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"The single most important synthetic application of alkyl hydroperoxides is without doubt the metal-catalysed epoxidation of alkenes." In the Halcon process tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) is employed for the production of propylene oxide.
Of specialized interest, chiral epoxides are prepared using hydroperoxides as re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In thermodynamics so-called "specific" quantities are quantities per unit mass (kg) and are denoted by lower-case characters. So h, u, and v are the specific enthalpy, specific internal energy, and specific volume (volume per unit mass, or reciprocal density), respectively. In a Joule–Thomson process the specific entha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Problems in the digestion of phenylalanine (phe) to tyrosine (tyr) lead to the buildup of both phe and phenylpyruvate, in a disease called Phenylketonuria (PKU). These two compounds build up in the blood stream and cerebral spinal fluid, which can lead to mental retardation if left untreated. Treatment consists of a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The output from a colorimeter may be displayed by an analogue or digital meter and may be shown as transmittance (a linear scale from 0 to 100%) or as absorbance (a logarithmic scale from zero to infinity). The useful range of the absorbance scale is from 0 to 2 but it is desirable to keep within the range 0–1, because... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term "polymer" derives . The term was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, though with a definition distinct from the modern IUPAC definition. The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger, who spent the next decade finding experimental e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hash oil is produced by solvent extraction (maceration, infusion or percolation) of marijuana or hashish. After filtering and evaporating the solvent, a sticky resinous liquid with a strong herbal odor (remarkably different from the odor of hemp) remains.
Fresh, undried plant material is less suited for hash oil produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phomoxanthone A was first identified in a screening for antimalarial compounds. It showed strong antibiotic activity against a multidrug-resistant strain of the main causative agent of malaria, the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The same study also reported antibiotic activity of PXA against Mycobacterium tu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetometers based on atomic gasses can perform vector measurements of the magnetic field in the low field regime, where the decay of the atomic coherence becomes faster than the Larmor frequency. The physics of such magnetometers is based on the Hanle effect. Such zero-field optically pumped magnetometers have been t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Squires theorem states that of all the perturbations that may be applied to a shear flow (i.e. a velocity field of the form ), the perturbations which are least stable are two-dimensional, i.e. of the form , rather than the three-dimensional disturbances. This applies to incompressible flows which ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HSC Sim has been primarily developed for the use in the mining and mineral industry, though other use such as modelling of biochemical and organic chemistry processes is possible as well.
In mineral industry the simulator is used for process operator training as an OTS (operator training simulator). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bronze disease is an irreversible and nearly inexorable corrosion process that occurs when chlorides come into contact with bronze or other copper-bearing alloys. It can occur as both a dark green coating, or as a much lighter whitish fuzzy or furry green coating. It is not a bacterial infection, but the result of a c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arthur Frost stated in his own original publication that there may be potential criticism for his Frost diagram. He predicts that “the slopes may not be as easily or accurately recognized as they are the direct numerical values of the oxidation potentials [of the Latimer diagram]”. Many inorganic chemists use both the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Flow waveform for the human respiratory system in lung ventilators, is the shape of air flow that is blown into the patient's airways. Computer technology allows the practitioner to select particular flow patterns, along with volume and pressure settings, in order to achieve the best patient outcomes and reduce com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkane conformers arise from rotation around sp hybridised carbon–carbon sigma bonds. The smallest alkane with such a chemical bond, ethane, exists as an infinite number of conformations with respect to rotation around the C–C bond. Two of these are recognised as energy minimum (staggered conformation) and energy maxim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Advocates of the non-classical nature of the stable 2-norbornyl cation typically depict the species using either resonance structures or a single structure with partial bonds (see Figure 2). This hypovalent interaction can be imagined as the net effect of i) a partial sigma bond between carbons 1 and 6, ii) a partial s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Given that we saw that
If we make the previous assumptions of the fluid being ideal and the velocity being irrotational, then we have
Under these assumptions, our linearized sound equations become
Importantly, since is a constant, we have , and then the second equation tells us that
Or just that
