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Otherwise-intermolecular reactions can be made temporarily intramolecular by linking both reactants by a tether with all the advantages associated to it. Popular choices of tether contain a carbonate ester, boronic ester, silyl ether, or a silyl acetal link (silicon tethers) which are fairly inert in many organic reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermodynamic potentials also satisfy
where is the chemical potential defined as (for constant n</sub> with j≠i):
This last partial derivative is the same as , the partial molar Gibbs free energy. This means that the partial molar Gibbs free energy and the chemical potential, one of the most important properties ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both PXA and PXB were discovered in 2001, and their preparation by isolation from Phomopsis fungal cultures was described in the corresponding publication. Briefly, a MeOH extract of a Phomopsis culture is mixed with HO and washed with hexane. The aqueous phase is then dried and the residue is dissolved in EtOAc, washe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the fluid flow is often decomposed into a mean flow and deviations from the mean. The averaging can be done either in space or in time, or by ensemble averaging. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Helium-3 was trapped in the planet when it formed. Some He is being added by meteoric dust, primarily collecting on the bottom of oceans (although due to subduction, all oceanic tectonic plates are younger than continental plates). However, He will be degassed from oceanic sediment during subduction, so cosmogenic He ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Let the principle of detailed balance be valid. Then, for small deviations from equilibrium, the kinetic response of the system can be approximated as linearly related to its deviation from chemical equilibrium, giving the reaction rates for the generalized mass action law as:
Therefore, again in the linear response re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ester pyrolysis in organic chemistry is a vacuum pyrolysis reaction converting esters containing a β-hydrogen atom into the corresponding carboxylic acid and the alkene. The reaction is an E elimination and operates in a syn fashion.
Examples include the synthesis of acrylic acid from ethyl acrylate at 590 °C, the synt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Doubly labeled water is water in which both the hydrogen and the oxygen have been partly or completely replaced (i.e. labeled) with an uncommon isotope of these elements for tracing purposes.
In practice, for both practical and safety reasons, almost all recent applications of the "doubly labeled water" method use wate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like the other members in the CMTM protein family, CMTM6 has a structure that contains domains (i.e. parts) similar to those in chemokine proteins; tetraspanin proteins (also termed transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins); the myelin and lymphocyte protein (also termed MAR protein); proteins that direct membrane vesicle ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MLST has provided a more richly textured picture of bacteria within human populations and on strain variants that may be pathogenic to human, plants and animals. MLST technique was first used by Maiden et al. (1) to characterize Neisseria meningitidis using six loci. The application of MLST has clearly resolved the maj... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
** Decision to construct the National Ignition Facility "beamlet" laser at LLNL is made.
** The START Tokamak fusion experiment begins in Culham. The experiment would eventually achieve a record beta (plasma pressure compared to magnetic field pressure) of 40% using a neutral beam injector. It was the first design that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyamine-based cryptands can be converted to polyammonium cages, which exhibit high affinities for anions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a d-dimensional system, the ideal gas pressure is:
where is the volume of the d-dimensional domain in which the gas exists. The dimensions of the pressure changes with dimensionality. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) is generally increased in hypothyroidism and decreased in hyperthyroidism, making it the most important test for early detection of both of these conditions. The result of this assay is suggestive of the presence and cause of thyroid disease, since a measurement of elevate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A 2006 meta analysis concluded that compared to other proton pump inhibitors, esomeprazole confers a modest overall benefit in esophageal healing and symptom relief. When broken down by disease severity, the benefit of esomeprazole relative to other proton pump inhibitors was negligible in people with mild disease (num... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To be able to use external cullet in production, any contaminants should be removed as much as possible. Typical contaminations are:
* Organics: Paper, plastics, caps, rings, PVB foils for flat glass
* Inorganics: Stones, ceramics, porcelains
* Metals: Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
* Heat resistant and lead glass
Manp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most organic solvents are flammable or highly flammable, depending on their volatility. Exceptions are some chlorinated solvents like dichloromethane and chloroform. Mixtures of solvent vapors and air can explode. Solvent vapors are heavier than air; they will sink to the bottom and can travel large distances nearly un... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organometallic nucleophiles used for conjugate additions are most often prepared in situ. The use of anhydrous equipment and inert atmosphere is necessary. Because these factors are sometimes difficult to control and the strength of freshly prepared reagents can vary substantially, titration methods are necessary to ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The conversion efficiency of biological photovoltaic devices is presently too low for scaled-up versions to achieve grid parity. Genetic engineering approaches are being employed to increase the current output from photosynthetic organisms for use in biological photovoltaic systems. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Fellow, Royal Society of Canada, 1959
* Doctor of Letters, Trent University, 1980
* Officer, Order of Canada, 1988
* Prix Marie-Victorin, Prix du Québec, 1990 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ionic liquid can be described simply as a salt in a liquid state, exhibiting triboelectric properties which allow it to be used as a lubricant. Traditional solvents are composed of oils or synthetic compounds, like fluorocarbons which, when airborne, can act as a greenhouse gas. Ionic liquids are nonvolatile and hav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gibbs–Thomson equation may be written in a compact form:
where the Gibbs–Thomson coefficient assumes different values for different liquids and different interfacial geometries (spherical/cylindrical/planar).
