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A non-profit research and testing organization, the Instrumentation Testing Association (ITA) can provide results of field testing online TOC analysers in an industrial wastewater application. Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority (GCWDA), Bayport Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant in Pasadena, Texas sponsored and con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oxides of d metals such as , , dissolve at high pH to give orthometalates, , , . For and , the nature of the dissolved species at high pH is less clear, but these oxides also form polyoxometalates.
As the pH is lowered, orthometalates protonate to give oxide–hydroxide compounds such as and . These species conde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stable carbenes are very reactive, and so the minimum amount of handling is desirable using air-free techniques. However, provided rigorously dry, relatively non-acidic and air-free materials are used, stable carbenes are reasonably robust to handling per se. By way of example, a stable carbene prepared from potassium ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although less common, transition metal complexes can act as cationic photoinitiators as well. In general, the mechanism is more simplistic than the onium ions previously described. Most photoinitiators of this class consist of a metal salt with a non-nucleophilic counter anion. For example, ferrocinium salts have recei... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dissolved copper (Cu) ions are removed from the solution by ligand exchange solvent extraction, which leaves other ions in the solution. The copper is removed by bonding to a ligand, which is a large molecule consisting of a number of smaller groups, each possessing a lone electron pair. The ligand-copper complex i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several GC–MS systems have left earth. Two were brought to Mars by the Viking program. Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC–MS. The Huygens probe of the Cassini–Huygens mission landed one GC–MS on Saturns largest moon, Titan. The MSL Curiosity rovers Sample analysis at Mars (SAM) ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The potentially hazardous effects of methylglyoxal require regulation of the reactions with this substrate. Synthesis of methylglyoxal is regulated by levels of DHAP and phosphate concentrations. High concentrations of DHAP encourage methylglyoxal synthase to produce methylglyoxal, while high phosphate concentrations... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Much of the early understanding of transcription came from bacteria, although the extent and complexity of transcriptional regulation is greater in eukaryotes. Bacterial transcription is governed by three main sequence elements:
* Promoters are elements of DNA that may bind RNA polymerase and other proteins for the suc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic halides, extractable organic halides (EOX), and total organic halides (TOX) are related content for this topic. EOX provides information on how halides can be extracted using a solvent while TOX provides information about the total organic halide content in the sample. This value can be used to estimate biochem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Genome size varies among different organisms and the cloning vector must be selected accordingly. For a large genome, a vector with a large capacity should be chosen so that a relatively small number of clones are sufficient for coverage of the entire genome. However, it is often more difficult to characterize an inser... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Dr. Vahan Simonyan and Dr. Raja Mazumder presented at the NIH Frontiers in Data Science about HIVE acting as a bridge between research and regulatory analytics. Simonyan also presented on the topic at the 2014 Bio-IT World Expo.
* HIVE was additionally discussed in FedScoop.
* Inside the HIVE, the FDA's Multi-Omics ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnox (magnesium non-oxidising) reactors are pressurised, carbon dioxide–cooled, graphite-moderated reactors using natural uranium (i.e. unenriched) as fuel and Magnox alloy as fuel cladding. Working pressure varies from for the steel pressure vessels, and the two reinforced concrete designs operated at . Magnox all... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In nature bacteria play a major role in the degradation of phosphonates. Due to the presence of natural phosphonates in the environment, bacteria have evolved the ability to metabolize phosphonates as nutrient sources. Some bacteria use phosphonates as a phosphorus source for growth. Aminophosphonates can also be used ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular glue serves as a valuable tool in chemical biology, enabling scientists to manipulate and understand protein functions and interactions in a controlled manner. The emergence of targeted protein degradation as a modality in drug discovery has further expanded the applications of molecular glue in chemical biol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Granular sludge biomass is developed in sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and without carrier materials. These systems fulfil most of the requirements for their formation as:
: Feast – Famine regime: short feeding periods must be selected to create feast and famine periods (Beun et al. 1999), characterized by the presenc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fact that cells and tissues reflect the doubling of C in the atmosphere during and after nuclear testing, has been of great use for several biological studies, for forensics and even for the determination of the year in which certain wine was produced. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chase nipple is a short pipe fitting, which creates a path for wires between two electrical boxes. A chase nipple has male threads on one end only. The other end is a hexagon. The chase nipple passes through the knockouts of two boxes, and is secured by an internally threaded ring called a lock nut.
