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* 1990 – French Anderson et al. performed the first approved gene therapy on a human patient
* 1990 – Napoli, Lemieux and Jorgensen discovered RNA interference (1990) during experiments aimed at the color of petunias.
* 1990 – Wolfgang Krätschmer, Lowell Lamb, Konstantinos Fostiropoulos, and Donald Huffman discovered t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Tetramethyl­phosphonium fluoride (CH)PF forms stable acetonitrile solutions. It is prepared from the ylide and potassium bifluoride:
:(CH)P=CH + KHF → (CH)PF + KF
:Gaseous tetramethylphosphonium fluoride exists as the phosphorane but autoionizes in acetonitrile solution. A more elaborate phosphazenium sal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Advantages:
* Process controllability - Unlike a traditional electric or gas furnace the induction system requires no pre-heat cycle or controlled shutdown. The heat is available on demand. In addition to the benefits of rapid availability in the event of a downstream interruption to production, the power can be switc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lens epithelial derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is a host protein that binds to integrase and is crucial for viral replication. The mechanism of action is not precisely known but evidence suggest that LEDGF/p75 guides integrase to insert viral DNA into transcriptionally active sites of the host genome. Inhibitors of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Leukocyte-promoting factor, more commonly known as leukopoietin, is a category of substances produced by neutrophils when they encounter a foreign antigen. Leukopoietin stimulates the bone marrow to increase the rate of leukopoiesis in order to replace the neutrophils that will inevitably be lost when they begin to pha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Symbiotic and kleptoplastic organisms excluded:
*The glaucophytes and the red and green algae—clade Archaeplastida (uni- and multicellular)
*The cryptophytes—clade Cryptista (unicellular)
*The haptophytes—clade Haptista (unicellular)
*The dinoflagellates and chromerids in the superphylum Myzozoa, and Pseudoblepharisma ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.
Fatty acid synthase is a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. It is not a single enzyme but a whole enzymatic system composed of two identical 272 kDa multifunctional polypeptides, in which substrates are handed from... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Children
*Pregnancy
*Lactation
*Situations where a patient has a history of hypersensitivity
*Kidney failure | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A future way to reduce waste accumulation is to phase out current reactors in favor of Generation IV reactors, which output less waste per power generated. Fast reactors such as BN-800 in Russia are also able to consume MOX fuel that is manufactured from recycled spent fuel from traditional reactors.
The UK's Nuclear D... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this process molten metal is poured in the mold and allowed to solidify while the mold is rotating. Metal is poured into the center of the mold at its axis of rotation. Due to inertial force, the liquid metal is thrown out toward the periphery.
Centrifugal casting is both gravity and pressure independent since it cr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The processes involved in glass disease can reduce the transparency of the glass or even threaten the integrity of the structure. Glass disease causes a complex disintegration of the glass which can be identified through a variety of symptoms, including weeping, crizzling, spalling, cracking and fragmentation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In statistical mechanics, the entropy of an isolated system at thermodynamic equilibrium is defined as the natural logarithm of , the number of distinct microscopic states available to the system given the macroscopic constraints (such as a fixed total energy ):
This equation, which relates the microscopic details, or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxygen-18 (, Ω) is a natural, stable isotope of oxygen and one of the environmental isotopes.
is an important precursor for the production of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) used in positron emission tomography (PET). Generally, in the radiopharmaceutical industry, enriched water () is bombarded with hydrogen ions in either ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are three modes of formation of twinned crystals.
* Growth twins are the result of an interruption or change in the lattice during formation or growth due to a possible deformation from a larger substituting ion. Parallel growth describes a form of crystal growth that produces the appearance of a cluster of alig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vast majority of cyclic compounds are organic, and of these, a significant and conceptually important portion are composed of rings made only of carbon atoms (i.e., they are carbocycles). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, flow separation or boundary layer separation is the detachment of a boundary layer from a surface into a wake.
