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Dextrorotation and laevorotation (also spelled levorotation) in chemistry and physics are the optical rotation of plane-polarized light. From the point of view of the observer, dextrorotation refers to clockwise or right-handed rotation, and laevorotation refers to counterclockwise or left-handed rotation.
A chemical c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The two first partial derivatives of the vdW equation are
The first equation is , while the second is , where , the isothermal compressibility, is a measure of the relative increase of volume from an increase of pressure, at constant temperature, while , the coefficient of thermal expansion, is a measure of the relativ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chesapeake Bay is home to numerous fauna that either migrate to the Bay at some point during the year or live there year-round. There are over 300 species of fish and numerous shellfish and crab species. Some of these include the Atlantic menhaden, striped bass, American eel, eastern oyster, Atlantic horseshoe crab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SNP detection through molecular beacons makes use of a specifically engineered single-stranded oligonucleotide probe. The oligonucleotide is designed such that there are complementary regions at each end and a probe sequence located in between. This design allows the probe to take on a hairpin, or stem-loop, structure... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The planning of radiation therapy treatment has been revolutionized by the ability to delineate tumors and adjacent normal structures in three dimensions using specialized CT and/or MRI scanners and planning software.
Virtual simulation, the most basic form of planning, allows more accurate placement of radiation beams... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A capsule is a gelatinous envelope enclosing the active substance. Capsules can be designed to remain intact for some hours after ingestion in order to delay absorption. They may also contain a mixture of slow and fast
release particles to produce rapid and sustained absorption in the same dose. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pair of cyclopentadienyl ligands can be covalently linked giving rise to so-call ansa metallocenes. The angle between the two Cp rings is fixed. Rotation of the rings about the metal-centroid axis is stopped as well. A related class of derivatives give rise to the constrained geometry complexes. In these cases, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The helium trimer (or trihelium) is a weakly bound molecule consisting of three helium atoms. Van der Waals forces link the atoms together. The combination of three atoms is much more stable than the two-atom helium dimer. The three-atom combination of helium-4 atoms is an Efimov state. Helium-3 is predicted to form a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In transhydrocyanation, an equivalent of HCN is transferred from a cyanohydrin, e.g. acetone cyanohydrin, to another HCN acceptor. The transfer is an equilibrium process, initiated by base. The reaction can be driven by trapping reactions or by the use of a superior HCN acceptor, such as an aldehyde. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For some uses in nuclear technology, the content of zinc-64 in zinc metal has to be lowered in order to prevent formation of radioisotopes by its neutron activation. Diethyl zinc is used as the gaseous feed medium for the centrifuge cascade. An example of a resulting material is depleted zinc oxide, used as a corrosion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polypyrrole (PPy) is suited for PTT applications because of its strong NIR absorbance, large PCE, stability, and biocompatibility. In vivo experiments show that tumors treated with PPy NPs could be effectively eliminated under the irradiation of an 808 nm laser (1 W cm, 5 min). PPy nanosheets exhibit promising photothe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Even though the sequencing accuracy for each individual nucleotide is very high, the very large number of nucleotides in the genome means that if an individual genome is only sequenced once, there will be a significant number of sequencing errors. Furthermore, many positions in a genome contain rare single-nucleotide p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gated drug delivery systems are a method of controlled drug release that center around the use of physical molecules that cover the pores of drug carriers until triggered for removal by an external stimulus. Gated drug delivery systems are a recent innovation in the field of drug delivery and pose as a promising candid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carmalt studied chemistry at Newcastle University. She graduated with first class honours in 1992 before starting her doctoral research with Nick Norman. Her research considered the heavy elements of the Boron group and Pnictogen group. After earning her doctorate she spent two years as a postdoc at the University of T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After earning her PhD, Simon was offered a position at DuPont’s Pioneer Research Lab in Buffalo, New York. Here, she worked to develop new catalysts to change the properties of synthetic polymers. This work led to the development of two polymers which would later be named Dacron and Orlon.