Chase-Shawmut Com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blood has been understood to absorb and deliver oxygen since the mid-1790s.
*vital air
*highly respirable air
*pure air
*phosoxygen
*dephlogisticated air
*empyreal air
*base of vital air
*oxy-gene means acid-former or acid-expression, once thought all acids contained oxygen. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under the framework of valence bond theory, resonance is an extension of the idea that the bonding in a chemical species can be described by a Lewis structure. For many chemical species, a single Lewis structure, consisting of atoms obeying the octet rule, possibly bearing formal charges, and connected by bonds of pos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An enal (or alkenal) is an organic compound containing both alkene and aldehyde functional groups. In an α,β-unsaturated enal, the alkene is conjugated to the carbonyl group of the aldehyde (formyl group). The simplest enal is acrolein (CH=CHCHO). Other examples include cis-3-hexenal (essence of mowed lawns) and cinnam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiple labs identified the PRR genes as parts of the circadian clock in the 1990s. In 2000, Akinori Matsushika, Seiya Makino, Masaya Kojima, and Takeshi Mizuno were the first to understand PRR genes as pseudo-response repressor genes rather than as response regulator (ARR) genes. The factor that distinguishes PRR fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic salt derived from indigo by aromatic sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. It is approved for use as a food colorant in the United States and European Union to produce a blue color. It has the E number E132, and is named Blue N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within a homogeneous media such as a solution, there is no scatter. For this case, the function is linear with both the concentration of the absorbing species and the path-length. Additionally, the contributions of individual absorbing species are additive. For samples which scatter light, absorbance is defined as "... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrolysis of a silyl enol ether results in the formation of a carbonyl compound and a disiloxane. In this reaction, water acts as an oxygen nucleophile and attacks the silicon of the silyl enol ether. This leads to the formation of the carbonyl compound and a trimethylsilanol intermediate that undergoes nucleophilic s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An example is shown where GEBIK and GEBIF equations are used to describe the isotopic reactions of consumption into according to the simultaneous set of reactions
These can be rewritten using the notation introduced before as.
The substrate has not been included due to its scarcity. In addition, we have not specifie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Coblentz Society is a non-profit scientific organization named after William Weber Coblentz which is involved in fostering the understanding and application of vibrational spectroscopy. The Society provides education, awards and recognitions enhancing the understanding of molecular (vibrational) spectroscopy. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In situ chemical reduction (ISCR) is a type of environmental remediation technique used for soil and/or groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. It is the mirror process of In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO). ISCR is usually applied in the environ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid slosh in microgravity is relevant to spacecraft, most commonly Earth-orbiting satellites, and must take account of liquid surface tension which can alter the shape (and thus the eigenvalues) of the liquid slug. Typically, a large fraction of the mass of a satellite is liquid propellant at/near Beginning of Life ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A tetrahedron can also be distorted by increasing the angle between two of the bonds. In the extreme case, flattening results. For carbon this phenomenon can be observed in a class of compounds called the fenestranes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Mark–Houwink equation, also known as the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Landau–Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation or the Mark-Chrystian equation gives a relation between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight :
From this equation the molecular weight of a polyme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chézy formula describes mean flow velocity in turbulent open channel flow and is used broadly in fields related to fluid mechanics and fluid dynamics.Open channels refer to any open conduit, such as rivers, ditches, canals, or partially full pipes. The Chézy formula is defined for uniform equilibrium and non-unifor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For an ideal gas, K (the bulk modulus in equations above, equivalent to C, the coefficient of stiffness in solids) is given by
Thus, from the Newton–Laplace equation above, the speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by
where
* γ is the adiabatic index also known as the isentropic expansion factor. It is the ratio of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is an in situ method of measuring aerosol particle volume fraction, primary particle sizes, and other thermophysical properties in flames, during gas-phase nanoparticle synthesis, and in aerosol streams more broadly. The technique is prominently used to characterize soot.