A boundary layer exists whenever there is relative movement between a fluid and a solid surface with viscous forces present in the layer of fluid close to the surface. The flow can be extern... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Big gastrin (G-34) is a form of gastrin with 34 amino acids in its sequence. Big gastrin is a hormone produced by G cells and can be found inside of the stomach. G-34 promotes the secretion of gastric acid in dogs. In dogs, the half life of this peptide is between 14.7 and 16.8 minutes. In humans, an over production of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Founded as the Association of Clinical Biochemists, the association has evolved as biochemistry has changed with advances in laboratory medicine. Recognizing an increasing number of medical members, the name was changed in 2005 to Association for Clinical Biochemistry. In 2007 the "Association of Clinical Scientists in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogenated MDI (HMDI or 4,4′-diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane) is an organic compound in the class known as isocyanates. More specifically, it is an aliphatic diisocyanate. It is a water white liquid at room temperature and is manufactured in relatively small quantities. It is also known as 4,4'-methylenedi(cyclohexy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pre-modern medicine, the confection of hyacinth had nearly the same virtues with that of alkermes; but, beside that, was frequently used as an astringent. It consisted of nearly triple the number of drugs; of which the precious stone, called hyacinth, was the base. The other chief ingredients were red coral, bole ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Not all compounds with alternating double and single bonds are aromatic. Cyclooctatetraene, for example, possesses alternating single and double bonds. The molecule typically adopts a "tub" conformation. Because the p orbitals of the molecule do not align themselves well in this non-planar molecule, the π bonds are ess... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If particles of a second phase which are insoluble in the matrix phase are added to the powder in the form of a much finer powder, then this will decrease grain boundary movement. When the grain boundary tries to move past the inclusion diffusion of atoms from one grain to the other, it will be hindered by the insolubl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following are examples of topics in food physical chemistry that are of interest to both the food industry and food science:
* Water in foods
** Local structure in liquid water
** Micro-crystallization in ice cream emulsions
* Dispersion and surface-adsorption processes in foods
* Water and protein activities
* Foo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schwartz's reagent reduces amides to aldehydes.
Vinylation of ketones in high yields is a possible use of Schwartz's reagent.
Schwartz's reagent has been used in the synthesis of some macrolide antibiotics, (−)-motuporin, and antitumor agents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isaac Lewis Pulvermacher was a physicist and inventor originally concerned with the electric telegraph. He first published details of his chain in August 1850 in German and in the winter of that same year came to Britain to demonstrate the machine to notable physicians. He visited London and Edinburgh on this trip. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metabolic intermediates are molecules that are the precursors or metabolites of biologically significant molecules.
Although these intermediates are of relatively minor direct importance to cellular function, they can play important roles in the allosteric regulation of enzymes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alternatives to the above closed-channel continuous-flow systems include novel open structures, where discrete, independently controllable droplets
are manipulated on a substrate using electrowetting. Following the analogy of digital microelectronics, this approach is referred to as digital microfluidics. Le Pesant et ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the field of biology, the biotechnology revolution in the 1980s grew from the development of reagents that could be used to identify and manipulate the chemical matter in and on cells. These reagents included antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal), oligomers, all sorts of model organisms and immortalised cell lines... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
R-407C is a mixture of hydrofluorocarbons used as a refrigerant. It is a zeotropic blend of difluoromethane (R-32), pentafluoroethane (R-125), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). Difluoromethane serves to provide the heat capacity, pentafluoroethane decreases flammability, tetrafluoroethane reduces pressure. R-407... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry employs peer review, however, several scientists have raised concerns about whether it is a predatory journal after being invited to review articles or serve as an editor in areas where they have no scientific expertise. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The non-linear mobility of DNA in gel can be further controlled by embedding in the SCODA gel DNA oligonucleotides complementary to DNA fragments in the sample. This then results in highly specific non-linear velocities for the sample DNA that matches the gel-embedded DNA. This artificial specific non-linearity is then... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 2020 - ACS Earle B Barnes Award in Chemical Management
* 2020 - Wake Forest Distinguished Alumni Award
* 2018 - ACS Fellow
* 2018 - William S. Johnson Symposium, Stanford University
* 2017 - Elected Chair of ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division
* 2015 - "Most Influential Woman of 2015" - San Francisco Business Times