After completing her work wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cisplatin is the square planar coordination complex cis-[Pt(NH)Cl]. The prefix cis indicates the cis isomer in which two similar ligands are in adjacent positions. The systematic chemical name of this molecule is cis–diamminedichloroplatinum, where ammine with two m's indicates an ammonia (NH) ligand, as opposed to an ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Turbidity in open water may be caused by growth of phytoplankton. Human activities that disturb land, such as construction, mining and agriculture, can lead to high sediment levels entering water bodies during rain storms due to storm water runoff. Areas prone to high bank erosion rates as well as urbanized areas also ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heterogeneous catalysts are easily removed from a reaction mixture by filtration. Although some amount of metal catalyst typically remains in the product from leaching, these amounts tend to be lower than those remaining after workup of a homogenous metal-catalyzed cross-coupling. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The al-Hijarah missile warhead was probably filled with chemical weapons and biological weapons possessed by Iraq at that time like anthrax, botulinum toxin, aflatoxin, sarin, cyclosarin and VX nerve agent. The al-Hijarah missile being a version of the al Hussein also suffered from flight instability and improper guida... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluxing salt, like chlorides are also liquid inclusions. They come from flux treatments added to the melt for cleaning. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For liquid moving quickly over a surface, the contact angle can be altered from its value at rest. The advancing contact angle will increase with speed, and the receding contact angle will decrease. The discrepancies between static and dynamic contact angles are closely proportional to the capillary number, noted . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most mononuclear carbonyl complexes are colorless or pale yellow volatile liquids or solids that are flammable and toxic. Vanadium hexacarbonyl, a uniquely stable 17-electron metal carbonyl, is a blue-black solid. Dimetallic and polymetallic carbonyls tend to be more deeply colored. Triiron dodecacarbonyl (Fe(CO)) form... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Similarly, if a fraction of moles of solute associate to form one mole of an n-mer (dimer, trimer, etc.), then
For the dimerisation of acetic acid in benzene:
: 2 CHCOOH (CHCOOH)
2 moles of acetic acid associate to form 1 mole of dimer, so that
For association in the absence of dissociation, the van 't Hoff factor i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A cap-membrane-binding domain is found in prokaryotic lactate dehydrogenase. This consists of a large seven-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet flanked on both sides by alpha-helices. It allows for membrane association. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many classes of compounds with C–O–C linkages are not considered ethers: Esters (R–C(=O)–O–R′), hemiacetals (R–CH(–OH)–O–R′), carboxylic acid anhydrides (RC(=O)–O–C(=O)R′).
There are compounds which, instead of C in the linkage, contain heavier group 14 chemical elements (e.g., Si, Ge, Sn, Pb). Such compounds are cons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Composition of isometries mixes kinds in assorted ways. We can think of the identity as either two mirrors or none; either way, it has no effect in composition. And two reflections give either a translation or a rotation, or the identity (which is both, in a trivial way). Reflection composed with either of these could ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MUSE system mainly serves as a low-cost alternative to traditional histological analysis for cancer diagnostics with simpler and less time-consuming techniques. By integrating microscopy and fresh tissue fluorescence staining into an automated optical system, the overall acquiring time needed for getting digital images... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the glassy state, the movements of the long chain segments are frozen, the movements of these segments depend on an activation temperature that brings the polymer to a smoothing and elastic state, the rotation on the carbon bonds and the movements of the chains no longer have strong impediments to accommodate and ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dextrorotary (+)- or d- enantiomer is (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine, whereas the levorotating (−)- or l- form is (1R,2R)-pseudoephedrine.
In the outdated system (+)-pseudoephedrine is also referred to as pseudoephedrine and (−)-pseudoephedrine as pseudoephedrine (in the Fisher projection then the phenyl ring is drawn at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following inclusion types can also be found in aluminium alloys: alumina needles (AlO), nitrides (AlN), iron oxides (FeO), manganese oxides (MnO), fluorides (NaAlF, NaF, CaF, …), aluminium borides (AlB, AlB), borocarbides (AlCB).
