
* Germany Angela Koehler-Kruetzfeld, Peter Schwarz, Waltraud Habelitz-Tkotz, Michael Tausch, John McCaskill, Theodor Grofe, Bernd-Heinrich Brand, Gregor von Borstel, Stephan Mattusek
* Hong Kong Winghong Chan
* Israel Mordechai Livneh
* Jap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conventional voltammetry offers a limited picture of the enzyme-electrode interface and on the structure of the species involved in the reaction. Complementing standard electrochemistry with other methods can provide a more complete picture of catalysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorination by sulfur tetrafluoride produces organofluorine compounds from oxygen-containing organic functional groups using sulfur tetrafluoride. The reaction has broad scope, and SF is an inexpensive reagent. It is however hazardous gas whose handling requires specialized apparatus. Thus, for many laboratory scal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prelog was born in Sarajevo, Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, at that time within Austria-Hungary, to Croat parents who were working there. His father, Milan, a native of Zagreb, was a history professor at a gymnasium in Sarajevo and later at the University of Zagreb. As an 8-year-old boy, he stood near the place... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacteria and archaea also can use chemiosmosis to generate ATP. Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and purple bacteria synthesize ATP by a process called photophosphorylation. These bacteria use the energy of light to create a proton gradient using a photosynthetic electron transport chain. Non-photosynthetic bacter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MHD propulsion has been considered as the main propulsion system for both marine and space ships since there is no need to produce lift to counter the gravity of Earth in water (due to buoyancy) nor in space (due to weightlessness), which is ruled out in the case of flight in the atmosphere.
Nonetheless, considering th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkalinity roughly refers to the molar amount of bases in a solution that can be converted to uncharged species by a strong acid. For example, 1 mole of in solution represents 1 molar equivalent, while 1 mole of is 2 molar equivalents because twice as many H ions would be necessary to balance the charge. The total ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"No wake zones" may prohibit wakes in marinas, near moorings and within some distance of shore in order to facilitate recreation by other boats and reduce the damage wakes cause. Powered narrowboats on British canals are not permitted to create a breaking wash (a wake large enough to create a breaking wave) along the b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oladipo attended St. Johns Catholic Grammar School, Ile-Ife, from 1972 to 1976. During this period, he achieved a Grade 1 in the West African Senior Certificate Examination. He then pursued his bachelors degree in Chemistry (Education) at Obafemi Awolowo University (formerly University of Ife), Ile-Ife, graduating with... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron–sulfur clusters occur in many biological systems, often as components of electron transfer proteins. The ferredoxin proteins are the most common Fe–S clusters in nature. They feature either 2Fe–2S or 4Fe–4S centers. They occur in all branches of life.
Fe–S clusters can be classified according to their Fe:S stoic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fallout Protection: What To Know And Do About Nuclear Attack was an official United States federal government booklet released in December 1961 by the United States Department of Defense and the Office of Civil Defense.
The first page of the book is a note from then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara explaining ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Process network synthesis (PNS) is a method to represent a process structure in a directed bipartite graph. Process network synthesis uses the P-graph method to create a process structure. The scientific aim of this method is to find optimum structures.
Process network synthesis uses a bipartite graph method P-graph an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pierre Curie died in a street collision in Paris on 19 April 1906. Crossing the busy Rue Dauphine in the rain at the Quai de Conti, he slipped and fell under a heavy horse-drawn cart. One of the wheels ran over his head, fracturing his skull and killing him instantly.