Now, when we use this ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cibacron Blue F3GA, Procion Blue HB, or Reactive blue 2 is a purinergic receptor antagonist, such as P2Y purinoceptor, and also an ATP receptor channels antagonist. It has a formula of CHClNOS and a molecular weight of 774.2 g/mol. Cibacron blue is soluble in water and DMSO, however insoluble in ethanol. In water, satu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α. More accurately, degree of dissociation refers to the amount of solute dissociated into ions or radicals per mole. In case of very strong acids and bases, degree of dissociation wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ink is applied to the photocatalyst coating, usually using either a felt-tipped pen, air-brush, rubber stamp, paint brush, or a drawdown bar, and then exposed it to sunlight or an alternative, appropriate light source. The ink identifies the presence of the photocatalyst coating by changing colour upon irradiation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Veins (sometimes referred to as nerves) constitute one of the most visible features of leaves. The veins in a leaf represent the vascular structure of the organ, extending into the leaf via the petiole and providing transportation of water and nutrients between leaf and stem, and play a crucial role in the maintenance ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gene regulation by miRNA is widespread across many genomes – by some estimates more than 60% of human protein-coding genes are likely to be regulated by miRNA, though the quality of experimental evidence for miRNA-target interactions is often weak. Because processing by microprocessor is a major determinant of miRNA ab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The enthalpy of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the equipartition theorem. If the lattice energy is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy, then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1 molar ideal gas gives a correction for t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The common names for aldehydes do not strictly follow official guidelines, such as those recommended by IUPAC, but these rules are useful. IUPAC prescribes the following nomenclature for aldehydes:
# Acyclic aliphatic aldehydes are named as derivatives of the longest carbon chain containing the aldehyde group. Thus, HC... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The line-operated vacuum tube receiver was invented in 1925 by Edward S. Rogers, Sr. The unit operated with 5 Rogers AC vacuum tubes and the Rogers Battery-Eliminator Power Unit (power supply). This unit was later marketed for $120 as "Type 120". He established the Toronto station CFRB (an abbreviation of Canadas Firs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When any group is present at ortho position to an amide group (NH) in aniline then the basic character of that compound becomes weaker. For example, see the order of basicity of following substituted aniline:-
* p-Toluidine > m-Toluidine > Aniline > o-Toluidine
* Aniline > m-Nitroaniline > p-Nitroaniline > o-Nitroanil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Edward Roberts pursued his undergraduate studies in biochemistry with a minor in music at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England, earning a Bachelor of Science with Honors degree in 1979. He continued his academic journey with a Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on the kind of participants required, sponsors of clinical trials, or contract research organizations working on their behalf, try to find sites with qualified personnel as well as access to patients who could participate in the trial. Working with those sites, they may use various recruitment strategies, inc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many kinds of molecular-weight size markers exist, and each possess unique characteristics, lending to their involvement in a number of biological techniques. Selection of a molecular-weight size marker depends upon the marker type (DNA, RNA, or protein) and the length range it offers (e.g. 1kb). Before selecting a mol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phillips' research on heme proteins and ligand affinity has provided insights into engineering strategies for physiological functions. He explored the impact of His64 in sperm whale myoglobin on ligand affinity, shedding light on structural changes induced by ligand binding and mechanisms of ligand discrimination in my... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There have been several efforts to map eukaryotic interactomes through HTP methods. While no biological interactomes have been fully characterized, over 90% of proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been screened and their interactions characterized, making it the best-characterized interactome. Species whose intera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Both Hahn and Meitner had been nominated for the chemistry and the physics Nobel Prizes many times even before the discovery of nuclear fission for their work on radioactive isotopes and protactinium. Several more nominations followed for the discovery of fission between 1940 and 1943. Nobel Prize nominations were vett... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gamma rays are the highest-energy form of electromagnetic radiation, being physically the same as all other forms (e.g., X-rays, visible light, infrared, radio) but having (in general) higher photon energy due to their shorter wavelength. Because of this, the energy of gamma-ray photons can be resolved individually, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The project is open source - all data and all software that is produced in the project can be freely accessed and used. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The ABCs of Islam
* Clarifying Concepts in Physics
In 2017, the posthumous book “The precise relativity of the point” was published , an extensive compilation of Bukele's thoughts gathered on his Twitter account and his program “Clarifying Concepts”. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A metal salen complex is a coordination compound between a metal cation and a ligand derived from N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine, commonly called salen. The classical example is salcomine, the complex with divalent cobalt , usually denoted as Co(salen). These complexes are widely investigated as catalysts and en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Changes in promoter sequences are critical in evolution as indicated by the relatively stable number of genes in many lineages. For instance, most vertebrates have roughly the same number of protein-coding genes (about 20,000) which are often highly conserved in sequence, hence much of evolutionary change must come fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In forest plantations in British Columbia, an apparently abundant (not measured) meadow vole population was associated with a high rate of "not sufficient regeneration"; damage to tree seedlings was attributed to meadow voles and lemmings (Synaptomys sp.).