Bone ash (Ca(PO)) sometimes added to patch cracks in the trough can be found as inclus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1954, research into the chemistry of ferrocene began at the Department of Organic Chemistry at Moscow State University and at INEOS under the direction of Nesmeyanov. It turned out that the functional derivatives of ferrocene react similarly to aromatic compounds. However, it has been shown that the electronic effec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism by which conservative transposition occurs is called the "cut-and-paste" method, which involves five main steps:
# The transposase enzyme is bound to the inverted repeated sequences flanking the ends of the transposon Inverted repeats define the ends of transposons and provide recognition sites for transp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxygen and nitrogen occur in the form of different isotopes which vary in their proportions geospatially and climatically. Oxygen is absorbed into the body in the form of HO and is used in the growth of tissues. As with carbon, oxygen isotopic ratio variances can be attributed to specific locations and the proportion o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The association of phosphorylation and the reduction of an electron acceptor such as ferricyanide increase similarly with the addition of phosphate, magnesium (Mg), and ADP. The existence of these three components is important for maximal reductive and phosphorylative activity. Similar increases in the rate of ferricya... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some amphibians and reptiles have the ability to regenerate limbs, eyes, spinal cords, hearts, intestines, and upper and lower jaws. The Japanese fire belly newt can regenerate its eye lens 18 times over a period of 16 years and retain its structural and functional properties. The cells at the site of the injury have t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the first human genome draft the fraction of LINE elements of the human genome was given as 21% and their copy number as 850,000. Of these, L1, L2 and L3 elements made up 516,000, 315,000 and 37,000 copies, respectively. The non-autonomous SINE elements which depend on L1 elements for their proliferation make up 13%... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As an ordinary acid chloride, isobutyryl chloride is the subject of many reported transformations. Dehydrohalogenation of isobutyryl chloride with triethylamine gives 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanedione. Treatment of isobutyryl chloride with hydrogen fluoride gives the acid fluoride. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon has two stable isotopes, C and C, and one radioactive isotope, C.
The stable carbon isotope ratio, δC, is measured against Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB). The stable carbon isotopes are fractionated primarily by photosynthesis (Faure, 2004). The C/C ratio is also an indicator of paleoclimate: a change in the ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some microorganisms utilize selenium in formate dehydrogenase. Formate is produced in large amounts in the hepatic (liver cells) mitochondria of embryonic cells and in cancer cells by the folate cycle.
Formate is reversibly oxidized by the enzyme formate dehydrogenase:
:HCO → CO + H + 2 e | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pipe bursting may also be used to expand pipeline carrying capacity by replacing smaller pipes with larger ones, or "upsizing." Extensive proving work by the gas and water industries has demonstrated the feasibility of upsizing gas mains, water mains and sewers. Upsizing from 100mm to 225mm diameter is now well estab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcription factor II D (TFD) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ekimov was awarded the 1975 USSR State Prize in Science and Engineering for work on electron spin orientation in semiconductors. He is co-recipient of the 2006 R. W. Wood Prize of the Optical Society of America for "discovery of nanocrystal quantum dots and pioneering studies of their electronic and optical properties"... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iphigenia Photaki (, ; also known after marriage as Iphigenia Vourvidou-Photaki, ; 1921–1983) was a Greek organic chemist remembered for her contributions in peptide chemical synthesis, especially in the synthesis of biologically/enzymatically active peptides.
Photaki was in 1965 the fourth woman overall to be habilita... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ionium-thorium dating is a technique for determining the age of marine sediments based upon the quantities present of nearly stable thorium-232 and more radioactive thorium-230. (Th was once known as ionium, before it was realised it was the same element as Th.)
Uranium (in nature, predominantly uranium-238) is soluble... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* National Representative for Greece in Horizon 2020 Committee in the European Union for the European Research Council (ERC),
the Mari Sklodowska-Curie actions, and the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Brussels, Belgium (2014–present)
* National Deputy Representative for Greece and Specialist for Nanotechnology ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silencing of transposon transcripts can vary in completeness of silencing as well as in duration of alteration. Plants employ a number of methods, which range from elimination of transcripts to complete epigenetic silencing. In general, these can be sorted into two strategies:
* Gene silencing#Post-transcriptional gene... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Particle-induced X-ray emission or proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is a technique used for determining the elemental composition of a material or a sample. When a material is exposed to an ion beam, atomic interactions occur that give off EM radiation of wavelengths in the x-ray part of the electromagnetic spectru... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Schulze in 1967 defined intermetallic compounds as solid phases containing two or more metallic elements, with optionally one or more non-metallic elements, whose crystal structure differs from that of the other constituents. Under this definition, the following are included:
# Electron (or Hume-Rothery) compounds
# Si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Burying biomass (such as trees) directly mimics the natural processes that created fossil fuels. The global potential for carbon sequestration using wood burial is estimated to be 10 ± 5 GtC/yr and largest rates in tropical forests (4.2 GtC/yr), followed by temperate (3.7 GtC/yr) and boreal forests (2.1 GtC/yr). In 200... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Available dosage forms include liquids, syrups, drops, elixirs, effervescent tablets and powders for mixing with water, capsules, tablets including extended-release formulations, suppositories, compounding powder, and injections. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chaotropic agent is a molecule in water solution that can disrupt the hydrogen bonding network between water molecules (i.e. exerts chaotropic activity). This has an effect on the stability of the native state of other molecules in the solution, mainly macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) by weakening the hydroph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first high-volume product (> 5Mio actuators / year) is an automotive valve used to control low pressure pneumatic bladders in a car seat that adjust the contour of the lumbar support / bolsters. The overall benefits of SMA over traditionally-used solenoids in this application (lower noise/EMC/weight/form factor/pow... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Supercritical drying is a method of removing solvent without surface tension effects. As a liquid dries, the surface tension drags on small structures within a solid, causing distortion and shrinkage. Under supercritical conditions there is no surface tension, and the supercritical fluid can be removed without distorti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sometimes referred to as a PIG (pipeline inspection gauge), the camera and lights are mounted in a swivelling head attached to a cylindrical body. The camera head can pan and tilt remotely. Integrated into the camera head are lighting devices, typically LEDs, for illuminating the pipeline. The camera is connected to di... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To determine whether the flow is stable or unstable, one often employs the method of linear stability analysis. In this type of analysis, the governing equations and boundary conditions are linearized. This is based on the fact that the concept of stable or unstable is based on an infinitely small disturbance. For such... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Antisense transcripts are stretches of non coding mRNA that are complementary to the coding sequence. Genome wide studies have shown that RNA antisense transcripts occur commonly within nature. They are generally believed to increase the coding potential of the genetic code and add an overall layer of complexity to gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
We would normally use pressure head calculations in areas in which is constant. However, if the gravitational field fluctuates, we can prove that pressure head fluctuates with it.
* If we consider what would happen if gravity decreases, we would expect the fluid in the venturi meter shown above to withdraw from the pi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic peroxides are widely used to initiate polymerization of olefins, e.g. the formation of polyethylene. A key step is homolysis:
The tendency to homolyze is also exploited to modify polymers by grafting or visbreaking, or cross-link polymers to create a thermoset. When used for these purposes, the peroxide is hig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to being parasites themselves, copepods are subject to parasitic infection. The most common parasites are marine dinoflagellates of the genus Blastodinium, which are gut parasites of many copepod species. Twelve species of Blastodinium are described, the majority of which were discovered in the Mediterranea... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Excimer lamps emit narrow-band UVC and vacuum-ultraviolet radiation at a variety of wavelengths depending on the medium. They are mercury-free and reach full output quicker than a mercury lamp, and generate less heat. Excimer emission at 207 and 222 nm appears to be safer than traditional 254 nm germicidal radiation, d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the metabolic pathway is conserved across species, the genes are similar too. Extensive studies on the regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been done. The IMD family of genes and gua1 in yeast correspond to guaB and guaA. Here only IMD genes are guanine sensitive and not gua1 unlike in prokaryotes where th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aerobic digestion is a process in sewage treatment designed to reduce the volume of sewage sludge and make it suitable for subsequent use. More recently, technology has been developed that allows the treatment and reduction of other organic waste, such as food, cardboard and horticultural waste.
It is a bacterial proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molten chloride salt mixtures are commonly used as quenching baths for various alloy heat treatments, such as annealing and martempering of steel. Cyanide and chloride salt mixtures are used for surface modification of alloys such as carburizing and nitrocarburizing of steel.