The techniqu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are various important electrochemical processes in both nature and industry, like the coating of objects with metals or metal oxides through electrodeposition, the addition (electroplating) or removal (electropolishing) of thin layers of metal from an object's surface, and the detection of alcohol in drunk driver... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several compounds are known to promote the opening or activation of specific ion channels. These are classified by the channel on which they act:
*Calcium channel openers, such as Bay K8644
*Chloride channel openers, such as phenanthroline
*Potassium channel openers, such as minoxidil
*Sodium channel openers, such as D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The deformation field at the slip-band is due to three-dimensional elastic and plastic strains where the concentrated shear of the slip band tip deforms the grain in its vicinity. The elastic strains describe the stress concentration ahead of the slip band, which is important as it can affect the transfer of plastic de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lac repressor is a four-part protein, a tetramer, with identical subunits. Each subunit contains a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif capable of binding to DNA. The operator site where repressor binds is a DNA sequence with inverted repeat symmetry. The two DNA half-sites of the operator together bind to two of the su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The International Radon Project (IRP) is a World Health Organization initiative to reduce the lung cancer risk around the world.
The IRP released their guidance to member countries in September 2009.
Exposure to radon in the home and workplace is one of the main risks of ionizing radiation causing tens of thousands of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
General function of TFH:
# Initiation transcription of protein- coding gene.
# DNA nucleotide repairing.
(NER)TFH is a general transcription factor that acts to recruit RNA Pol II to the promoters of genes. It functions as a helicase that unwinds DNA. It also unwinds DNA after a DNA lesion has been recognized by eith... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrolysis is one of the primary reactions to occur in diboryl porphyrin complexes. In this reaction, RBOBR(por) reacts with water to exchange a B-OH bond for a B-R bond, liberating the R group.
Hydrolysis products are important intermediates in the synthesis of the B-O-B(por) compounds from BX(por) compounds. In fact,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The attraction between cationic and anionic sites is a noncovalent, or intermolecular interaction which is usually referred to as ion pairing or salt bridge.
It is essentially due to electrostatic forces, although in aqueous medium the association is driven by entropy and often even endothermic. Most salts form crysta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the US, the EPA issued a health advisory in 2015. A ten day Health Advisory was calculated for different ages which is considered protective of non-carcinogenic adverse health effects over a ten-day exposure to microcystins in drinking water: 0.3 μg/L for bottle-fed infants and young children of pre-school age and 1... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Square pyramidal geometry describes the shape of certain chemical compounds with the formula where L is a ligand. If the ligand atoms were connected, the resulting shape would be that of a pyramid with a square base. The point group symmetry involved is of type C. The geometry is common for certain main group compoun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The analogous problem in cylindrical geometry corresponding to an axisymmetric blast wave can be solved analytically. This problem was solved independently by Leonid Sedov, A. Sakurai and S. C. Lin. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A balloon is an inflatable flexible filled with air and also gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide or oxygen. Modern balloons can be made from materials such as latex rubber, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric, while some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders . Latex rubber balloons may be used as in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Umaswati, in chapter 8 of Tattvartha Sutra presents his sutras on how karma affects rebirths. He asserts that accumulated karma in life determines the length of life and realm of rebirth for each soul in each of four states – infernal beings, plants and animals, human beings and as gods. Further, states Umaswati, karma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
dPCR’s ability to detect rare mutations may be of particular benefit in the clinic through the use of the liquid biopsy, a generally noninvasive strategy for detecting and monitoring disease via bodily fluids. Researchers have used liquid biopsy to monitor tumor load, treatment response and disease progression in cance... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compressor performance changes, day to day, with changes in the ambient pressure and temperature. Woolenweber shows the change in performance of a turbocharger compressor when the inlet temperature varies between 70 and 100 deg F. In the case of aircraft compressors, inlet pressure and temperature also change with alti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The name is a dual reference to eastern blot and the geographical concept of the Far East (which includes Japan). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Splicing of all intron-containing RNA molecules is superficially similar, as described above. However, different types of introns were identified through the examination of intron structure by DNA sequence analysis, together with genetic and biochemical analysis of RNA splicing reactions. At least four distinct classes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When exposed to air, warmth and light (especially without antioxidants), the oil loses its taste and psychoactivity due to aging. Cannabinoid carboxylic acids (THCA, CBDA, and maybe others) have an antibiotic effect on gram-positive bacteria such as (penicillin-resistant) Staphylococcus aureus, but gram-negative bacter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like ammonia, amines are bases. Compared to alkali metal hydroxides, amines are weaker.
