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A delta ray is a secondary electron with enough energy to escape a significant distance away from the primary radiation beam and produce further ionization. The term is sometimes used to describe any recoil particle caused by secondary ionization. The term was coined by J. J. Thomson. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lectin affinity chromatography is a form of affinity chromatography where lectins are used to separate components within the sample. Lectins, such as concanavalin A are proteins which can bind specific alpha-D-mannose and alpha-D-glucose carbohydrate molecules. Some common carbohydrate molecules that is used in lectin ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the advent of asymmetric catalysis, it is necessary to consider the practicality of utilizing kinetic resolution for the preparation of enantiopure products. Even for a product which can be attained through an asymmetric catalytic or auxiliary-based route, the racemate may be significantly less expensive than the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atalla was awarded the Stuart Ballantine Medal (now the Benjamin Franklin Medal in physics) at the 1975 Franklin Institute Awards, for his important contributions to silicon semiconductor technology and his invention of the MOSFET. In 2003, Atalla received a Distinguished Alumnus doctorate from Purdue University.
In 20... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When anaerobic pathways are turned on, glycogen stores are depleted and accumulation of acidic waste products occurs. This is known as a Pasteur effect. A challenge hypoxia-tolerant fish face is how to produce ATP anaerobically without creating a significant Pasteur effect. Along with a reduction in metabolism, some... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deviations of the compressibility factor, Z, from unity are due to attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces. At a given temperature and pressure, repulsive forces tend to make the volume larger than for an ideal gas; when these forces dominate Z is greater than unity. When attractive forces dominate, Z is less th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Australia, over 97% of the population live in an area that bans expanded polystyrene. Between 2021-2023, the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia enacted bans.
Nigeria's states of Lagos and Abia introduced bans in January 2024, with an initial ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bracken fern increases the oncogenic risk in humans. Epidemiological survey revealed that bracken fern consumption was positively correlated with esophageal cancer and with gastric cancer in many geographical areas of the world. In 1989, Natori and co-workers showed that ptaquiloside had clastogenic effect and caused c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modeling by Dushek et al. proposes a possible mechanism for ultrasensitivity outside of the zero-order regime. For the case of membrane-bound enzymes acting on membrane-bound substrates with multiple enzymatic sites (such as tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors like the T-Cell receptor), ultrasensitive responses could be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When generating a time series of wind speeds for a set of points across a surface, coherence needs to be taken into account. That is, the instantaneous wind speed at some point, A, will bear some resemblance to the wind speed at some other point, B. Clearly, the resemblance is influenced by the separation of points A a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In industrial scale chemistry, many processes are catalysed by "solid acids". Solid acids do not dissolve in the reaction medium. Well known examples include these oxides, which function as Lewis acids: silico-aluminates (zeolites, alumina, silico-alumino-phosphate), sulfated zirconia, and many transition metal oxides ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2000, Andreas Hirsch and coworkers in Erlangen, Germany, formulated a rule to determine when a fullerene would be aromatic. They found that if there were 2(n + 1) π-electrons, then the fullerene would display aromatic properties. This follows from the fact that an aromatic fullerene must have full icosahedral (or ot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a study, cyclamin was tested regarding its toxicity against several types of cancer cells: SK-BR-3, HT-29, HepG2/3A, NCI-H1299, BXPC-3, 22RV1 but also on its toxicity against human normal fibroblasts DMEM, which are not cancer cells. The results showed that cyclamin induced a significant increase of micronucleated c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The surfactant group of the taurates was developed by I.G. Farben in Germany (just like the isethionates) and produced under the trade name Igepon at the Hoechst plant. Taurates rapidly spread due to their lime resistance and their oil-removing effect in textile treatment, as detergent raw material and in cosmetics app... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Weak links play a very important role in modern superconductivity. In most cases weak links are oxide barriers between two superconducting thin films, but it can also be a crystal boundary (in the case of high-Tc superconductors). A schematic representation is given in Fig. 4. Now consider the ring which is thick every... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Schiff base rotates away from the extracellular side of the protein towards the cytoplasmic side, in preparation to accept a new proton. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a phenomenon in which a force is exerted on a dielectric particle when it is subjected to a non-uniform electric field. This force does not require the particle to be charged. All particles exhibit dielectrophoretic activity in the presence of electric fields. However, the strength of the for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Shortwave UV lamps are made using a fluorescent lamp tube with no phosphor coating, composed of fused quartz or vycor, since ordinary glass absorbs UV‑C. These lamps emit ultraviolet light with two peaks in the UV‑C band at 253.7 nm and 185 nm due to the mercury within the lamp, as well as some visible light. From 85% ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The water-repelling liquid is applied:
* To provide the surface of materials with excellent water resistance properties - the surface does not absorb water;
* To make the material frost- and corrosion resistant;
* To reduce the pollution of surface;
In addition, the treated surface does not change its appearance, maint... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lower-than-normal ceruloplasmin levels may indicate the following:
* Wilson disease (a rare [UK incidence 2/100,000] copper storage disease).