The cycle of meadow vole abundance is an important proximate fa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Where primary energy is used to describe fossil fuels, the embodied energy of the fuel is available as thermal energy and around 70% is typically lost in conversion to electrical or mechanical energy. There are very much less significant conversion losses when hydroelectricity, wind and solar power produce electricity,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If a gas is compressed adiabatically, i.e. without outflow of heat from the system, the temperature rises (due to the pressure increase) at a higher rate with respect to isothermal compression, where the performed work is dissipated as heat. The exponent, , with which the expansion of the gas can be calculated by the a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In four dimensions, there are a geometrically chiral finite polytopes. One example is Roli's cube, a skew polytope on the skeleton of the 4-cube. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites thanks to enzymes that, unlike those involved in primary metabolism, are less catalytically efficient but have a larger mechanistic elasticity (reaction types) and broader specificities. The liberal drift threshold (caused by the low selective pressure due to the s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a plant is attacked, it emits GLVs into the environment through the air. How a plant responds depends on the type of damage involved. Plants respond differently to damage from a purely mechanical source and damage from herbivores. Mechanical damage tends to cause damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) invo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Band emission, is the fraction of the total emission from a blackbody that is in a certain wavelength interval or band. For a prescribed temperature T and spectral interval from 0 to λ, it is the ratio of the total emissive power of a black body from 0 to λ to the total emissive power over the entire spectrum. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other methods mapping and profiling the methylome have been effective but are not without their limitations that can affect resolution, level of throughput, or experimental variations. For instance, RLGS is limited by the number of restriction sites in genome that can be targets for the restriction enzyme; typically, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The properties of a photocured material, such as flexibility, adhesion, and chemical resistance, are provided by the functionalized oligomers present in the photocurable composite. Oligomers are typically epoxides, urethanes, polyethers, or polyesters, each of which provide specific properties to the resulting material... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An uncommon class of esters are the orthoesters. One of them are the esters of orthocarboxylic acids. Those esters have the formula , where R stands for any group (organic or inorganic) and R stands for organyl group. For example, triethyl orthoformate () is derived, in terms of its name (but not its synthesis) from es... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Isaac Asimovs short story "Whats in a Name?" (1956) introduced the Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry as an important plot element. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mammals, the eIF4E•G•A trimeric complex can be directly purified from cells, while only the two subunit eIF4E•G can be purified from yeast cells. eIF4E binds the mG 5 cap and the eIF4G scaffold, connecting the mRNA 5 terminus to a hub of other initiation factors and mRNA. The interaction of eIF4G•A is thought to gui... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clore played a pivotal role in the development of three- and four-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, the use of residual dipolar couplings for structure determination, the development of simulated annealing and restrained molecular dynamics for three-dimensional protein and nucleic acid structure determination, the solution... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Smeltmills were water-powered mills used to smelt lead or other metals.