The basicity of amines depends on:
# The electronic properties of the substituents (alkyl groups enhance the basicity, aryl groups diminish it).
# The degree of solvation of the protonated amine, which includes steric hindrance by t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Roberto Todeschini, Viviana Consonni, Raimund Mannhold, Hugo Kubinyi & Hendrik Timmerman, 2008, "Entry: Electronic substituent constants (Hammet substituent constants, σ electronic constants)," in Handbook of Molecular Descriptors, Vol. 11 of Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry (book series), pp. 144–157, N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deuterium-depleted water can be produced in laboratories and factories. Various technologies are used for its production, such as electrolysis, distillation (low-temperature vacuum rectification), desalination from seawater, Girdler sulfide process, and catalytic exchange. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The planetary equilibrium temperature is a theoretical temperature that a planet would be if it was in radiative equilibrium, typically under the assumption that it radiates as a black body being heated only by its parent star. In this model, the presence or absence of an atmosphere (and therefore any greenhouse effect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mutations in this gene are associated with glycogen storage disease type IV (also known as Andersen's disease) in newborns and with adult polyglucosan body disease.
Approximately 40 mutations in the GBE1 gene, most resulting in a point mutation in the glycogen branching enzyme, have led to the early childhood disorder,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fundamental series is a set of spectral lines in a set caused by transition between d and f orbitals in atoms.
Originally the series was discovered in the infrared by Fowler and independently by Arno Bergmann. This resulted in the name Bergmann series used for such a set of lines in a spectrum. However the name w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants under horticultural care in a constructed landscape, typically a botanic garden or arboreta. This technique is similar to a field gene bank in that plants are maintained in the ambient environment, but the collections are typically not as genetically diverse or extensive. These collections are susceptible to hyb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Brinkman number (Br) is a dimensionless number related to heat conduction from a wall to a flowing viscous fluid, commonly used in polymer processing. It is named after the Dutch mathematician and physicist Henri Brinkman. There are several definitions; one is
where
* μ is the dynamic viscosity;
* u is the flow ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SLS is used in an improved technique for preparing brain tissues for study by optical microscopy. The technique, which has been branded as CLARITY, was the work of Karl Deisseroth and coworkers at Stanford University, and involves infusion of the organ with an acrylamide solution to bind the macromolecules of the organ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The microscopic "reversing of time" turns at the kinetic level into the "reversing of arrows": the elementary processes transform into their reverse processes. For example, the reaction
: transforms into
and conversely. (Here, are symbols of components or states, are coefficients). The equilibrium ensemble should be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1961
* American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1962
* Foreign Member of the French Academy of Sciences, 1989
* American Philosophical Society, 1995
* The Royal Society, UK 1999 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paints, inks, and dyes that are organic are more susceptible to photodegradation than those that are not. Ceramics are almost universally colored with non-organic origin materials so as to allow the material to resist photodegradation even under the most relentless conditions, maintaining its color. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The active component, eslicarbazepine, has the same mechanism of action as oxcarbazepine (which is a prodrug for licarbazepine, the racemate of eslicarbazepine) and most likely the closely related carbamazepine. It stabilises the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels, allowing for less sodium to enter neural ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, single chain cyclized/knotted polymers are synthesized by deactivation enhanced ATRP of multivinyl monomers via kinetically controlled strategy. There are several main reactions during this polymerization process: initiation, activation, deactivation, chain propagation, intramolecular cyclization and intermo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several human and yeast snRNP structures were determined by the cryo-electron microscopy and successive single particle analysis.