* Menkes disease (Menkes kinky hair syndrome) (rare – UK incidence 1/100,000)
* Copper deficiency
* Aceruloplasminemia
* Zinc toxicity | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Passage of hydrogen chloride through molten MsO yields MsCl.
Similar to MsCl, MsO can perform mesylation of alcohols to form sulfonates. Use of MsO avoids the alkyl chloride, which often appears as a side-product when MsCl is used. Unlike MsCl, MsO may not be suitable for mesylation of the unsaturated alcohols.
Example... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another commonly employed space-holder for titanium foams is urea, which yielded porosities from 20 to 75%. Wen et al. produced foams exhibiting a bimodal pore distribution with porosities ranging from 55 to 75%, Young's moduli between 3–6.4 GPa, and a plateau stress of 10–35 MPa. An inverse relationship between platea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Exfoliation (or onion skin weathering) is the gradual removing of spall due to the cyclic increase and decrease in the temperature of the surface layers of the rock. Rocks do not conduct heat well, so when they are exposed to extreme heat, the outermost layer becomes much hotter than the rock underneath causing differe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order to simultaneously manipulate and image samples that exhibit fluorescence, optical tweezers can be built alongside a fluorescence microscope. Such instruments are particularly useful when it comes to studying single or small numbers of biological molecules that have been fluorescently labelled, or in applicatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite the fact that PPIs have revolutionized the treatment of GERD, there is still room for improvement in the speed of onset of acid suppression as well as mode of action that is independent of an acidic environment and also better inhibition of the proton pump. Therefore, a new class of PPIs, potassium-competitive ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other, nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidiz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Toc75 is the most abundant protein on the outer chloroplast envelope. It is a transmembrane tube that forms most of the TOC pore itself. Toc75 is a β-barrel channel lined by 16 β-pleated sheets. The hole it forms is about 2.5 nanometers wide at the ends, and shrinks to about 1.4–1.6 nanometers in diameter at its narrow... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several methods for measuring particle size and particle size distribution. Some of them are based on light, other on ultrasound, or electric field, or gravity, or centrifugation. The use of sieves is a common measurement technique, however this process can be more susceptible to human error and is time consu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some reactions that are accomplished using M-Josiphos complexes as catalyst are listed below. Other reactions where Josiphos ligands can be used are: hydrogenation of C=N, C=C and C=O bonds, catalyzed allylic substitution, hydrocarboxylation, Michael addition, allylic alkylation, Heck-type reactions, oxabicycle ring-o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bilins, bilanes or bile pigments are biological pigments formed in many organisms as a metabolic product of certain porphyrins. Bilin (also called bilichrome) was named as a bile pigment of mammals, but can also be found in lower vertebrates, invertebrates, as well as red algae, green plants and cyanobacteria. Bilins c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl acetoacetate, and diethyl-methyl-(3-oxo-butyl)-ammonium iodide react to form a cyclic aldol product. Sodium methoxide is added to generate Hagemann's ester. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Born on 15 August 1946 in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria, Achinewhu had his primary education in his home town Aluu. He finished from County Grammar School, Ikwerre/Etche in 1963 with Grade One. He later proceeded to Government Secondary School, Owerri and got his Higher School Certificate in phy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A15 phases are intermetallic alloys with an average coordination number (ACN) of 13.5 and eight AB stoichiometry atoms per unit cell where two B atoms are surrounded by CN12 polyhedral (icosahedra), and six A atoms are surrounded by CN14 polyhedral. NbGe is a superconductor with A15 structure. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A cyclic compound or ring compound is a compound in which at least some its atoms are connected to form a ring. Rings vary in size from three to many tens or even hundreds of atoms. Examples of ring compounds readily include cases where:
* all the atoms are carbon (i.e., are carbocycles),