* 19... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the final days of the 1800s, J. J. Thomson established that electrons carry a negative charge opposite but the same size as that of a hydrogen ion while having a mass over one thousand times less. Many such electrons were known to be associated with every atom. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although PDE5 inhibitors main use has been for erectile dysfunction there has been a great interest in PDE5 inhibitors as a promising new therapeutic agents for treatment of other diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Elevation of cGMP levels through inhibition of PDE5 provides a way of improving memory and learning.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SOFIA has been used to rapidly detect the abnormal form of the prion protein (PrP) in samples of bodily fluids, such as blood or urine. PrP is the marker protein used in diagnostics for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), examples of which include bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (i.e. “mad cow”... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) is the organic compound with the formula . It is the dioxirane derived from acetone and can be considered as a monomer of acetone peroxide. It is a powerful selective oxidizing agent that finds some use in organic synthesis. It is known only in the form of a dilute solution, usually in acetone,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the increasing importance of bubble column reactors in most industrial sectors, the study of their hydrodynamics acquired significant relevance in recent years. The design of bubble columns depends on the quantification of three main phenomena: (1) mixing characteristics, (2) heat and mass transfer properties, (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The information on this page is partially translated from the equivalent page in French :fr:Alain Berton (Chimiste) licensed under the Creative Commons/Attribution Sharealike [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/]. History of contributions can be checked here:[https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copolymerization is used to modify the properties of manufactured plastics to meet specific needs, for example to reduce crystallinity, modify glass transition temperature, control wetting properties or to improve solubility. It is a way of improving mechanical properties, in a technique known as rubber toughening. El... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Toxic metals can be present in the aqueous environment at trace or ultra-trace concentrations, yet still be toxicologically significant and thus cause harm to humans or the environment. Because these concentrations are so low, they would fall beyond the detection limits of most analytical instruments if the media had b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The creeping flow results can be applied in order to study the settling of sediments near the ocean bottom and the fall of moisture drops in the atmosphere. The principle is also applied in the falling sphere viscometer, an experimental device used to measure the viscosity of highly viscous fluids, for example oil, par... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All members of Group VI use virally encoded reverse transcriptase, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, to produce DNA from the initial virion RNA genome. This DNA is often integrated into the host genome, as in the case of retroviruses and pseudoviruses, where it is replicated and transcribed by the host.
Group VI include... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At this point, the lipoate-thioester functionality is translocated into the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) active site, where a transacylation reaction transfers the acetyl from the "swinging arm" of lipoyl to the thiol of coenzyme A. This produces acetyl-CoA, which is released from the enzyme complex and subsequent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A carboxypeptidase (EC number 3.4.16 - 3.4.18) is a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes (cleaves) a peptide bond at the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a protein or peptide. This is in contrast to an aminopeptidases, which cleave peptide bonds at the N-terminus of proteins. Humans, animals, bacteria and plants contain... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A phosphite anion or phosphite in inorganic chemistry usually refers to [HPO] but includes [HPO] ([HPO(OH)]). These anions are the conjugate bases of phosphorous acid (HPO). The corresponding salts, e.g. sodium phosphite (NaHPO) are reducing in character. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Roberts is a inventor or co-inventor on over 100 issued patents. He has received the E.B. Hershberg award and induction into the MEDI Hall of Fame in 2021. He has also been involved in the commercialization of some of his research, contributing to the establishment of biotech companies such as Receptos Pharmaceuticals... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfolene, or butadiene sulfone is a cyclic organic chemical with a sulfone functional group. It is a white, odorless, crystalline, indefinitely storable solid, which dissolves in water and many organic solvents. The compound is used as a source of butadiene. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A secondary kinetic isotope effect is observed when no bond to the isotopically labeled atom in the reactant is broken or formed. Secondary kinetic isotope effects tend to be much smaller than primary kinetic isotope effects; however, secondary deuterium isotope effects can be as large as 1.4 per deuterium atom, and te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon carbide is used in carborundum printmaking – a collagraph printmaking technique. Carborundum grit is applied in a paste to the surface of an aluminium plate. When the paste is dry, ink is applied and trapped in its granular surface, then wiped from the bare areas of the plate. The ink plate is then printed onto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluo-4 is used to measure calcium (Ca) concentrations inside living cells, and is often used for high-throughput screening of receptor ligands and calcium permeable ion channels.