In more detail:,
where:
* is a geometric constant dependent on the interfacial shape,
* is a constant in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The compressibility of water is a function of pressure and temperature. At 0 °C, at the limit of zero pressure, the compressibility is . At the zero-pressure limit, the compressibility reaches a minimum of around 45 °C before increasing again with increasing temperature. As the pressure is increased, the compressibili... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The MPS method is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations in a Lagrangian framework. A fractional step method is applied which consists of splitting each time step in two steps of prediction and correction. The fluid is represented with particles, and the motion of each particle is calculated based on the interaction... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urea (46-0-0) accounts for more than fifty percent of the world's nitrogenous fertilizers. It is found in granular or prill form, which allows urea to be easily stored, transported and applied in agricultural settings. It is also the cheapest form of granular nitrogen fertilizer. Since urea is not an oxidizer at standa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lavoisier showed at the end of the 18th century that organic substances consisted of a limited number of elements: primarily carbon and hydrogen and supplemented by oxygen and nitrogen. He quickly focused on the isolation of these substances, often because they had an interesting pharmacological activity. Plants were t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
:The information in this section was obtained from a US EPA published fact sheet.
Flue gas desulfurization scrubbers have been applied to combustion units firing coal and oil that range in size from 5 MW to 1,500 MW. Scottish Power are spending £400 million installing FGD at Longannet power station, which has a capacit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Circulation can be related to curl of a vector field and, more specifically, to vorticity if the field is a fluid velocity field,
By Stokes theorem, the flux of curl or vorticity vectors through a surface S' is equal to the circulation around its perimeter,
Here, the closed integration path is the boundary or perimet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Major uses of I include the treatment of thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism) due to Graves disease, and sometimes hyperactive thyroid nodules (abnormally active thyroid tissue that is not malignant). The therapeutic use of radioiodine to treat hyperthyroidism from Graves disease was first reported by Saul Hertz in 1941. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The CD V-700 Model 7 is a kit to upgrade and modernize the Lionel Model 6B, Lionel/Anton Model 6, or Electro-Neutronics 6B with electronics derived from a recent version of the Ludlum Model 3 Geiger counter. The kit includes a new main electronics board with rotary switch, a connector for a detachable external probe, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wei-Shou Hu is a Taiwanese-American chemical engineer. He earned his B.S. in agricultural chemistry from National Taiwan University in 1974 and his Ph.D. in biochemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the guidance of Daniel I.C. Wang in 1983. He has been a professor with the University ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ROMeoRigorous Online Modelling and Equation Based Optimization is an advanced online chemical process optimizer of SimSci, a brand of Aveva software It is mainly used by process engineers in the chemical, petroleum and natural gas industries.