* none of the atoms are carbo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gibbs papers defined what Gibbs called the "thermodynamic surface," which expressed the relationship between the volume, entropy, and energy of a substance at different temperatures and pressures. However, Gibbs did not include any diagrams of this surface. After receiving reprints of Gibbs papers, Maxwell recognized t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It has been hypothesized that blockage of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway can lead to increased antitumor activity in TNBC. Preclinical data have shown that the combination of compounds targeting different cognate molecules in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway leads to synergistic activity. On the basis of these findings, new compou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The core of PSII consists of a pseudo-symmetric heterodimer of two homologous proteins D1 and D2. Unlike the reaction centers of all other photosystems in which the positive charge sitting on the chlorophyll dimer that undergoes the initial photoinduced charge separation is equally shared by the two monomers, in intact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first potentiometric titration was carried out in 1893 by Robert Behrend at Ostwald's Institute in Leipzig. He titrated mercurous solution with potassium chloride, potassium bromide, and potassium iodide. He used a mercury electrode along with a mercury/mercurous nitrate reference electrode. He found that in a cell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2003, Paterson and co-workers reported a strategy that relies heavily on substrate-derived stereocontrol. Instead of a reagent-controlled aldol reaction in Paterson first-generation synthesis, a dicyclohexylboron-mediated anti-aldol was used to connect C(5)-C(6), which leads to a significant increase in diastereose... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1977, Edmonds et al. reported the identification, isolation, and synthesis of major arsenic-containing substance in sea organisms, the arsenobetaine. In 1999, NRC certified arsenobetaine in the dogfish muscle material DORM-2, which became the first matrix reference material certified for arsenobetaine. Before DORM-2... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deane Judd was very interested the effect of light polarization and degree of diffusion on the appearance of objects. He made important contributions to the fields of colorimetry, color discrimination, color order, and color vision. Judd defined the scattering power for a sample as , where is the particle diameter. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the main competing models for cpDNA asserts that most cpDNA is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4. It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA, such as maize, and that more still contain complex structures that scientists do n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory syncytial virus infection, familial lung disease, and pneumocystis infection are examples of deficiencies in and issues with SP-B that are correlated with lung issues.
Because so many lung conditions are associated with issues around SP-B, synthetic replacements have bee... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Allelic exclusion is a process of gene expression when one allele is expressed and the other one kept silent. Two most studied cases of allelic exclusion are monoallelic expression of immunoglobulins in B and T cells and olfactory receptors in sensory neurons. Allelic exclusion is cell-type specific (as opposed to orga... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polar–π interactions involve molecules with permanent dipoles (such as water) interacting with the quadrupole moment of a π-system (such as that in benzene (see figure 5). While not as strong as a cation-π interaction, these interactions can be quite strong (~1-2 kcal/mol), and are commonly involved in protein folding ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The overdamped Langevin equationgives . The Boltzmann distribution is an equilibrium distribution, and assuming grows sufficiently rapidly (that is, the potential well is deep enough to confine the particle), the Boltzmann distribution is the unique equilibrium. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Azafullerenes are a class of heterofullerenes in which the element substituting for carbon is nitrogen. Examples include (biazafullerenyl), (diaza[60]fullerene), (triaza[60]fullerene) and . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For xDNA to be used as a substitute structure for information storage, it requires a reliable replication mechanism. Research into xDNA replication using a Klenow fragment from DNA polymerase I shows that a natural base partner is selectively added in instances of single-nucleotide insertion. However, DNA polymerase IV... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oligosaprobes are organisms that inhabit clean water or water that is only slightly polluted by organic matter. Oxidation processes predominate in such waters owing to an excess of dissolved oxygen. Nitrates are among the nitrogen compounds present; there is little carbonic acid and no hydrogen sulfide. Oligosaprobic ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Regarding biological membranes, the liquid ordered phase is a liquid crystalline phase of a lipid bilayer, and is of significant biological importance. It occurs in many lipid mixtures combining cholesterol with a phospholipid and/or sphingolipids e.g. sphingomyelin. This phase has been related to lipid rafts that may ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest monoalkene is ethene. Many complexes of ethene are known, including Zeise's salt (see figure), RhCl(CH), Cp*Ti(CH), and the homoleptic Ni(CH). Substituted monoalkene include the cyclic cyclooctene, as found in chlorobis(cyclooctene)rhodium dimer. Alkenes with electron-withdrawing groups commonly bind stron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A monokine is a type of cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and macrophages.