The green-fluorescent calcium indicator, Fluo-4, is an improved version of the calcium indicator, Fluo-3. It is commonly used as the non-fluo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Let be an orientation-preserving rigid motion of R. The set of these transformations is a subgroup of Euclidean motions known as the special Euclidean group SE(3). These rigid motions are defined by transformations of x in R given by
consisting of a three-dimensional rotation A followed by a translation by the vector ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Find the depth of rainfall from a storm of duration 6 hours and return period 10 years on a catchment of 5 km in Sheffield.
#From the FSR maps, the M5-60 minutes rainfall is 20.5mm, and "r" = 0.4.
#Divide 20.5mm by 0.4 to get 51.3mm, which is the M5-2 days rainfall depth.
#Factor Z1 = 0.64, so multiply 51.3mm by 0.64 t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atomic-force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful microscopy technique used for studying samples at a nanoscale and is often used to image protein distribution on a surface. It consists of a cantilever with a tip to scan over the surface. It is a valuable tool for measuring protein-protein and protein-surface interaction. Ho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The murexide test is an analytical technique to identify the presence of caffeine and other purine derivatives in a sample. These compounds do not respond to the common alkaloid identification tests such as Dragendorff's reagent. In this test, crude drugs (to be identified) are mixed with a tiny amount of potassium chl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The gating system serves many purposes, the most important being conveying the liquid material to the mold, but also controlling shrinkage, the speed of the liquid, turbulence, and trapping dross. The gates are usually attached to the thickest part of the casting to assist in controlling shrinkage. In especially large ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first of preparation of a phosphaalkyne was achieved in 1961 when Thurman Gier produced phosphaethyne by passing phosphine gas at low pressure over an electric arc produced between two carbon electrodes. Condensation of the gaseous products in a –196 °C (–321 °F) trap revealed that the reaction had produced acetyle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of modest stereoselectivity is the dehydrohalogenation of 2-iodobutane which yields 60% trans-2-butene and 20% cis-2-butene. Since alkene geometric isomers are also classified as diastereomers, this reaction would also be called diastereoselective.
Cram's rule predicts the major diastereomer resulting from t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nevertheless, it was known that yeast extracts can ferment sugar even in the absence of living yeast cells. While studying this process in 1897, the German chemist and zymologist Eduard Buchner of Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, found that sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeast cells in the mi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In terms of applications, a popular allyl complex is allyl palladium chloride.
The reactivity of allyl ligands depends on the overall complex, although the influence of the metal center can be roughly summarized as
:(more reactive) Fe ≫ Pd > Mo > W (less reactive)
Such complexes are usually electrophilic (i.e., react... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Kulkarnis researches were mainly in the fields of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Applied Mathematics and Transport phenomena and he is known for his work on fluidized bed reactors and chemical reactors. He is credited with introducing an integer-solution approach and novel ideas on noise-induced transitions and his wor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Swain equation relates the kinetic isotope effect for the protium/tritium combination with that of the protium/deuterium combination according to:
where k are the reaction rate constants for the protonated, deuterated and tritiated reactants respectively. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arsenic in the solid state can be found as gray, black, or yellow allotropes. These various forms feature diverse structural motifs, with yellow arsenic enabling the widest range of reactivity. In particular, reaction of yellow arsenic with main group and transition metal elements results in compounds with wide-ranging... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike the widely used automotive antifreeze, ethylene glycol, AFPs do not lower freezing point in proportion to concentration. Rather, they work in a noncolligative manner. This phenomenon allows them to act as an antifreeze at concentrations 1/300th to 1/500th of those of other dissolved solutes. Their low concent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cottonseed meal is the byproduct remaining after cotton is ginned, the oil extracted, and the seeds crushed. Cottonseed meal is usually used for animal feed and in organic fertilizers.
