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The sunken Colorado pan is square, 0.92 m (3 ft) on a side and 0.46 m (18 in.) deep and made of unpainted galvanized iron. As the name suggests, it is buried in the ground to within about 5 cm (2 in.) of its rim. Evaporation from a Sunken Colorado Pan can be compared with a Class A pan using conversion constants. The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The photopigments used to carry out anaerobic photosynthesis are similar to chlorophyll but differ in molecular detail and peak wavelength of light absorbed. Bacteriochlorophylls a through g absorb electromagnetic radiation maximally in the near-infrared within their natural membrane milieu. This differs from chlorophy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy probes fundamental molecular vibrations, which arise in the spectral range 2,500-25,000 nm. Commercial imaging implementations in the MIR region employ hyperspectral imagers or Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) interferometers, depending on the application. The MIR absorption bands te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chemical reaction may undergo different reaction mechanisms at different temperatures.
In this case, a Van t Hoff plot with two or more linear fits may be exploited. Each linear fit has a different slope and intercept, which indicates different changes in enthalpy and entropy for each distinct mechanisms. The Van t H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The milk fat globule is surrounded by a phospholipid trilayer containing associated proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids derived primarily from the membrane of the secreting mammary epithelial cell (lactocyte). This trilayer is collectively known as MFGM. While MFGM makes up only an estimated 2% to 6% of the total milk ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lilleby smelteverk was a smeltmill located in Lilleby, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway, next to City Lade. It is well known for having produced the world's cleanest ferrosilicon (an alloy that contains iron and silicon) for NASA. Shut down in December 20th, 2002, the production moved to Mo I Rana.
The building ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One possible model for fusion pore formation is the lipid-line pore theory. In this model, once the membranes have been brought into sufficiently close proximity via the "zipper" mechanism of the SNARE complex, membrane fusion occurs spontaneously. It has been shown that when the two membranes are brought within a cr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some centers, the nuclear medicine scans can be superimposed, using software or hybrid cameras, on images from modalities such as CT or MRI to highlight the part of the body in which the radiopharmaceutical is concentrated. This practice is often referred to as image fusion or co-registration, for example SPECT/CT a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffusion-prepared pseudocontinuous ASL (DP-pCASL) is a more recent ASL variant sequence that magnetically labels water molecules and measures their movement across the blood-brain barrier complex, which allows for the calculation of the water exchange rate (kw). kw is used as a surrogate for BBB function and permeabil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Botrytis–induced kinase 1 (BIK1) is a membrane-anchored enzyme in plants. It is a kinase that provides resistance to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens. As its name suggests, BIK1 is only active after being induced by Botrytis infection. When Botrytis cinerea is present, the BIK1 gene is transcribed so that the kina... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is due to the fact that as the fuel expands on heating, the core of the pellet expands more than the rim. Because of the thermal stress thus formed the fuel cracks, the cracks tend to go from the center to the edge in a star shaped pattern. A PhD thesis on the subject has been published by a student at the Royal I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The experiment itself involves having a radioactive positron source (often Na) situated near the analyte. Positrons are emitted near-simultaneously with gamma rays. These gamma rays are detected by a nearby scintillator. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The OCP participates in key protein–protein interactions that are critical to its photoprotective function. The activated OCP form binds to allophycocyanin in the core of the phycobilisome and initiates the OCP-dependent photoprotective quenching mechanism. Another protein, the fluorescence recovery protein (FRP), in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
James Watt's research in pneumatic chemistry involved the use of inflammable (H) and dephlogisticated (O) airs to create water. In 1783, James Watt showed that water was composed of inflammable and dephlogisticated airs, and that the masses of gases before combustion were exactly equal to the mass of water after combu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Davy seriously injured himself in a laboratory accident with nitrogen trichloride. French chemist Pierre Louis Dulong had first prepared this compound in 1811, and had lost two fingers and an eye in two separate explosions with it. In a letter to John Children, on 16 November 1812, Davy wrote: "It must be used with gre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Companion planting was practiced in various forms by the indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans. These peoples domesticated squash 8,000 to 10,000 years ago, then maize, then common beans, forming the Three Sisters agricultural technique. The cornstalk served as a trellis for the beans to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One simplified example of a synexpression group is the genes cdc6, cdc3, cdc46, and swi4 in yeast, which are all co-expressed early in the G-1 stage of the cell cycle., These genes share one common cis-regulatory element, called ECB, which serves as a binding site for the MCM1 trans-acting protein. Although these gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antifreeze glycoproteins or AFGPs are found in Antarctic notothenioids and northern cod. They are 2.6-3.3 kD. AFGPs evolved separately in notothenioids and northern cod. In notothenioids, the AFGP gene arose from an ancestral trypsinogen-like serine protease gene.