The older method of smelting lead on wind-blown bole hills began to be superseded by artificially-blown smelters. The first such furnace was built by Burchard Kranich at Makeney, Derbyshire in 1554, but produced less good lead than the older bole ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Abergel began her independent career at Berkeley Lab in 2009. She joined the Nuclear Engineering Department of UC Berkeley in 2018 and became the Heavy Element Chemistry Group Leader and Glenn T. Seaborg Center Director at Berkeley Lab that same year. In 2023, she joined the UC Berkeley Chemistry Department and became ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PET can also be used in image guided surgery for the treatment of intracranial tumors, arteriovenous malformations and other surgically treatable conditions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Simultaneously theoretical and computational approaches provided data necessary for identification of new spectra and interpretation of observed line intensities. New laboratory and theoretical data become very useful for spectral observation in space. It was a real upheaval of works on MIA in USA, England, France, Ita... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A potential role for pharmacogenomics is to reduce the occurrence of polypharmacy: it is theorized that with tailored drug treatments, patients will not need to take several medications to treat the same condition. Thus they could potentially reduce the occurrence of adverse drug reactions, improve treatment outcomes, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The principal manuscripts are:
* The Lucca MS, Lucca, Biblioteca Capitolare Feliniana, Codex 490, the oldest witness, c. 800.
* The Sélestat MS, Sélestat, Bibliothèque Humaniste, MS 17. A very full yet old witness, early ninth century.
* The Codex Matritensis (Madrid codex), Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, MS A.16 (Was: ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Science and Technology Council (STC) coordinates the scientific and technical activities of the IIR. The Science and Technology Council includes five distinct Sections that are in turn divided into ten Commissions. The Science and Technology Council includes:
* one President
* six Vice-presidents
* ten Commission P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An amidinate salt has the general structure M[RNRCNR] and can be accessed by reaction of a carbodiimide with an organometallic compound such as methyl lithium. They are used widely as ligands in organometallic complexes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Notable people with mitochondrial disease include:
* Mattie Stepanek, a poet, peace advocate, and motivational speaker who had dysautonomic mitochondrial myopathy, and who died at age 13.
* Rocco Baldelli, a coach and former center fielder in Major League Baseball who had to retire from active play at age 29 due to mit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While the bays salinity is ideal for oysters and the oyster fishery was at one time the bays most commercially viable, the population has in the last fifty years been devastated. Maryland once had roughly of oyster reefs. In 2008 there were about . It has been estimated that in pre-colonial times, oysters could filter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Singly substituted isotopologues may be used for nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, where deuterated solvents such as deuterated chloroform (CDCl) do not interfere with the solutes' H signals, and in investigations of the kinetic isotope effect. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ram compression jet engines are airbreathing engines similar to gas turbine engines in so far as they both use the Brayton cycle. Gas turbine and ram compression engines differ, however, in how they compress the incoming airflow. Whereas gas turbine engines use axial or centrifugal compressors to compress incoming air,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Among the early (group 4 and 5) transition metal elements, few examples of arsenic activation has been reported to date. Carbon monoxide complexes of zirconium with derivatized cyclopentadienyl ligands were shown to react with yellow arsenic in boiling xylene to release CO and bind the As moiety in η-fashion. Trace amo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1%:
* In 1982, a 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a blood alcohol content of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place and survived. Serum alcohol concentratio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
IVF is expensive in China and not generally accessible to unmarried women. In August 2022, China's National Health Authority announced that it will take steps to make assisted reproductive technology more accessible, including by guiding local governments to include such technology in its national medical system.
Croat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
References to silicon carbide heating elements exist from the early 20th century when they were produced by Acheson's Carborundum Co. in the U.S. and EKL in Berlin. Silicon carbide offered increased operating temperatures compared with metallic heaters. Silicon carbide elements are used today in the melting of glass an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Control of Nature is a 1989 nonfiction book by John McPhee that chronicles three attempts to control natural processes that had varying success. The book combines three long essays previously published in The New Yorker: "Atchafalaya", "Cooling the Lava", and "Los Angeles Against the Mountains". These respectively ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formula for decay correcting is:
where is the original activity count at time zero, is the activity at time "t", "λ" is the decay constant, and "t" is the elapsed time.