Cottonseed meal is about 40 percent protein by weight. Compared to cellulose and lignin, proteins decompose rapidly and release nitroge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Historically, the calculation of glass properties is directly related to the founding of glass science. At the end of the 19th century the physicist Ernst Abbe developed equations that allow calculating the design of optimized optical microscopes in Jena, Germany, stimulated by co-operation with the optical workshop of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The electrodes in an electrochemical cell are each classified as either an anode or a cathode. An anode is an electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs, while a cathode is an electrode at which electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs. Each electrode may become either an anode or a cathode d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a methylidyne group or just methylidyne is a neutral part of a molecule (a substituent or functional group) with formula , consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom by one single bond and to the rest of the molecule by one triple bond. For example, a methylidyne group is present in n-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The relation of thermal equilibrium is an instance of equilibrium between two bodies, which means that it refers to transfer through a selectively permeable partition of matter or work; it is called a diathermal connection. According to Lieb and Yngvason, the essential meaning of the relation of thermal equilibrium inc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nondepolarizing NMBAs can be used to induce muscle relaxation that improves surgical conditions, including laparoscopic, robotic, abdominal and thoracic procedures. It can reduce patient movement, muscle tone, breathing or coughing against ventilator and allow lower insufflation pressure during laparoscopy. Administrat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Barium chloride, along with other water-soluble barium salts, is highly toxic. It irritates eyes and skin, causing redness and pain. It damages kidneys. Fatal dose of barium chloride for a human has been reported to be about 0.8-0.9 g. Systemic effects of acute barium chloride toxicity include abdominal pain, diarrhea,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The energy levels needed to overcome the coulomb barrier, about 100 keV for D-T fuel, corresponds to millions of degrees, but is within the energy range that can be provided by even the smallest particle accelerators. For instance, the very first cyclotron, built in 1932, was capable of producing 4.8 MeV in a device th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Entomopathogens are another group of organisms that are influenced by plants. The extent of the influence largely depends on the evolutionary history shared between the two and the pathogens' method of infection and survival duration outside of a host. Different insect host plants contain compounds that cause modulate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies published in 1992 and 1997 indicate that the level of aerobic fitness of an individual does not have any correlation with the level of resting metabolism. Both studies find that aerobic fitness levels do not improve the predictive power of fat free mass for resting metabolic rate.
However, recent research from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nearly all research in algal biofuels has focused on culturing single species, or monocultures, of microalgae. However, ecological theory and empirical studies have demonstrated that plant and algae polycultures, i.e. groups of multiple species, tend to produce larger yields than monocultures. Experiments have also sho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The captive bubble method is a method for measuring contact angle between a liquid and a solid, by using drop shape analysis. In this method, a bubble of air is injected beneath a solid, the surface of which is located in the liquid, instead of placing a drop on the solid as in the case of the sessile drop technique.
T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
, where is the enthalpy of the liquid and is the enthalpy of the vapour
By substituting the mass balance equation in above equation we get the following expression: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At 15 GPa graphite changes to a hard transparent form, that is not diamond. Diamond is very resistant to pressure, but at about 1 TPa (1000 GPa) transforms to a BC-8 form. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1989, after Fleischmann and Pons had made their claims, many research groups tried to reproduce the Fleischmann-Pons experiment, without success. A few other research groups, however, reported successful reproductions of cold fusion during this time. In July 1989, an Indian group from the Bhabha Atomic Research Cent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Oddy test has gone through many changes and refinements over time. Whereas Andrew Oddy proposed to place each metal coupon in a separate glass container with the material to be tested, Bamberger et al. proposed a "three-in-one" test, where all three metal coupons shared one container, simplifying the procedure. Rob... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most significant fraction of electron–positron annihilations results in two 511 keV gamma photons being emitted at almost 180 degrees to each other. Hence, it is possible to localize their source along a straight line of coincidence (also called the line of response, or LOR). In practice, the LOR has a non-zero wid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common applications of force spectroscopy are measurements of polymer elasticity, especially biopolymers such as RNA and DNA. Another biophysical application of polymer force spectroscopy is on protein unfolding. Modular proteins can be adsorbed to a gold or (more rarely) mica surface and then stretched. The sequential... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:V09HA01 Technetium (Tc) human immunoglobulin
:V09HA02 Technetium (Tc) exametazime labelled cells
:V09HA03 Technetium (Tc) antigranulocyte antibody
:V09HA04 Technetium (Tc) sulesomab | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Turner angle is usually discussed when researching ocean stratification and double diffusion.