Cryolite (a fluoride salt) is used as a sol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The spatial arrangement of the selected plant species influences the vegetation system and the greater habitat system. Spatial planning determines interactions between plant species. These interactions can be facilitative or competitive. Planting certain species together can protect one or both from extreme temperature... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Expression of phosphocholine-modified and unsubstituted C. elegans paucimannosidic glycans is reportedly development stage-specific, implying important roles in nematodal development. In support, C. elegans hex-2 gene knock-out mutants displayed reduced paucimannosidic protein levels and altered sensitivity towards nem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Detonation spray coatings are applied using a detonation gun (D-gun) which is composed of a long-water-cooled metal barrel containing inlet valves for introducing gases and powders into the chamber. A preselected amount of the desired protective coating material known as feedstock (in powder form of particle size 5–60μ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heat of formation group additivity methods in thermochemistry enable the calculation and prediction of heat of formation of organic compounds based on additivity. This method was pioneered by S. W. Benson. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NS5A is a large hydrophilic phosphoprotein that is essential for the HCV life cycle and is found in association with virus-induced membrane vesicles, termed the membranous web. NS5A is a proline-rich protein composed of approximately 447 amino acids, which is divided into three domains. These domains are linked by two ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fundamental unit within a geopolymer structure is a tetrahedral complex consisting of Si or Al coordinated through covalent bonds to four oxygens. The geopolymer framework results from the cross-linking between these tetrahedra, which leads to a 3-dimensional aluminosilicate network, where the negative charge assoc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1920s, Otto Heinrich Warburg discovered an intriguing bioenergetic phenotype shared by most tumor cells: a higher-than-normal reliance on lactic acid fermentation for energy generation. He is known as the "Father of Oncometabolism". Although the roots of this research field trace back to the 1920s, it was only r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A method for nitrogen fixation was first described by Henry Cavendish in 1784 using electric arcs reacting nitrogen and oxygen in air. This method was implemented in the Birkeland–Eyde process of 1903. The fixation of nitrogen by lightning is a very similar natural occurring process.
The possibility that atmospheric ni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nitrogen centres of hexachlorophosphazene are weakly basic, and this Lewis base behaviour has been suggested to play a role in the polymerisation mechanism. Specifically, hexachlorophosphazene has been reported to form adducts of various stoichiometries with Lewis acids Aluminium chloride|, Aluminium bromide|, Gall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Repurposing generics can have groundbreaking effects for patients: 35% of transformative drugs approved by the US FDA are repurposed products. Repurposing is especially relevant for rare or neglected diseases.
A number of successes have been achieved, the foremost including sildenafil (Viagra) for erectile dysfunction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acids with a pH of less than 2 or alkalis with a pH above 12 are capable of causing the most extensive injuries in ingestions. Alkalis damage tissue by saponifying fats, leading to liquefaction necrosis which allows the alkalis to reach deeper tissues. Acids denature proteins via coagulation necrosis, this type of necr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Colorimetric analysis is a method of determining the concentration of a chemical element or chemical compound in a solution with the aid of a color reagent. It is applicable to both organic compounds and inorganic compounds and may be used with or without an enzymatic stage. The method is widely used in medical labora... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The RNA world hypothesis assumes that very early in evolution, prior to the emergence of DNA as a genetic material and prior to the emergence of protein enzymes, RNA was the key player in the emergence of life. A central idea in this hypothesis is an RNA replicase (ribozyme) that is capable of copying its own genome. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectral and spatial is collected by the detection system. The spatial component catches the position of the particles distribution across the width of the sorting machine, which is then used in case the ejection mechanism is activated for a single particle. Spectral data comprises the features that are used for materi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main disadvantage of green roofs is that the initial cost of installing a green roof can be double that of a normal roof. Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher, but some types of green roof have little or no ongoing cost. Some kinds of green roofs also place higher demand... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this context exposure is defined as the contact between an agent and a target. Contact takes place at an exposure surface over an exposure period.
Mathematically, exposure is defined as <br>
where is exposure, is a concentration that varies with time between the beginning and end of exposure. It has dimensions of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The physical process of non-linear inverse Compton scattering has been first introduced theoretically in different scientific articles starting from 1964. Before this date, some seminal works had emerged dealing with the description of the classical limit of NICS, called non-linear Thomson scattering or multiphoton Tho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Promoter - commonly used inducible promoters are promoters derived from lac operon and the T7 promoter. Other strong promoters used include Trp promoter and Tac-Promoter, which are a hybrid of both the Trp and Lac Operon promoters.
* Ribosome binding site (RBS) - follows the promoter, and promotes efficient translat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Naturally occurring moissanite is found in only minute quantities in certain types of meteorite, corundum deposits, and kimberlite. Virtually all the silicon carbide sold in the world, including moissanite jewels, is synthetic.