Some monokines are:
* interleukin 1
* tumor necrosis factor-alpha
* alpha and beta interferon
* colony stimulating factors | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycogen was discovered by Claude Bernard. His experiments showed that the liver contained a substance that could give rise to reducing sugar by the action of a "ferment" in the liver. By 1857, he described the isolation of a substance he called "la matière glycogène", or "sugar-forming substance". Soon after the disco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a hydrogen storage alloy, LaNi can absorb hydrogen to form the hydride LaNiH (x≈6) when the pressure is slightly high and the temperature is low, or when the pressure decreases or the temperature increases, hydrogen can be released to form repeated absorption and release of hydrogen. But for the dehydrogenation proc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, persulfide refers to the functional group R-S-S-H. Persulfides are intermediates in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur proteins and are invoked as precursors to hydrogen sulfide, a signaling molecule. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hammond's postulate is especially important when looking at the rate-limiting step of a reaction. However, one must be cautious when examining a multistep reaction or one with the possibility of rearrangements during an intermediate stage. In some cases, the final products appear in skewed ratios in favor of a more uns... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chiral thin-layer chromatography is a variant of liquid chromatography that is employed for the separation of enantiomers. It is necessary to use either
* a chiral stationary phase or
* a chiral additive in the mobile phase.
The chiral stationary phase can be prepared by mixing chirally pure reagents such as L-amino ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Protic ionic liquids are formed via a proton transfer from an acid to a base. In contrast to other ionic liquids, which generally are formed through a sequence of synthesis steps, protic ionic liquids can be created more easily by simply mixing the acid and base.
Phosphonium cations (RP) are less common but offer some ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most, if not all, metals can be sintered. This applies especially to pure metals produced in vacuum which suffer no surface contamination. Sintering under atmospheric pressure requires the use of a protective gas, quite often endothermic gas. Sintering, with subsequent reworking, can produce a great range of material p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peripheral node addressin, often referred to as PNAd, are glycoprotein ligands. More formally, the term includes "lymph" to specify the node: peripheral lymph node addressin.
PNAd is a critical component of the immune system, enabling the targeted migration of lymphocytes to the lymph nodes and facilitating an effectiv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inorganica Chimica Acta is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1967 that covers original research and reviews of fundamental and applied aspects of inorganic chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Much of the Bay is shallow. At the point where the Susquehanna River flows into the Bay, the average depth is , although this soon diminishes to an average of southeast of the city of Havre de Grace, Maryland, to about just north of Annapolis. On average, the depth of the Bay is , including tributaries; over 24 perce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chromatographic response function, often abbreviated to CRF, is a coefficient which measures the quality of the separation in the result of a chromatography.
The CRF concept have been created during the development of separation optimization, to compare the quality of many simulated or real chromatographic separations... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SPINA-GT is elevated in primary hyperthyroidism and reduced in both primary hypothyroidism and untreated autoimmune thyroiditis. It has been observed to correlate (with positive direction) to resting energy expenditure, resting heart rate, the colour Doppler ultrasound pattern and thyroid volume, and (with negative dir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From the ideal gas law PV = nRT we get:
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles of a given substance, and T is temperature.
As pressure is defined as force per area of measurement, the gas equation can also be written as:
Area and volume are (length) and (length) respectively. Therefore:
Since force × le... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitscherlich's law of isomorphism, or the law of isomorphism, is an approximate law suggesting that crystals composed of the same number of similar elements tend to demonstrate isomorphism.
Mitscherlich's law is named for German chemist Eilhard Mitscherlich, who formulated the law and published it between 1819 and 1823... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical potential, , of a substance B in an ideal mixture of liquids or an ideal solution is given by
where μ is the chemical potential of a pure substance , and is the mole fraction of the substance in the mixture.