*Type I AFP is found in winter flounder, longhorn sculp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RECODE is a database of "programmed" frameshifts, bypassing and codon redefinition used for gene expression. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methods to study interpolymer complexes could be classified into:
:(1) approaches to demonstrate the fact of the complex formation and to determine the composition of IPCs in solutions;
:(2) approaches to study the structure of IPCs formed;
:(3) methods to characterize IPCs in solid state. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term "ultra-deep" can sometimes also refer to higher coverage (>100-fold), which allows for detection of sequence variants in mixed populations. In the extreme, error-corrected sequencing approaches such as Maximum-Depth Sequencing can make it so that coverage of a given region approaches the throughput of a sequen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mode of action through which chromium aided in the regulation of blood glucose levels is poorly understood. Recently, it has been suggested that chromium interacts with the low-molecular weight chromium (LMWCr) binding substance to potentiate the action of insulin. LMWCr has a molecular weight of 1500, and is compo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Temporary tattoo-based sweat diagnostic tools have been demonstrated by Dr. Joseph Wang's group from University of California, San Diego. Their work includes sweat diagnostics for sodium, lactate, ammonium, pH and biofuel opportunities. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In medicine, oxygen saturation refers to oxygenation, or when oxygen molecules () enter the tissues of the body. In this case blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air into the blood. Oxygen saturation (() sats) measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream oc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum (), is a hard chemical compound containing silicon and carbon. A semiconductor, it occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite, but has been mass-produced as a powder and crystal since 1893 for use as an abrasive. Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded tog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solomon joined British Australian Lead Manufacturers Pty Ltd (BALM, which later became Dulux Australia Ltd) as a trainee chemist in 1946 at the age of 16. It was here that he developed his lifelong interest in polymers, and made important observations that the current theories on polymers did not match with what was ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanoparticles often develop or receive coatings of other substances, distinct from both the particles material and of the surrounding medium. Even when only a single molecule thick, these coatings can radically change the particles properties, such as and chemical reactivity, catalytic activity, and stability in suspen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the on-line questions, students will take a test about what they have learned while solving the on-line questions. First grade students in high school take this test. The questions are based on basic chemistry. The test can determine how much the students understand basic chemistry. 80 well-ranked students can jo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Bioelectrochemical reactor is a type of bioreactor where bioelectrochemical processes are used to degrade/produce organic materials using microorganisms. This bioreactor has two compartments: The anode, where the oxidation reaction takes place; And the cathode, where the reduction occurs. At these sites, electrons ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Harrison has been married to Tomas Kirchhausen, who is currently a Professor at Harvard Medical School, since 2013. They first met in 1978 at a small dinner hosted by Ada Yonath. In the fall of 1979, Tom moved to Cambridge, MA, to work with Harrison, and the two have been in a relationship ever since. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methylene blue is widely used as a redox indicator in analytical chemistry. Solutions of this substance are blue when in an oxidizing environment, but will turn colorless if exposed to a reducing agent. The redox properties can be seen in a classical demonstration of chemical kinetics in general chemistry, the "blue bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The algorithm contains a caveat, which concerns rare cases of transition-metal complexes with a type of ligand that is reversibly bonded as a Lewis acid (as an acceptor of the electron pair from the transition metal); termed a "Z-type" ligand in Green's covalent bond classification method. The caveat originates from th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, a triplet state, or spin triplet, is the quantum state of an object such as an electron, atom, or molecule, having a quantum spin S = 1. It has three allowed values of the spins projection along a given axis m' = −1, 0, or +1, giving the name "triplet".