It includes a chemical component library, thermodynamic property prediction m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cadmium sulfide nanoparticle synthesis by yeast involves sequestration of Cd by glutathione-related peptides followed by reduction within the cell. Ahmad et al. (2002) reported that cadmium sulfide nanoparticle synthesis by Fusarium oxysporum was based on a sulfate reductase (enzyme) process. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The principle of detailed balance was explicitly introduced for collisions by Ludwig Boltzmann. In 1872, he proved his H-theorem using this principle. The arguments in favor of this property are founded upon microscopic reversibility.
Five years before Boltzmann, James Clerk Maxwell used the principle of detailed balan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,1,1-Trichloroethane was one of the volatile organochlorides that have been tried as alternatives to chloroform in anaesthesia.
In the 1880s, it was found to be a safe and strong substitute for chloroform but its production was expensive and difficult.
In 1880, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane was suggested as an anaesthetic. It... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ernst was a foreign fellow of the Estonian Academy of Sciences (elected 2002), the US National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Academy of Sciences, London, the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Korean Academy of Science and Technology and Bangladesh Academy of Sciences.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The attack takes the form of a reaction between ammonia and copper to form the cuprammonium ion, formula [Cu(NH)], a chemical complex which is water-soluble, and hence washed from the growing cracks. The problem of cracking can therefore also occur in copper and any other copper alloy, such as bronze. The tendency of c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blast waves are generated in research environments using explosive or compressed-gas driven shock tubes in an effort to replicate the environment of a military conflict to better understand the physics of blasts and injuries that may result, and to develop better protection against blast exposure. Blast waves are direc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (sometimes Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion; abbreviated MAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules (e.g. DNA, drug receptors) via solution of the phase problem.
MAD was ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Methylphosphine and dimethylphosphine (garlic-metallic, two of the most potent odorants known)
* Phosphine (zinc phosphide poisoned bait)
* Diacetyl (butter flavor)
* Acetoin (butter flavor)
* Nerolin (orange flowers)
* Tetrahydrothiophene (added to natural gas)
* 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (cork taint)
* Substituted pyr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some caries excavation methods lead to leaving caries-affected dentin behind to serve as the bonding substrate, mostly in indirect pulp capping.
It is reported that the immediate bond strengths to caries-affected dentin are 20-50% lower than to sound dentin, and even lower with caries-infected dentin. How does caries p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aminoallyl nucleosides can be synthesized via Heck coupling as shown in the image below.
In the image above, on the left is a modified nucleoside with an iodine (the iodine is added via electrophilic halogenation) in the fifth carbon in the pyrimidine ring. Its formation can be associated with a reaction with an allyla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For over 30 years, several research groups actively pursued the total synthesis of dodecahedrane. A review article published in 1978 described the different strategies that existed up to then. The first attempt was initiated in 1964 by R.B. Woodward with the synthesis of the compound triquinacene which was thought to b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the existence of the 2 possible final states, each β decay is a mixture of the two decay types. This essentially means that some of the time the remaining nucleus is in an excited state and other times the decay is directly to the ground state.
Unlike Fermi transitions, Gamow–Teller transitions occur via an oper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Raman spectroelectrochemistry (Raman-SEC) is a technique that studies the inelastic scattering or Raman scattering of monochromatic light related to chemical compounds involved in an electrode process. This technique provides information about vibrational energy transitions of molecules, using a monochromatic light sou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A bridged nucleic acid (BNA) is a modified RNA nucleotide. They are sometimes also referred to as constrained or inaccessible RNA molecules. BNA monomers can contain a five-membered, six-membered or even a seven-membered bridged structure with a "fixed" C-endo sugar puckering. The bridge is synthetically incorporated a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One particularly notable use of glass-ceramics is in the processing of ceramic matrix composites. For many ceramic matrix composites typical sintering temperatures and times cannot be used, as the degradation and corrosion of the constituent fibres becomes more of an issue as temperature and sintering time increase.
O... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Before 1918, many professionals and scientists using the metric system of units defined the standard reference conditions of temperature and pressure for expressing gas volumes as being and . During those same years, the most commonly used standard reference conditions for people using the imperial or U.S. customary s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A photochromic lens is an optical lens that darkens on exposure to light of sufficiently high frequency, most commonly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In the absence of activating light, the lenses return to their clear state. Photochromic lenses may be made of polycarbonate, or another plastic. Glass lenses use visible l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The soil management practices required to maintain soil tilth are a function of the type of soil. Sandy and gravelly soils are naturally deficient in small pores and are therefore drought prone, whereas loams and clays can retain and thus supply crops with more water. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adverse events include hypoglycemia, pruritis (itching), nasopharyngitis, headache, and upper respiratory tract infection. It may also cause joint pain that can be severe and disabling. Like other DDP-4 inhibitors, alogliptin is weight-neutral.
A 2014 letter to the editor claimed alogliptin is not associated with incre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fittings are also used to split or join a number of pipes together, and for other purposes. A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available; they are generally broken down into either a tee, an elbow, a branch, a reducer/enlarger, or a wye. Valves control fluid flow and regulate pressure. The piping and p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Chemical Engineering Research and Design
* Process Safety and Environmental Protection
* Food and Bioproducts Processing
* Education for Chemical Engineers
* Molecular Systems Design and Engineering (joint with the Royal Society of Chemistry)
* Sustainable Production and Consumption
* South African Journal of Chemica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "pyrometer" was coined in the 1730s by Pieter van Musschenbroek, better known as the inventor of the Leyden jar. His device, of which no surviving specimens are known, may be now called a dilatometer because it measured the dilation of a metal rod.
The earliest example of a pyrometer thought to be in existence... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term ‘acid sulfate soils’ (ASS) was coined by the Working Party on Nomenclature and Methods for the first International Symposium on Acid Sulfate Soils (1972, Wageningen) to mean soils that contain, or have the potential to produce, sulfuric acid in quantities that cause significant and long-lasting changes in key ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffraction topography (short: "topography") is a imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction.
Diffraction topographic images ("topographies") record the intensity profile of a beam of X-rays (or, sometimes, neutrons) diffracted by a crystal.
A topography thus represents a two-dimensional spatial intensity mapping (im... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cryosurgery (with cryo from the Ancient Greek ) is the use of extreme cold in surgery to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue; thus, it is the surgical application of cryoablation.
Cryosurgery has been historically used to treat a number of diseases and disorders, especially a variety of benign and malignant skin condi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sodium methylsulfinylmethylide (also called NaDMSO or dimsyl sodium) is the sodium salt of the conjugate base of dimethyl sulfoxide. This unusual salt has some uses in organic chemistry as a base and nucleophile.
Since the first publication in 1965 by Corey et al., a number of additional uses for this reagent have been... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle was found to operate in the aerobic extreme thermoacidophile archaeon Metallosphaera sedula. This pathway is called the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle.
Yet another variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle is the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle. It was disco... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon wafers can be etched in hydrofluoric acid (HF) to remove the native oxide and form a hydrogen-terminated silicon surface. The hydrogen-terminated surfaces undergo hydrosilation with unsaturated compounds (such as terminal alkenes and alkynes), to form a stable monolayer on the surface. For example:
:Si-H + HC=C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ancyronyx, commonly known as spider water beetles or spider riffle beetles, is a genus of aquatic riffle beetles from North America, South Asia, China, and Southeast Asia. They are small beetles with extremely long legs ending in strong claws. Both the adults and the larvae are found underwater in the shallow riffles o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alcohols react with phosgene to yield carbonate esters according to the following reaction:
:2 ROH + COCl → ROC(O)OR + 2 HCl
Phenols react similarly. Polycarbonate derived from bisphenol A is produced in this manner. This process is high yielding. However, toxic phosgene is used, and stoichiometric quantities of base ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capsiate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl (E)-8-methyl-6-nonenoate) (CAS No. 205687-01-0)
Dihydrocapsiate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl 8-methylnonanoate) (CAS No. 205687-03-2)
Nordihydrocapsiate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl 7-methyloctanoate) (CAS No. 220012-53-3) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, catalytic cycles can be divided into 3 stages:
# Coordination of the starting material(s)
# Catalytic transformation of the starting material(s) to the product(s)
# Displacement of the product(s) to regain the catalyst (or pre-catalyst)
<br>
Traditionally the focus of catalytic research has been on the re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The manifold topographic techniques can be categorized according to several criteria.