Both the Curies experienced radium burns, both acci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This term could be used to describe the action of acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors, glutamate on NMDA receptors or GABA on GABAa receptors. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The major advantage this polymerization technique presents over LCP lies in the fact that the polymer can be end capped on both sides of the chain with stimuli-responsive groups. The tuning process of PPA by these functional groups have not only expanded the set of applications this polymer can be used in, but has also... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Attainable region (AR) theory is a branch of chemical engineering, specifically chemical reaction engineering, that uses geometric and mathematical optimization concepts to assist in the design of networks of chemical reactors. AR theory is a method to help define the best reactor flowsheet using graphical techniques f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Werner was born in 1866 in Mulhouse, Alsace (which was then part of France, but which was annexed by Germany in 1871). He was raised as Roman Catholic. He was the fourth and last child of Jean-Adam Werner, a foundry worker, and his second wife, Salomé Jeanette Werner, who originated from a wealthy family. He went to Sw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) is a professional association for mining and metallurgy, with over 145,000 members. The association was founded in 1871 by 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and was one of the first national engineering societies in the co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the electrochemical equivalent (Eq or Z) of a chemical element is the mass of that element (in grams) transported by a specific quantity of electricity, usually expressed in grams per coulomb of electric charge. The electrochemical equivalent of an element is measured with a voltameter. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ORs, which are located on the membranes of the cilia have been classified as a complex type of ligand-gated metabotropic channels. There are approximately 1000 different genes that code for the ORs, making them the largest gene family. An odorant will dissolve into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then bind ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1. Bandla, M, D., Chambers, M, R., Sutula, C. L., Immunoassay and method of use, U.S. Patent Number: 7,585,641
2. Roe, R. M., Bailey, W. D., Gould, F., Kennedy, G. G., Sutula, C. L., Insecticide Resistance Assay. U.S. Patent Number: 6,517,856. (2003)
3. Geister, R. L., Bandla, M. D., Sutula, C. L., Multiplex enzyme-li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Taube, H., Jackson, J. A. & J. F. Lemons. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4728857-oxygen-nmr-shifts-caused-cr-sup-++-aqueous-solutions "Oxygen-17 NMR Shifts Caused by Cr{Sup ++} in Aqueous Solutions"], Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The terrestrial biosphere includes the organic carbon in all land-living organisms, both alive and dead, as well as carbon stored in soils. About 500 gigatons of carbon are stored above ground in plants and other living organisms, while soil holds approximately 1,500 gigatons of carbon. Most carbon in the terrestrial b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Addition-elimination reactions are addition reactions immediately followed by elimination reactions. In general, these reactions take place when esters (or related functional groups) react with nucleophiles. In fact, the only requirement for an addition-elimination reaction to proceed is that the group being eliminat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prior to the onset of World War II, Max von Laue and James Franck had sent their gold Nobel Prize medals to Denmark to keep them from being confiscated by the Nazis. After the Nazi invasion of Denmark this placed them in danger; it was illegal at the time to send gold out of Germany, and were it discovered that Laue a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Arc transcript is dependent upon activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase or MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade, a pathway important for regulation of cell growth and survival. Extracellular signaling to neuronal dendrites activates postsynaptic sites to increase Arc levels through a wide variety of signaling mole... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In stoichiometry of a chemical reaction to produce a chemical product, it may be observed or predicted that with amounts supplied in specified proportions, one of the reactants will be consumed by the reaction before the others. The amount of product is thus limited by the supply of this reagent. This limiting reagent ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Southeast Asia, cannons were used by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1352 during its invasion of the Khmer Empire. Within a decade large quantities of gunpowder could be found in the Khmer Empire. By the end of the century firearms were also used by the Trần dynasty in Đại Việt.
The Mongol invasion of Java in 1293 brought ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rotational spectroscopy is concerned with the measurement of the energies of transitions between quantized rotational states of molecules in the gas phase. The rotational spectrum (power spectral density vs. rotational frequency) of polar molecules can be measured in absorption or emission by microwave spectroscopy or ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ionic conductivity (denoted by ) is a measure of a substance's tendency towards ionic conduction. Ionic conduction is the movement of ions. The phenomenon is observed in solids and solutions. Ionic conduction is one mechanism of current. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As promoters are typically immediately adjacent to the gene in question, positions in the promoter are designated relative to the transcriptional start site, where transcription of DNA begins for a particular gene (i.e., positions upstream are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example -100 is a position 100 b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil are competitive and reversible inhibitors of cGMP hydrolysis by the catalytic side of PDE5. The structures of vardenafil and sildenafil are similar, they both contain similar structured purine ring of cGMP that contributes their features to act as a competitive i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UPt forms crystals of hexagonal symmetry (some studies hypothesize a trigonal structure instead), space group P6/mmc, cell parameters a = 0.5766 nm and c = 0.4898 nm (c should be understood as distance from planes), with a structure similar to nisnite (NiSn) and MgCd.
The compound congruently melts at 1700 °C. The enth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chloromethane and bromomethane are used to introduce methyl groups in organic synthesis. Chlorodifluoromethane is the main precursor of tetrafluoroethylene, which is the monomeric precursor to Teflon. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The shikimate pathway is a seven-step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, parasites, and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). This pathway is not found in animals; therefore, phenylalanine and tryptophan represent essential amino acids that must be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest phase diagrams are pressure–temperature diagrams of a single simple substance, such as water. The axes correspond to the pressure and temperature. The phase diagram shows, in pressure–temperature space, the lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries between the three phases of solid, liquid, and gas.
The cur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The image shows a periodic table extract with the electronegativity values of metals.
Wulfsberg distinguishes:<br> very electropositive metals with electronegativity values below 1.4<br>
electropositive metals with values between 1.4 and 1.9; and<br>
electronegative metals with values between 1.9 and 2.54.
From the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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