Spin, in the context of quantum mechanics, i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Butyric acid reacts as a typical carboxylic acid: it can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. The latter, butyryl chloride, is commonly used as the intermediate to obtain the others. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formation of a complex between a metal ion, M, and a ligand, L, is in fact usually a substitution reaction. For example, in aqueous solutions, metal ions will be present as aqua ions, so the reaction for the formation of the first complex could be written as
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is given by
[L... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If a specimen must be observed at higher magnification, it can be examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). When equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the chemical composition of the microstructural features can be determined. The ability to detec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lanthanide probes are a non-invasive analytical tool commonly used for biological and chemical applications. Lanthanides are metal ions which have their 4f energy level filled and generally refer to elements cerium to lutetium in the periodic table. The fluorescence of lanthanide salts is weak because the energy absorp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spin–lattice relaxation in the rotating frame is the mechanism by which M, the transverse component of the magnetization vector, exponentially decays towards its equilibrium value of zero, under the influence of a radio frequency (RF) field in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coatings can be both decorative and have other functions. A pipe carrying water for a fire suppression system can be coated with a red (for identification) anticorrosion paint. Most coatings to some extent protect the substrate, such as maintenance coatings for metals and concrete. A decorative coating can offer a p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Doubly-expanded (or naphtho-homologated) nucleobases incorporate a naphthalene spacer instead of a benzene ring, widening the base twice as much with its two-ringed structure. These structures (known as xxDNA and yyDNA) are 4.8Å wider than natural bases and were once again created as a result of Leonard's research on e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
THz-TDS measures the electric field of a pulse and not just the power. Thus, THz-TDS measures both the amplitude and phase information of the frequency components it contains. In contrast, measuring only the power at each frequency is essentially a photon counting technique; information regarding the phase of the light... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pump–probe imaging is ideal for the study and characterization of nanomaterials, such as graphene, nanocubes, nanowires, and a variety of semiconductors, due to their large susceptibilities but weak fluorescence. In particular, single-walled carbon nanotubes have been extensively studied and imaged with submicrometer r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In theoretical chemistry, molecular electronic transitions take place when electrons in a molecule are excited from one energy level to a higher energy level. The energy change associated with this transition provides information on the structure of the molecule and determines many of its properties, such as colour. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another advantage of duplex sequencing is that it can be used in combination with the majority of NGS platforms without making significant changes to the standard protocols. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fulgurites (), commonly called "fossilized lightning", are natural tubes, clumps, or masses of sintered, vitrified, or fused soil, sand, rock, organic debris and other sediments that sometimes form when lightning discharges into ground. When composed of silica, fulgurites are classified as a variety of the mineraloid l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to reinitiation, uORFs contribute to translation initiation based on:
* The nucleotides of an uORF may code for a codon that leads to a highly structured mRNA, causing the ribosome to stall.
* cis- and trans- regulation on translation of the main protein coding sequence.
* Interactions with IRES sites. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. They are embedded in a paracrystalline array on the surface of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts. They are composed of lipids and proteins that include various photosynthetic pigments and redox carriers. For thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Generally, two kinds of reactions occur with xylenes: those involving the methyl groups and those involving the ring C–H bonds. Being benzylic and hence weakened, the C–H bonds of the methyl groups are susceptible to free-radical reactions, including halogenation to the corresponding xylene dichlorides (bis(chlorometh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Solutes can have different effects on surface tension depending on the nature of the surface and the solute:
* Little or no effect, for example sugar at water|air, most organic compounds at oil/air
* Increase surface tension, most inorganic salts at water|air
* Non-monotonic change, most inorganic acids at water|air
* ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this regulatory scheme, every current polluting facility is given or may purchase on an open market an emissions allowance for each unit of a designated pollutant it emits. Operators can then install pollution control equipment, and sell portions of their emissions allowances they no longer need for their own operat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tic56 is also a nuclear encoded protein. The preprotein its gene encodes is 527 amino acids long, weighing close to 62 thousand daltons; the mature form probably undergoes processing that trims it down to something that weighs 56 thousand daltons when it gets imported into the chloroplast. Tic56 is largely embedded ins... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
All dynamic energy budget models follow the energy budget of an individual organism throughout its life cycle; by contrast,"static" energy budget models describe a specific life stage or size of an organism. The main advantage of the DEB-theory based model over most other models is its description of energy assimilatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Therminol is a synthetic heat transfer fluid produced by Eastman Chemical Company.