This is generalised to include non-ideal behavior by writing
when is the activity of the substanc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the environmental context, reactive nitrogen compounds include the following classes:
*oxide gases: nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide. Containing oxidized nitrogen, mainly the result of industrial processes and internal combustion engines.
*anions: nitrate, nitrite. Nitrate is a common component of fer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phomoxanthones are named after the fungus Phomopsis, from which they were first isolated, and after their xanthonoid structure, which means they have structures similar to the compound xanthone (pictured on the left). Chemically, the phomoxanthones are dimers of two tetrahydroxanthones, meaning that they consist of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sucrose esters were first mentioned in 1880 by Herzfeld who described the preparation of sucrose octaacetate. The substance is still in use today as a food additive. In 1921, Hess and Messner synthesized sucrose octapalmitate and sucrose octastearate. Both are sucrose fatty acid esters.
Rosenthal, in 1924, synthesized ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mao's other nanotechnology research has focused on seed-mediated crystallization for nanosensor scale up. Her early research examined the potential of designing nucleation seeds to induce shape change in molecular crystals. In her investigation of the impact of seed size and surface chemistry, her study illustrated the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A blockbuster drug is a drug that generates more than $1 billion in revenue for a pharmaceutical company in a single year. Cimetidine was the first drug ever to reach more than $1 billion a year in sales, thus making it the first blockbuster drug. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The New Jersey Zinc process is no longer used to produce primary zinc in the U.S., in Europe and Japan, but it still is used to treat secondary operations. This process peaked in 1960, when it accounted for 5% of world zinc production. A modified version of this process is still used at Huludao, China, which produced 6... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The feasibility of a "British Journal of Chemistry Education" was first discussed by the Royal Society of Chemistry in late 1962 (a similar journal, the Journal of Chemical Education had been in existence in the USA since 1924). Its launch was secured by the lobbying of Professor Ronald S. Nyholm who became the first C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphonic esters are prepared using the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction. For example, methyl iodide catalyses the conversion of trimethylphosphite to the phosphonate ester dimethyl methylphosphonate:
:P(OMe) → MePO(OMe)
These esters can be hydrolysed to the acid (Me = methyl):
:MePO(OMe) + HO → MePO(OH) + 2 MeOH
In the Mic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beginning in 1915, Bayer set up a number of shell corporations and subsidiaries in the United States, to hedge against the possibility of losing control of its American assets if the U.S. should enter the war and to allow Bayer to enter other markets (e.g., army uniforms). After the U.S. declared war on Germany in Apri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gallium palladide (GaPd or PdGa) is an intermetallic combination of gallium and palladium. It has the iron monosilicide crystal structure. The compound has been suggested as an improved catalyst for hydrogenation reactions. In principle, gallium palladide can be a more selective catalyst since unlike substituted compou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By considering the arrangement of atoms relative to each other, their coordination numbers, interatomic distances, types of bonding, etc., it is possible to form a general view of the structures and alternative ways of visualizing them. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Seebeck effect refers to the development of an electromotive force across two points of an electrically conducting material when there is a temperature difference between those two points.
Under open-circuit conditions where there is no internal current flow, the gradient of voltage () is directly proportional to t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Krebs cycle, also known as the TCA cycle or Citric Acid cycle, is a biochemical pathway that facilitates the breakdown of glucose in a cell. Both citrate and malate involved in the citrate-malate shuttle are necessary intermediates of the Krebs cycle. Usually, oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle is generated from the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Condensation of SAMP or RAMP with an aldehyde or ketone affords the (E)-hydrazine. Deprotonation with lithium diisopropylamide and addition of an alkyl halide affords the alkylated product. The auxiliary can be removed by ozonolysis or hydrolysis.
<br /> | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modafinil is occasionally prescribed off-label for individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has shown no efficacy in treating adult ADHD, especially when compared to other treatments such as lisdexamfetamine. In children, modafinil is efficient in treating ADHD symptoms.