Turner angle assesses the vertical stability, indicating the density of the water column changes with depth. The density is generally related to potential temperature and salinity profile: the cooler and saltier the water is, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Centrifugal partition chromatography has been extensively used for isolation and purification of natural products for 40 years. Due to the ability to get very high selectivity, and the ability to tolerate samples containing particulated matter, it is possible to work with direct extracts of biomass, opposed to traditio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the more interesting applications of hydrogenases is to produce hydrogen, due its capacity to catalyze its redox reaction:
In the field of hydrogen production, the incorporation of chemical compounds in electrochemical devices to produce molecular hydrogen has been a topic of huge interest in the recent years du... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) is a nuclear protein that specifically interacts with the hormone-dependent activation domain AF2 of nuclear receptors. Also known as RIP140, this protein is a key regulator which modulates transcriptional activity of a variety of transcription factors, including the estro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While water acts as a catalyst in the reaction, other catalysts can be added to the reaction vessel to optimize the conversion. Previously used catalysts include water-soluble inorganic compounds and salts, including KOH and NaCO, as well as transition metal catalysts using nickel, palladium, platinum and ruthenium sup... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) index of irrigation water or soil water is used to indicate the alkalinity hazard for soil. The RSC index is used to find the suitability of the water for irrigation in clay soils which have a high cation exchange capacity. When dissolved sodium in comparison with dissolved calcium ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Carbon steel is often divided into two main categories: low-carbon steel and high-carbon steel.
* Carbon steel may also contain other elements, such as manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, which can affect its properties.
* Carbon steel can be easily machined and welded, making it versatile for various applica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The action potential in a normal skeletal muscle cell is similar to the action potential in neurons. Action potentials result from the depolarization of the cell membrane (the sarcolemma), which opens voltage-sensitive sodium channels; these become inactivated and the membrane is repolarized through the outward current... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An overdose of modafinil can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. Psychiatric symptoms may include psychosis, mania, hallucinations, and suicidal ideation, which can occur even in individuals without a history of mental illness and may persist after discontinuation of the drug. Neurological complications, suc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
However, it is clear that in a general case the behaviour of Bose–Einstein condensate can be described by coupled evolution equations for condensate density, superfluid velocity and distribution function of elementary excitations. This problem was solved in 1977 by Peletminskii et al. in microscopical approach. The Pel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
3-Azidocoumarin is an organic compound that is used in the area of bioconjugation. It is a derivative of coumarin, a natural product and precursor for the widely used Coumadin. Azidocoumarin has emerged as a widely applicable labeling agent in diverse biological systems. In particular, it participates in the aptly name... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dry regions such as western Asia, north Africa, Australia and the southwestern United States are ideal for PDRC application due to the relative lack of humidity and cloud cover in both winter and summer. The cooling potential for desert regions has been estimated at "in the higher range of 80–110 W/m2," as per Aili et ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proper explanation of optical trapping behavior depends upon the size of the trapped particle relative to the wavelength of light used to trap it. In cases where the dimensions of the particle are much greater than the wavelength, a simple ray optics treatment is sufficient. If the wavelength of light far exceeds the p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, the kinetic chain length () of a polymer is the average number of units called monomers added to a growing chain during chain-growth polymerization. During this process, a polymer chain is formed when monomers are bonded together to form long chains known as polymers. Kinetic chain length is defin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The p-toluene-sulfinyl imines have been used for the highly diastereoselective asymmetric synthesis of α-amino acids, β-amino acids, syn- and anti-2,3-diamino esters, α-amino aldehydes and ketones, β-amino ketones, α-amino phosphonates, aziridine 2-carboxylates, and aziridine 2-phosphonates. Many of these same transfor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid–base titration plays a crucial role in environmental monitoring by providing a quantitative analytical method for assessing the acidity or alkalinity of water samples. The measurement of parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, and acidity is essential in evaluating the environmental impact of industrial discharge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When a synonymous or silent mutation occurs, the change is often assumed to be neutral, meaning that it does not affect the fitness of the individual carrying the new gene to survive and reproduce.
Synonymous changes may not be neutral because certain codons are translated more efficiently (faster and/or more accuratel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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