Recently, the human U1 snRNP core structure was determined by X-ray crystallography (3CW1, 3PGW), followed by a structure of the U4 core snRNP (2Y9A), which yielded first insights into atomi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The isochore theory became one of the most useful theories in molecular evolution for many years. It was the first and most comprehensive attempt to explain the long-range compositional heterogeneity of vertebrate genomes within an evolutionary framework. Despite the interest in the early years in the isochore model, i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Irisin (fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 or FNDC5), a recently described myokine hormone produced and secreted by acutely exercising skeletal muscles, is thought to bind white adipose tissue cells via undetermined receptors. Irisin has been reported to promote a brown adipose tissue-like phenotype upon ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Subcritical crack propagation in glasses falls into three regions. In region I, the velocity of crack propagation increases with ambient humidity due to stress-enhanced chemical reaction between the glass and water. In region II, crack propagation velocity is diffusion controlled and dependent on the rate at which chem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The trifluoromethyl group occurs in certain pharmaceuticals, drugs, and abiotically synthesized natural fluorocarbon based compounds. The medicinal use of the trifloromethyl group dates from 1928, although research became more intense in the mid-1940s. The trifluoromethyl group is often used as a bioisostere to create ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A benzoporphyrin is a porphyrin with a benzene ring fused to one of the pyrrole units. e.g. verteporfin is a benzoporphyrin derivative. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Achieving balance in telomere length is challenging. While extended telomeres can reverse some aspects of cellular aging, excessively long telomeres may lead to cellular instability and dysfunction. It is important to strike the right balance to avoid unintended consequences. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidizing roasting, the most commonly practiced roasting process, involves heating the ore in excess of air or oxygen, to burn out or replace the impurity element, generally sulfur, partly or completely by oxygen. For sulfide roasting, the general reaction can be given by:
:2MS (s) + 3O (g) -> 2MO (s) + 2SO (g)
Roa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The committed dose in radiological protection is a measure of the stochastic health risk due to an intake of radioactive material into the human body. Stochastic in this context is defined as the probability of cancer induction and genetic damage, due to low levels of radiation. The SI unit of measure is the sievert.
A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Explicit expressions for the viscous Burgers' equation are available. Some of the physically relevant solutions are given below: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The classes of enzymes that have manganese cofactors include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases. Other enzymes containing manganese are arginase and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Also the enzyme class of reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses (though not lent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NBS, in the presence of a strong base, such as DBU, reacts with primary amides to produce a carbamate via the Hofmann rearrangement. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One form of HWT is known as a Gun Tunnel or hot shot tunnel (up to M=27), which can be used for analysis of flows past ballistic missiles, space vehicles in atmospheric entry, and plasma physics or heat transfer at high temperatures. It runs intermittently, but has a very low running time (less than a second).