Therminol fluids are used in a variety of applications, including:
* Hydrocarbon processing (oil and gas, refining, asphalt, gas-to-liquid, etc.)
* Alternative energy and technologies (concentrated solar power, biofuel, organic Rankine c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry and biology a cross-link is a bond or a short sequence of bonds that links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural polymers (such as proteins).
In polymer chemistry "cross-linking" usually refe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beta-2 transferrin is a carbohydrate-free (desialated) isoform of transferrin, which is almost exclusively found in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is not found in blood, mucus or tears, thus making it a specific marker of cerebrospinal fluid, applied as an assay in cases where cerebrospinal fluid leakage is suspected.
Bet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heather D. Willauer (born 1974) is an American analytical chemist and inventor working in Washington, D.C., at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Leading a research team, Willauer has patented a method for removing dissolved carbon dioxide (CO) from seawater, in parallel with hydrogen (H) recovered by c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depending on circumstances, various hydrological, environmental, ecological, and economic side effects can be realised by the implementation of a tidal inlet closure, including:
* change of tide (amplitude, flows) at the seaward side of the dam
* change in bar and gully topography, outside the dam
* removal of tides on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tesoro was a member of several committees of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council concerning toxic materials and fire safety. Other committees she was a part of include: the Fiber Society (founder/president in 1974), Sigma Xi, a Gordon Research Conference committee, the American Chemical S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grignard reagents react with a variety of carbonyl derivatives.
The most common application of Grignard reagents is the alkylation of aldehydes and ketones, i.e. the Grignard reaction:
Note that the acetal functional group (a protected carbonyl) does not react.
Such reactions usually involve an aqueous acidic workup, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Journal of Separation Science is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering analytical chemistry. It was established in 1978 as the Journal of High Resolution Chromatography & Chromatography Communications: HRC & CC. In 1989, it was renamed the Journal of High Resolution Chromatography. It obtained its cu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Original direct converters were designed to extract the energy carried by 100 to 800 keV ions produced by D-T fusion reactions. Those electrostatic converters are not suitable for higher energy product ions above 1 MeV generated by other fusion fuels like the D-He or the p-B aneutronic fusion reactions.
A much shorter ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Powder metallurgy is a class of modern processing techniques in which metals are first powdered, and then formed into the desired shape by heating below the melting point. This is in contrast to casting, which occurs with molten metal. Superalloy manufacturing often employs powder metallurgy because of its material eff... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Pauly reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins. It is named after German chemist Hermann Pauly, who first described the reaction. When proteins containing either tyrosine or histidine are reacted with diazotized sulfanilic acid under alkaline conditions, a red... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sub-surface drainage can be accomplished through drains or pumped wells.<br>
The subsurface drains are characterized by drain depth and drainage capacity factor . The drains are located in the transition zone. The subsurface drainage facility can be applied to natural or artificial drainage systems. The functioning... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When studying urease at about the same time as Michaelis and Menten were studying invertase, Donald Van Slyke and G. E. Cullen made essentially the opposite assumption, treating the first step not as an equilibrium but as an irreversible second-order reaction with rate constant . As their approach is never used today i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many dimensionless numbers in fluid mechanics. The Reynolds number measures the ratio of advection and diffusion effects on structures in the velocity field, and is therefore closely related to Péclet numbers, which measure the ratio of these effects on other fields carried by the flow, for example, temperatu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When applied to existing constructions, the lifetime can be extended considerably. If no macroscopically visible cracks are present, HiFIT is a very suitable remediation tool.