One of them is the distinction between restricted-beam techniques on the one hand (such as section topography or pinhole topography) and extended-beam techniques on the other hand, which use the full width and intensity of the incomin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
USAID has supported efforts to introduce scheduled desludging services in some countries in Southeast Asia. The first of these was in Dumaguete in the Philippines. The program was run jointly by the city government and the Dumaguete City Water District, with the former operating the treatment plant and the Water Distri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Newlands was born in London in England, at West Square in Southwark, the son of a Scottish Presbyterian minister and his Italian wife.
Newlands was home-schooled by his father, and later studied at the Royal College of Chemistry, now part of Imperial College London. He was interested in social reform and during 1860 s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elaidinization is any chemical reaction which convert a cis- olefin to a trans- olefin in unsaturated fatty acids. This is often performed on fats and oils to increase both the melting point and the shelf life without reducing the degree of unsaturation. The term originates from elaidic acid, the trans-isomer of oleic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the gr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
People who are exposed to PFASs through their jobs typically have higher levels of PFASs in their blood than the general population. While the general population is exposed to PFASs through ingested food and water, occupational exposure includes accidental ingestion, inhalation exposure, and skin contact in settings wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, acetophenide is a functional group which is composed of the cyclic ketal of a diol with acetophenone. In pharmaceutical chemistry, it is present in algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide) and amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The general principle of a biosurface is a solid surface with an additional layer of biological macromolecules. Because this molecular layer will reversibly respond to changes in the environment of the surface, it is also called “stimuli-responsive monolayer”. The external stimuli can be for example changes in tempera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectrum analyzers are widely used to measure the frequency response, noise and distortion characteristics of all kinds of radio-frequency (RF) circuitry, by comparing the input and output spectra. For example, in RF mixers, spectrum analyzer is used to find the levels of third order inter-modulation products and conve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bent's rule provides an additional level of accuracy to valence bond theory. Valence bond theory proposes that covalent bonds consist of two electrons lying in overlapping, usually hybridised, atomic orbitals from two bonding atoms. The assumption that a covalent bond is a linear combination of atomic orbitals of just ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zeise returned to Denmark in the autumn of 1819. The prospects were not bright for an appointment at the University, although he was likely the only scientifically trained chemist in the country at that time. However, he learned at the end of the year that he had received public funds to support his work in science. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most analytical methods for hydrogen embrittlement involve evaluating the effects of (1) internal hydrogen from production and/or (2) external sources of hydrogen such as cathodic protection. For steels, it is important to test specimens in the lab that are at least as hard (or harder) than the final parts will be. Ide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organosulfur compounds can be classified according to the sulfur-containing functional groups, which are listed (approximately) in decreasing order of their occurrence. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The difference between reversible and irreversible events has particular explanatory value in complex systems (such as living organisms, or ecosystems). According to the biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela, living organisms are characterized by autopoiesis, which enables their continued existence. More pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The adsorption of a very weakly basic or acidic probe molecule can serve to give a picture of Brønsted and Lewis acid–base sites. Infrared spectroscopy of surface sites and adsorbed molecules can then be used to monitor the change in the vibrational frequencies upon adsorption. A very weakly acidic probe molecule can b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many polymer degradation mechanisms can be followed using IR spectroscopy, such as UV degradation and oxidation, among many other failure modes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aldehyde substituents suffer nucleophilic addition in the presence of organolithium compounds; however, adducts of aldehydes with lithium diamines can serve as effective directing groups for lateral lithiation. Subsequent treatment with an electrophilic primary alkyl halide and elimination of the diamine provides funct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the first step of the porphyrin biosynthesis pathway, porphobilinogen is generated from aminolevulinate (ALA) by the enzyme ALA dehydratase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Standard CD/DVD readers can be used to read the assays. The CD/DVD readers contain a laser, set of optical elements which shape and focus the laser, a disk driver, and a signal detector that function as follows:
# The laser produces light of a selected wavelength.
# The beam of light hits the analyte in the spots of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the late 1960s it was discovered that illuminated organic dyes can generate electricity at oxide electrodes in electrochemical cells. In an effort to understand and simulate the primary processes in photosynthesis the phenomenon was studied at the University of California at Berkeley with chlorophyll extracted from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PCL consists in introducing a somatic adult or senescent cell nucleus or entire cell with enlarged membrane pores in an (activated) oocyte and to withdraw this treated cell before its de-differentiation and first cell division occurs. Thus, the progressive rejuvenation capability of the oocyte is used only temporarily ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methyl violet is a family of organic compounds that are mainly used as dyes. Depending on the number of attached methyl groups, the color of the dye can be altered. Its main use is as a purple dye for textiles and to give deep violet colors in paint and ink. It is also used as a hydration indicator for silica gel. Meth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to structural and functional similarity, many local hormones fall into either the gastrin or the secretin family. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarisation Transfer) is a pulse sequence used to distinguish between the multiplicity of hydrogen bonded to carbon, that is it can separate C, CH, CH and CH groups. It does this by exploiting the heteronuclear carbon-hydrogen -coupling and varying the tip angle of the final pulse i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sepro-Sizetec Screens are used for a variety of particle size separation and dewatering duties in mineral processing and aggregate applications. In mineral processing applications, particle size separation is of utmost importance in order to optimize crushing, grinding and gravity separation as well as many other proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow are at every point linearly correlated to the local strain rate — the rate of change of its deformation over time. Stresses are proportional to the rate of change of the fluid's velocity vector.
A fluid is Newtonian only if the tensors tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in One and Two Dimensions, Clarendon Press, 1987
* Richard R. Ernst: Nobelpreisträger aus Winterthur, Hier und Jetzt, Baden 2020
* Alois Feusi: [https://www.nzz.ch/zuerich/richard-ernst-chemiker-aus-winterthur-revolutioniert-die-medizin-ld.1556522 Richard Ernst: Der Selbstzwei... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pycnonuclear fusion () is a type of nuclear fusion reaction which occurs due to zero-point oscillations of nuclei around their equilibrium point bound in their crystal lattice. In quantum physics, the phenomenon can be interpreted as overlap of the wave functions of neighboring ions, and is proportional to the overlapp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite the highly attractive nature of 3D optical data storage, the development of commercial products has taken a significant length of time. This results from limited financial backing in the field, as well as technical issues, including:
Destructive reading. Since both the reading and the writing of data are carrie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A hybrid scaffold is a skin substitute based on a combination of synthetic and natural materials. Examples of hybrid scaffolds are HYAFF and Laserskin. These hybrid scaffolds have been shown to have good in-vitro and in-vivo biocompatibilities and their biodegradability is controllable. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The commercially most relevant field of application for HCl regeneration processes is the recovery of HCl from waste pickle liquors from carbon-steel pickling lines. Other applications include the production of metal oxides such as, but not limited, to AlO and MgO, as well as rare-earth oxides, by pyrohydrolysis of aqu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal desorption is an environmental remediation technology that utilizes heat to increase the volatility of contaminants such that they can be removed (separated) from the solid matrix (typically soil, sludge or filter cake). The volatilized contaminants are then either collected or thermally destroyed. A thermal de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Often, reactive intermediates such as carbocations and free radicals have more delocalized structure than their parent reactants, giving rise to unexpected products. The classical example is allylic rearrangement. When 1 mole of HCl adds to 1 mole of 1,3-butadiene, in addition to the ordinarily expected product 3-chlor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The modern era of pharmaceutical industry began with local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role of distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid-1800s, and from discoveries resulting from applied research. Intentional drug discovery from plants began wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1864, William Sellers, then president of Franklin Institute, presented a standard for nuts, bolts, and screws. Out of this effort came the first United States Standard threads, including pipe threads. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) is a discipline within biomedical research that uses mathematical computer models to characterize biological systems, disease processes and drug pharmacology. QSP can be viewed as a sub-discipline of pharmacometrics that focuses on modeling the mechanisms of drug pharmacokinetics... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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