The meth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bennett shows that for every function f satisfying the condition (which is essentially the detailed balance condition), and for every energy offset C, one has the exact relationship
where U and U are the potential energies of the same configurations, calculated using potential function A (when the system is in superst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several different pathways through which propionyl-CoA can be produced:
* Propionyl-CoA, a three-carbon structure, is considered to be a minor species of propionic acid. Therefore, odd-number chains of fatty acids are oxidized to yield both propionyl-CoA as well as acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is later converted... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
STAT3 is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT3 is phosphorylated by receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAK), forms homo- or heterodimers, and translocates to the cell nucleus where it acts as a transcription activator. Specifically, STAT3 becomes activated after phospho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alpha oxidation (α-oxidation) is a process by which certain branched-chain fatty acids are broken down by removal of a single carbon from the carboxyl end. In humans, alpha-oxidation is used in peroxisomes to break down dietary phytanic acid, which cannot undergo beta-oxidation due to its β-methyl branch, into pristani... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sternhell was born in Lwow, then in Poland but now in western Ukraine. His father was Samson Sternhell, a lawyer. Before the war he attended a Zionist Hebrew language primary school for five years. Having survived the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, he emigrated to Australia with his parents to join members of the St... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthetic polymers are human made through chemical reactions of monomers. Their mechanical properties are favorable in that their molecular weights can be regulated from low to high based on differing requirements. However, their lack of functional groups and structural complexity has limited their usage in organ print... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stercobilin is a tetrapyrrolic bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism. It is the chemical responsible for the brown color of human feces and was originally isolated from feces in 1932. Stercobilin (and related urobilin) can be used as a marker for biochemical identification of fecal pollution levels in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphine is a worldwide constituent of the Earth's atmosphere at very low and highly variable concentrations. It may contribute significantly to the global phosphorus biochemical cycle. The most likely source is reduction of phosphate in decaying organic matter, possibly via partial reductions and disproportionations,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
VMAT1 (SLC18A1) maps to a shared bipolar disorder(BPD)/schizophrenia locus, which is located on chromosome 8p21. It is thought that disruption in transport of monoamine neurotransmitters due to variation in the VMAT1 gene may be relevant to the etiology of these mental disorders. One study looked at a population of E... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heterogeneous gold catalysis refers to the use of elemental gold as a heterogeneous catalyst. As in most heterogeneous catalysis, the metal is typically supported on metal oxide. Furthermore, as seen in other heterogeneous catalysts, activity increases with a decreasing diameter of supported gold clusters. Several indu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The process may not remove sufficient organic matter from the wastewater.
* The sludge age may be too low to enable nitrification.
The typical control band for the concentration of MLSS is 2 to 4 g/L for conventional activated sludge, or up to 15 g/L for membrane bioreactors.
One of the easiest control procedures for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermal transport in non-metal solids was usually considered to be governed by the three-phonon scattering process, and the role of four-phonon and higher-order scattering processes was believed to be negligible. Recent studies have shown that the four-phonon scattering can be important for nearly all materials at high... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Kutta–Joukowski theorem is a fundamental theorem in aerodynamics used for the calculation of lift of an airfoil (and any two-dimensional body including circular cylinders) translating in a uniform fluid at a constant speed so large that the flow seen in the body-fixed frame is steady and unseparated. The theorem re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first implementation of the Olszewski tube was attempted at Lake Kortowo in Poland and this led to oligotrophication, reduction of nutrient cycling. This tube has shown the most promise in a 3.9 meter deep eutrophic lake in Switzerland because the phosphorus and nitrogen levels in the summer drastically decreased, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dirubidium is produced when rubidium vapour is chilled. The enthalpy of formation (ΔH) in the gas phase is 113.29 kJ/mol. In practice, an oven heated to 600 to 800K with a nozzle can squirt out vapour that condenses into dimers. The proportion of Rb in rubidium vapour varies with its density, which depends on the tempe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an aminal or aminoacetal is a functional group or type of organic compound that has two amine groups attached to the same carbon atom: . (As is customary in organic chemistry, R can represent hydrogen or an alkyl group). A common aminal is bis(dimethylamino)methane, a colorless liquid that is pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Depolarization is essential to the functions of many cells in the human body, which is exemplified by the transmission of stimuli both within a neuron and between two neurons. The reception of stimuli, neural integration of those stimuli, and the neuron's response to stimuli all rely upon the ability of neurons to util... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.
In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Canada, the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board examines drug pricing and determines if a price is excessive or not. In these circumstances, drug manufacturers must submit a proposed price to the appropriate regulatory agency. Furthermore, "the International Therapeutic Class Comparison Test is responsible for com... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1662, Robert Boyle systematically studied the relationship between the volume and pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature. He observed that the volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at a constant temperature.
Boyle's law, published in 1662, states that, at a co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above explanation is a simplification as not all tidal wave energy is transmitted, but it is partly reflected at the continental slope. The transmission coefficient of the tidal wave is given by:
This equation indicates that when the transmitted tidal wave has the same amplitude as the original wave. Furthermore, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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