With timely remediation of existing structures there is practically no difference to the life of new treated welds. This gives the potential to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In solution, detergents help solubilize a variety of chemical species by dissociating aggregates and unfolding proteins. Popular surfactants in the biochemistry laboratory are sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Detergents are key reagents to extract protein by lysis of the cells an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The light-protective carotenoid pigments (present in photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae, cyanobacteria and in some bacteria and archaea) have been classified as high priority targets for biosignature models on Mars due to their stability and easy identification by Raman spectroscopy. In this experiment, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In glycogen, every 10 to 14 glucose units, a side branch with an additional chain of glucose units occurs. The side chain attaches at carbon atom 6 of a glucose unit, an α-1,6-glycosidic bond. This connection is catalyzed by a branching enzyme, generally given the name α-glucan branching enzyme. A branching enzyme atta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies on an AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine showed a high and sustained immune response to HPV antigens after injection, including in patients receiving subsequent doses. Immune response was enhanced by the MPL component which triggered local NF-kB and cytokine production, leading to increased activation of antigen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typical efficiency of a full floor coverage diffused aeration system in clean water is 2%/ft submergence or 6.6%/m submergence. When converted to mass transfer into process or dirty water, it is typically closer to about half of those figures. Manufacturers of fine bubble systems have supported claims that the type, n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CPC offers direct scale-up from analytical apparatuses (few milliliters) to industrial apparatuses (several liters) for fast batch-production. CPC seems particularly suited to accommodate aqueous two-phase solvent systems. Generally, CPC instruments can retain solvent systems that are not well-retained in a hydrodynami... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monopolin is a protein complex that in budding yeast is composed of the four proteins CSM1, HRR25, LRS4, and MAM1. Monopolin is required for the segregation of homologous centromeres to opposite poles of a dividing cell during anaphase I of meiosis. This occurs by bridging DSN1 kinetochore proteins to sister kinetochor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Synthesis of carbido clusters can be accomplished by hydrolysis, thermolysis of labile ligands, thermal rearrangements, and photolysis. Their synthesis has historically been crudely achieved by serendipitous chance following apparent random molecular organization. One example is the following reaction: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although oxygen levels inside processing equipment are usually low, it cannot be fully excluded and thermal-oxidation will usually take place more readily than degradation that is exclusively thermal (i.e. without air). Reactions follow the general autoxidation mechanism, leading to the formation of organic peroxides a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another pitch-in-funnel demonstration was begun in 1902 by the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh and is in Edinburgh at the Royal Scottish Museum's successor institution the National Museum of Scotland. The known records of its behaviour are incomplete: it is known to have dripped once at some time between 4 and 6 Jun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Polymorphism is the occurrence of multiple crystalline forms of a material. It is found in many crystalline materials including polymers, minerals, and metals. According to Gibbs' rules of phase equilibria, these unique crystalline phases are dependent on intensive variables such as pressure and temperature. Polymorp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes romanized as Mendeleyev, Mendeleiev, or Mendeleef; ; , ; 8 February [<nowiki/>O.S. 27 January] 18342 February [O.S. 20 January] 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is best known for formulating the Periodic Law and creating a version of the periodic table of elements. He ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Accelerated studies have been in use since at least the mid-1950s, at least for biological reference materials. CRMs are typically monitored at a range of temperatures and the results are used to predict the rate of change at a proposed, usually low, storage temperature. Often, the prediction uses a well known degradat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The feasibility of Tc production with the 22-MeV-proton bombardment of a Mo target in medical cyclotrons was demonstrated in 1971. The recent shortages of Tc reignited the interest in the production of "instant" 99mTc by proton bombardment of isotopically enriched Mo targets (>99.5%) following the reaction Mo(p,2n)Tc. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sharpless developed stereoselective oxidation reactions, and showed that the formation of an inhibitor with femtomolar potency can be catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, beginning with an azide and an alkyne. He discovered several chemical reactions which have transformed asymmetric synthesis from science fic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase - D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) - database search - degeneracy (biology) - deletion - denaturation - denaturing gel - deoxyribonuclease (DNase) - deoxyribonucleic acid - deoxyribonucleotide - deoxyuridine phosphorylase - diabetes mellitus - dideoxy sequencing - dideoxyribonucleotide... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The surface elevation η and the velocity potential Φ are, according to Stokess second-order theory of surface gravity waves on a fluid layer of mean depth h':
Observe that for finite depth the velocity potential Φ contains a linear drift in time, independent of position (x and z). Both this temporal drift and the doubl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Despite its highly pyrophoric nature, diethylzinc is an important chemical reagent. It is used in organic synthesis as a source of the ethyl carbanion in addition reactions to carbonyl groups. For example, the asymmetric addition of an ethyl group to benzaldehyde and imines.