Natural moissanite was first found in 1893 as a small component of the Canyon Diablo meteori... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hybrid dysgenesis refers to the high rate of mutation in germ line cells of Drosophila strains resulting from a cross of males with autonomous P elements (P Strain/P cytotype) and females that lack P elements (M Strain/M cytotype). The hybrid dysgenesis syndrome is marked by temperature-dependent sterility, elevated mu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To diketone 23, sodium acetylide(Alkynylation) was added (bringing in carbon atoms 22 and 23) to give alkyne 24. This compound was reduced to the allyl alcohol 25 using the Lindlar catalyst and lithium aluminium hydride removed the remaining amide group in 26. An allylic rearrangement to alcohol 27 (isostrychnine) was ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a separation technique, GPC has many advantages. First of all, it has a well-defined separation time due to the fact that there is a final elution volume for all unretained analytes. Additionally, GPC can provide narrow bands, although this aspect of GPC is more difficult for polymer samples that have broad ranges o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry and biochemistry, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
relates the pH of a chemical solution of a weak acid to the numerical value of the acid dissociation constant, K, of acid and the ratio of the concentrations, of the acid and its conjugate base in an equilibrium.
For example, the acid may be acetic aci... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genomic biomarkers analyze DNA by identifying irregular sequences in the genome, typically a single nucleotide polymorphism. Genetic biomarkers are particularly significant in cancer because most cancer cell lines carry somatic mutations. Somatic mutations are distinguishable from hereditary mutations because the mut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the surface object moves, it continuously generates small disturbances which are the sum of sinusoidal waves with a wide spectrum of wavelengths. Those waves with the longest wavelengths have phase speeds above and dissipate into the surrounding water and are not easily observed. Other waves with phase speeds at or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Any signal that can be represented as a variable that varies in time has a corresponding frequency spectrum. This includes familiar entities such as visible light (perceived as color), musical notes (perceived as pitch), radio/TV (specified by their frequency, or sometimes wavelength) and even the regular rotation of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isometries of the Euclidean plane fall into four categories (see the article Euclidean plane isometry for more information).
*Translations, denoted by T, where v is a vector in R. This has the effect of shifting the plane applying displacement vector v.
*Rotations, denoted by R, where c is a point in the plane (the cen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peter Jonathan Rutledge is a New Zealand chemist and professor at the School of Chemistry, University of Sydney. His research has focused on drug development for tuberculosis, antibiotics, and metal sensing. He has engaged in some research activity on catalysis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tar was used as seal for roofing shingles and tar paper and to seal the hulls of ships and boats. For millennia, wood tar was used to waterproof sails and boats, but today, sails made from inherently waterproof synthetic substances have reduced the demand for tar. Wood tar is still used to seal traditional wooden boats... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The transformation that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D occurs in two steps. First, 7-dehydrocholesterol is photolyzed by ultraviolet light in a 6-electron conrotatory ring-opening electrocyclic reaction; the product is previtaminD. Second, previtaminD spontaneously isomerizes to vitaminD (cholecalciferol) i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Broad-base adoption of mass timber and their role in substituting steel and concrete in new mid-rise construction projects over the next few decades has the potential to turn timber buildings into carbon sinks, as they store the carbon dioxide taken up from the air by trees that are harvested and used as mass timber. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first iron-cased and metal-cylinder rockets (Mysorean rockets) were developed by the Mysorean army of the South Indian Kingdom of Mysore in the 1780s. The Mysoreans successfully used these iron-cased rockets against the Presidency armies of the East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Let q = (q, q, q) and p = (p, p, p) denote the position vector and momentum vector of a particle of an ideal gas, respectively. Let F denote the net force on that particle. Then (two times) the time-averaged kinetic energy of the particle is:
where the first equality is Newtons second law, and the second line uses Hami... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, mixed acid fermentation is the metabolic process by which a six-carbon sugar (e.g. glucose, ) is converted into a complex and variable mixture of acids. It is an anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) fermentation reaction that is common in bacteria. It is characteristic for members of the Enterobacteriaceae... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon tetraiodide is a tetrahalomethane with the molecular formula CI. Being bright red, it is a relatively rare example of a highly colored methane derivative. It is only 2.3% by weight carbon, although other methane derivatives are known with still less carbon. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Dutch (the Netherlands), who are members of the International Hallmarking Convention, have been striking hallmarks since at least 1814, and boast a 600-year history of hallmarking in Dutch territories. Like many other nations, the Dutch require the registration and use of Responsibility Marks since 1797. The Dutch ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Diffusion hardening is performed by completely surrounding a metal part with the element to be diffused into it in either the solid, liquid, or gas phase depending on the type of diffusion process being performed. The concentration of the diffusing element surrounding the part must be higher than the concentration of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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