Given its approved s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dithiiranes are three membered rings containing two sulfur atoms and one carbon. One example was prepared by oxidation of a 1,3-dithietane. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During mitosis, mitotic spindle orientation is essential for determining the site of cleavage furrowing and position of daughter cells for subsequent cell fate determination. This orientation is achieved by polarizing cortical factors and rapid alignment of the spindle with the polarity axis. In fruit flies, three cort... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The heat of neutralization of a fully dissociated acid with a fully dissociated base is approximately –56kJ/mol. The reaction is thus strongly exothermic, and is an excellent basis for a wide range of analysis in industry. An advantage for the industrial analyst is that the use of stronger titrants (1 to 2 mol/L) permi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The study of correlation functions is critical to the study of quantum optics as the Fourier transform of the correlation function is the energy spectral density. Thus the two-time correlation function is a useful tool in the calculation of the energy spectrum for a given system. We take the parameter to be the differ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The operon consists of the promoter region fim S, the main constituent fim A, its gene product forming a rod like structure and fim H, coding for an adhesin at the tip, to name just a few important elements. The fim S region is flanked by 9bp repeats that are mirror images of each other. These mirror images serve as su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A crucible and its lid are pre-weighed after thorough drying. The sample is added to the completely dry crucible and lid and together they are weighed to determine the mass of the sample by difference. The sample is placed in the hot furnace long enough so that complete combustion of the sample occurs. The crucible, li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A plasma, consisting of neutral particles, ions, and unbound electrons, responds to the oscillating electric field of incident electromagnetic radiation primarily through the motion of electrons (ions and neutral particles can often be regarded as stationary due to their larger mass). If the frequency of the incident r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deep sequencing of transcriptomes, also known as RNA-Seq, provides both the sequence and frequency of RNA molecules that are present at any particular time in a specific cell type, tissue or organ. Counting the number of mRNAs that are encoded by individual genes provides an indicator of protein-coding potential, a maj... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tissues can be analyzed to help determine a cause of death. The tissue samples that are most commonly analyzed are the liver, kidney, brain, and lungs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
2,4,6-Trichlorobenzoyl chloride is prepared by reacting 2,4,6-trichloroaniline with N-butyllithium in a carbon dioxide atmosphere. This produces 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoic acid, which can then be refluxed in thionyl chloride to form 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride.
Since 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoic acid is produced as a by prod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GC–MS is increasingly used for detection of illegal narcotics, and may eventually supplant drug-sniffing dogs. A simple and selective GC–MS method for detecting marijuana usage was recently developed by the Robert Koch Institute in Germany. It involves identifying an acid metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The linked-read sequencing is microfluidic-based, and only needs nanograms of input DNA. One nanogram of DNA can be distributed across more than 100,000 droplet partitions, where DNA fragments are barcoded and subjected to polymerase chain reactions (PCR). As a result, DNA fragments (or reads) that share the same barco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In comparison to Proton exchange membrane electrolysis, the advantages of alkaline water electrolysis are mainly:
# Cheaper catalysts with respect to the platinum metal group based catalysts used for PEM water electrolysis.
# Higher durability due to an exchangeable electrolyte and lower dissolution of anodic catalys... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The flux control coefficient connectivity theorem is the easiest to understand. Starting with a simple two step pathway:
where and are fixed species so that the pathway can reach a steady-state. and are the reaction rates for the first and second steps.
We can write the flux connectivity theorem for this simple sys... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
STAT3 has been shown to interact with:
* AR,
* ELP2,
* EP300,
* EGFR,
* HIF1A,
* JAK1,
* JUN
* KHDRBS1,
* mTOR,
* MYOD1,
* NDUFA13,
* NFKB1,
* NR3C1,
* NCOA1,
* PML,
* RAC1,
* RELA,
* RET,
* RPA2,
* STAT1,
* Stathmin,
* Src, and
* TRIP10.
* KPNA4.
Niclosamide seems to inhibit the STAT3 signalling ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over the last two centuries many environmental chemical observations have been made from a variety of ground-based, airborne, and orbital platforms and deposited in databases. Many of these databases are publicly available. All of the instruments mentioned in this article give online public access to their data. These... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tellurols are analogues of alcohols and phenols where tellurium replaces oxygen. Tellurols, selenols, and thiols have similar properties, but tellurols are the least stable. Although they are fundamental representatives of organotellurium compounds, tellurols are lightly studied because of their instability. Tellurol d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A FOCE system for studies of deep-sea benthic communities (designated dp-FOCE) was developed by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. The dpFOCE project, deployed at a depth of 900 m, was attached to the MARS cabled seafloor observatory in Monterey Bay, central California. The system used a flume concept for mainta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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