The decay constant is where "" is the half-life of the radioactive material of interest. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The composition of sea foam is generally a mixture of decomposed organic materials, including zooplankton, phytoplankton, algae (including diatoms), bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and vascular plant detritus, though each occurrence of sea foam varies in its specific contents. In some areas, sea foam is found to be made u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mo can be obtained by the neutron activation (n,γ reaction) of Mo in a high-neutron-flux reactor. However, the most frequently used method is through fission of uranium-235 in a nuclear reactor. While most reactors currently engaged in Mo production use highly enriched uranium-235 targets, proliferation concerns have p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The extent of nephrotoxicity for vancomycin remains controversial. In 1980s, vancomycin with a purity > 90% was available, and kidney toxicity defined by an increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.5 mg/dl, occurred in only about 5% of patients. However, dosing guidelines from the 1980s until 2008 recommended vancomy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A carbazone is a partially oxidized carbazide with the general formula R=NNH(C=O)NH-NHR. The sulfur analog is called a thiocarbazone, of which dithizone is an example. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Selenols are important in certain biological processes. Three enzymes found in mammals contain selenols at their active sites: glutathione peroxidase, iodothyronine deiodinase, and thioredoxin reductase. The selenols in these proteins are part of the essential amino acid selenocysteine. The selenols function as reducin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HABs from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) can appear as a foam, scum, or mat on or just below the surface of water and can take on various colors depending on their pigments. Cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater lakes or rivers may appear bright green, often with surface streaks that look like floating paint. Cyanobacte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), also called TACE (tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme), is a 70-kDa enzyme that belongs to the ADAM protein family of disintegrins and metalloproteases, activated by substrate presentation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Electronics
* Bandgap voltage reference
* Condensed matter physics
* Direct and indirect bandgaps
* Electrical conduction
* Electron hole
* Field-effect transistor
* Light-emitting diode
* Photodiode
* Photoresistor
* Photovoltaics
* Solar cell
* Solid state physics
* Semiconductor
* Semiconductor devices
* Strongly ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the easiest methods of forming azomethine ylides is by condensation of an aldehyde with an amine. If the amine contains an electron-withdrawing group on the alpha carbon, such as an ester, the deprotonation occurs readily. A possible disadvantage of using this method is that the ester ends up in the cycloadditio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike in vivo MRS which is intensively used in clinical settings, fMRS is used primarily as a research tool, both in a clinical context, for example, to study metabolite dynamics in patients with epilepsy, migraine and dyslexia, and to study healthy brains.
fMRS can be used to study metabolism dynamics also in other p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition, the cost of CO emissions avoided through Ca-looping is lower than the cost of emissions avoided via an oxyfuel combustion process (~US$23.8/t). This can be explained by the fact that, despite the capital costs incurred in constructing the carbonator for Ca-looping, CO will not only be captured from the oxy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following is a table of the approximate values of the two relaxation time constants for hydrogen nuclear spins in nonpathological human tissues.
Following is a table of the approximate values of the two relaxation time constants for chemicals that commonly show up in human brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The terms "base" and "alkali" are often used interchangeably, particularly outside the context of chemistry and chemical engineering.
There are various, more specific definitions for the concept of an alkali. Alkalis are usually defined as a subset of the bases. One of two subsets is commonly chosen.
* A basic salt of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA molecules are unique in that they are long, charged polymers which when in a separation medium, such as agarose gel, can exhibit highly non-linear velocity profiles in response to an electric field. As such, DNA is easily separated from other molecules that are not both charged and strongly non-linear, using SCO... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This demonstration of the triplet nature of the genetic code, although carried out with bacteriophage, later proved to be universally applicable to all forms of life.