Additionally, it is commonly used in combina... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first definitive description of a chloroplast (Chlorophyllkörnen, "grain of chlorophyll") was given by Hugo von Mohl in 1837 as discrete bodies within the green plant cell. In 1883, Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper named these bodies as "chloroplastids" (Chloroplastiden). In 1884, Eduard Strasburger adopted the term ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The membrane process utilizes biofilm, a naturally occurring substance found in lakes, rivers, rocks, and other natural formations. They are utilized by causing the necessary biomass/organic matter to attach to the desired area. The solid particles are too big to permeate the membrane, so only pure liquid is able to ge... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since a gyromagnetic factor equal to 2 follows from Diracs equation, it is a frequent misconception to think that a -factor 2 is a consequence of relativity; it is not. The factor 2 can be obtained from the linearization of both the Schrödinger equation and the relativistic Klein–Gordon equation (which leads to Diracs)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most commonly used PCMs are salt hydrates, fatty acids and esters, and various paraffins (such as octadecane). Recently also ionic liquids were investigated as novel PCMs.
As most of the organic solutions are water-free, they can be exposed to air, but all salt based PCM solutions must be encapsulated to prevent wa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, the U.S. EPA had established a tolerance level for apples at 10 ppm, and for meat and milk at 0 ppm. The tentative LOAEL was 10 mg/kg/day In 1997 EPA approved the reregistration of diphenylamine, and determined that recommended tolerances met the safety ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Studies have shown that people who are atopic (sensitive), already have allergies, asthma, or compromised immune systems and occupy damp or moldy buildings are at an increased risk of health problems such as inflammatory responses to mold spores, metabolites such as mycotoxins, and other components. Other problems are ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pasteur responded to Liebigs works, often through his own writings, and using results from his own experiments to support his theories. For example, in 1858, Pasteur wrote a paper trying to disprove Liebigs theory that fermentation cannot be caused by the growth of the yeast when it takes place when yeast is added to p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TISAB is very commonly applied to fluoride ion analysis such as in fluoride ion selective electrodes.
There are four main constituents to TISAB, namely CDTA (cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetate), sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and acetic acid (ethanoic acid), which are all dissolved in deionised water. Hence, TISAB h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Blade element momentum theory is a theory that combines both blade element theory and momentum theory. It is used to calculate the local forces on a propeller or wind-turbine blade. Blade element theory is combined with momentum theory to alleviate some of the difficulties in calculating the induced velocities at the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that 3 million agricultural workers in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides each year, resulting in 18,000 deaths. According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In industrial corona and plasma processes, cost-efficient and rapid analytical methods are required for confirming adequate surface functionality on a given substrate. Measuring the surface energy is an indirect method for confirming the presence of surface functional groups without the need for microscopy or spectrosc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1763, James Watt was working as instrument maker at the University of Glasgow when he was assigned the job of repairing a model Newcomen engine and noted how inefficient it was.
In 1765, Watt conceived the idea of equipping the engine with a separate condensation chamber, which he called a "condenser". Because the c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agrominerals allow for nutrients to be added to the soil after a long history of crops depleting it. The agriculture industry is suffering from its high loss rate in arable layers in the soil and ground nutrients compared to the natural replenishment rate. Remineralization looks into the process of taking rock powders ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In oceanography, temperature-salinity diagrams, sometimes called T-S diagrams, are used to identify water masses. In a T-S diagram, rather than plotting each water property as a separate "profile," with pressure or depth as the vertical coordinate, potential temperature (on the vertical axis) is plotted versus salinity... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The protection of food from photodegradation is very important. Some nutrients, for example, are affected by degradation when exposed to sunlight. In the case of beer, UV radiation causes a process that entails the degradation of hop bitter compounds to 3-methyl-2-buten-1-thiol and therefore changes the taste. As amber... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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