The results of this experiment inspired many to begin decoding the triplet code discovered by Brenner and Crick et al. Once this paper was published in 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula , where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the group a sulfonyl hydroxide. As a substituent, it is known as a sulfo group. A sulfonic acid can be thought of as sulfuric acid ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical composition of the Earth and other bodies is determined by two opposing processes: differentiation and mixing. In the Earth's mantle, differentiation occurs at mid-ocean ridges through partial melting, with more refractory materials remaining at the base of the lithosphere while the remainder rises to form... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The White catalyst is a transition metal coordination complex named after the chemist by whom it was first synthesized, M. Christina White, a professor at the University of Illinois. The catalyst has been used in a variety of allylic C-H functionalization reactions of α-olefins. In addition, it has been shown to cata... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gastruloid model system draws its origins from work by Marikawa et al.. In that study, small numbers of mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, were aggregated as embryoid bodies (EBs) and used to model and investigate the processes involved in anteroposterior polarity and the formation of a primitive streak regi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He graduated with high honors in chemistry from Yale in 1892, and went on to study analytical methods of inorganic chemistry and rare earth elements for two years in Germany at Ludwig-Maxamillian University of Munich. Afterwards, he returned to Yale and earned a PhD in 1897 and became an instructor in the Sheffield Sc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfur dioxide is a convenient and widely used source of the sulfonyl functional group. Specifically, Sulfur dioxide participates in cycloaddition reactions with dienes.
The industrially useful solvent sulfolane is prepared by addition of sulfur dioxide to buta-1,3-diene followed by hydrogenation of the resulting sulfo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This substance is produced with a wide range of compositions and has many different applications. It is encountered as an additive E 554 in food where it acts as an anticaking (free flow) agent. As it is manufactured with a range of compositions it is not strictly a chemical compound with a fixed stoichiometry. One sup... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Resonance has a deeper significance in the mathematical formalism of valence bond theory (VB). Quantum mechanics requires that the wavefunction of a molecule obey its observed symmetry. If a single contributing structure does not achieve this, resonance is invoked.
For example, in benzene, valence bond theory begins wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Besides having adequate dentinal moisture, agitation of the primers during application of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives may be critical for optimal penetration into the demineralized collagen fibres. It also may aid the evaporation of residual water in the adhesive and hybrid layers, thus preventing nano leakage.
I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inversions and translocations are relatively easy to detect by an invalid pair of sequenced-end. For instance, a translocation can be detected if the paired-ends are mapped onto different chromosomes on the reference genome. Inversion can be detected by divergent orientation of the reads, where the insert will have two... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For example, for a macroscopic scalar field and a macroscopic vector field the definition becomes:
In the scalar case is simply the gradient of a scalar, while is the covariant derivative of the macroscopic vector (which can also be thought of as the Jacobian matrix of as a function of ).
In particular for a sca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It was found that the stability of the complex of copper(II) with the macrocyclic ligand cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) was much greater than expected in comparison to the stability of the complex with the corresponding open-chain amine.
This phenomenon was named the macrocyclic effect and it was also inter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A photocathode is a surface engineered to convert light (photons) into electrons using the photoelectric effect. Photocathodes are important in accelerator physics where they are utilised in a photoinjector to generate high brightness electron beams. Electron beams generated with photocathodes are commonly used for f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In susceptible persons, beryllium exposure can lead to a cell-mediated immune response. The T-cells become sensitized to beryllium. Each subsequent exposure leads to an immune response involving CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes and macrophages accumulating in the lungs. As this response continues macrophages, CD+4 T-lymphocyt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The VSEPR theory also predicts that substitution of a ligand at a central atom by a lone pair of valence electrons leaves the general form of the electron arrangement unchanged with the lone pair now occupying one position. For molecules with five pairs of valence electrons including both bonding pairs and lone pairs, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sit studied detoxification, namely the process of conjugation by which metabolic by-products are made soluble prior to excretion. She also studied metabolism within cancer cells and found aerobic respiration within mitochondria in cancer cells, which contradicts the Warburg hypothesis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ohmic metal-semiconductor contacts are made to both the n-type and p-type sides of the solar cell, and the electrodes connected to an external load. Electrons that are created on the n-type side, or created on the p-type side, "collected" by the junction and swept onto the n-type side, may travel through the wire, powe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Costs for HDS systems depend on site-specific conditions such as land characteristics, amount of runoff to be treated, system depth and performance requirements. Be aware that not all HDS systems are alike in treatment performance, and basing a decision solely on the installation and operating cost of a system may comp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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