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Katsonis was born in Vienna. She grew up in Orsay, in Paris Region. She is half French and half Greek. She studied chemical engineering at the Chimie ParisTech, before moving to Ecole Normal Superieure for her graduate studies with Ludovic Jullien. Katsonis earned her doctoral degree at the Pierre and Marie Curie Unive... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Technicon published method sheets for a wide range of analyses and a few of these are listed below. These methods and later methods are available from SEAL Analytical. Method lists for manufacturers instruments are readily available on their websites. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Kochi reaction is an organic reaction for the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to alkyl halides with lead(IV) acetate and a lithium halide.
The reaction is a variation of the Hunsdiecker reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hofmeister series or lyotropic series is a classification of ions in order of their lyotrophic properties, which is the ability to salt out or salt in proteins. The effects of these changes were first worked out by Franz Hofmeister, who studied the effects of cations and anions on the solubility of proteins. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flammable substances include, but are not limited to:
* Gasoline - Petrol / a complicated mixture of hydrocarbons that includes isomers of octane, CH
* Ethanol / CHCHOH
* Rubber
* Isopropyl alcohol / CHCH(OH)CH
* Methanol / CHOH
* Wood
* Acetone / CHCOCH
* Paper
* Nitromethane / CHNO | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scotophobin (from ancient Greek σκότος skótos "darkness" and φόβος phóbos "fear") is a peptide discovered by neuroscientist Georges Ungar in 1965 and reported in 1968. The results of Ungar and his collaborators seemed to show that scotophobin induces fear of the dark in various mammals and fish. It was discovered in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the world of performance-enhancing drugs, HCG is increasingly used in combination with various anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) cycles. As a result, HCG is included in some sports' illegal drug lists.
When exogenous AAS are put into the male body, natural negative-feedback loops cause the body to shut down its own ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Akkermansia muciniphila can reside in the human intestinal tract and is currently being studied for its effects on human metabolism and health. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fuel is first dissolved in nitric acid at a concentration around 7 M. Solids are removed by filtration to avoid the formation of emulsions, referred to as third phases in the solvent extraction community.
The organic solvent consists of 30% tributyl phosphate (TBP) in a hydrocarbon such as kerosene. Uranyl(VI) ion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RTP was developed in the early 1990s by Wavin Repox, Akzo Nobel and by Tubes d'Aquitaine from France. They developed the first pipes reinforced with synthetic fibre to replace medium pressure steel pipes in response to growing demand for non-corrosive conduits for application in the onshore oil and gas industry, partic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The discovery of the Nef reaction and the papers about divalent carbon (carbenes) were his major achievements. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A group of researchers at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) has reportedly increased the thermostability of DSC by using amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer in conjunction with quasi-solid-state gel electrolyte. The stability of the device matches that of a conventional inorganic silicon-based solar cell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is one of the most widely used surface analysis techniques available for materials research science. It has several applications such as knowing the desorption rates and binding energies of chemical compounds and elements, evaluation of active sites on catalyst surfaces and the u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some publications use a simpler form of this equation that doesn't correct for the reference range of free T4. It is calculated with
The disadvantage of this uncorrected version is that its numeric results are highly dependent on the used assays and their units of measurement. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Slip ratio (or velocity ratio) in gas–liquid (two-phase) flow, is defined as the ratio of the velocity of the gas phase to the velocity of the liquid phase.
In the homogeneous model of two-phase flow, the slip ratio is by definition assumed to be unity (no slip). It is however experimentally observed that the velocity ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The depth–slope product is used to calculate the shear stress at the bed of an open channel containing fluid that is undergoing steady, uniform flow. It is widely used in river engineering, stream restoration, sedimentology, and fluvial geomorphology. It is the product of the water depth and the mean bed slope, along w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Patchoulene oxide (1) could be accessed from terpene patchoulol (52) through a series of acid-catalyzed carbocation rearrangements proceeded by an elimination following Zaitzev's rule to give pathoulene (53). The driving force for the rearrangement is relief of ring strain. Epoxidation of 53 with peracetic acid gave pa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although water quality is usually sampled and analyzed at laboratories, since the late 20th century there has been increasing public interest in the quality of drinking water provided by municipal systems. Many water utilities have developed systems to collect real-time data about source water quality. In the early 21s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Valentin Rose the Elder (16 August 1736 – 28 April 1771) was a German pharmacist and chemist born in Neuruppin. He is remembered for creation of a fusible alloy known as Rose metal, which is composed of lead, bismuth and tin.
Beginning in 1761, he was owner and manager of a laboratory and pharmacy in Berlin known as Zu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Based on the method developed by Poliak and Jonas, a few models are developed in order to describe the critical strain for the onset of DRX as a function of the peak strain of the stress–strain curve. The models are derived for the systems with single peak, i.e. for the materials with medium to low stacking fault energ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleosomes are the basic packing unit of genomic DNA built from histone proteins around which DNA is coiled. They serve as a scaffold for formation of higher order chromatin structure as well as for a layer of regulatory control of gene expression. Nucleosomes are quickly assembled onto newly synthesized DNA behind th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In E. coli, it has been shown that an inducible, periplasmic TMAO reductase is responsible for almost all TMAO reduction (with the rest being DMSO reduction). While no structural analysis of this E. coli enzyme has been reported, TMAO reductase from Shewanella massilia has been isolated and characterized at a resolutio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UIT was originally developed in 1972 and has since been perfected by a team of Russian scientists under the leadership of Dr. Efim Statnikov. Originally developed and utilized to enhance the fatigue and corrosion attributes of ship and submarine structures, UIT has been utilized in aerospace, mining, offshore drilling,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This method mainly identifies variant function based on the information whether the variant loci are in the known functional region that harbor genomic or epigenomic signals. The function of non-coding variants are extensive in terms of the affected genomic region and they involve in almost all processes of gene regula... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some metal-ammine complexes, the ammonia ligand can be oxidized to nitrosyl:
:HO + [Ru(terpy)(bipy)(NH)] → [Ru(terpy)(bipy)(NO)] + 5H + 6e | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metabolic ecology is a field of ecology aiming to understand constraints on metabolic organization as important for understanding almost all life processes. Main focus is on the metabolism of individuals, emerging intra- and inter-specific patterns, and the evolutionary perspective.
Two main metabolic theories that hav... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GLD-2, as a poly(A) polymerase (PAP) acts incorporating ATP at the 3' end of mRNAs in a template-independent manner. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biology, the biological cost or metabolic price is a measure of the increased energy metabolism that is required to achieve a function. Drug resistance in microbiology, for instance, has a very high metabolic price, especially for antibiotic resistance. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In modern English clinamen is defined as an inclination or a bias. The OED gives its first recorded use in English by Jonathan Swift in his 1704 Tale of a Tub ix.166, satirizing the atomistic theory of Epicurus:
The term was taken up by Harold Bloom to describe the inclinations of writers to "swerve" from the influence... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An interesting phenomenon called self-lubricate spinning can facilitate the demolding of the fiber and enables the continuous production of hydrogel fiber from tubular mold. During the polymerization process, if an inert second polymer is present, it will be particularly expelled from the formed network and being able ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cohort studies are impractical for the study of domestic radon exposure. With the expected effect of small exposures being very small, the direct observation of this effect would require huge cohorts: the populations of whole countries.
Several ecological studies have been performed to assess possible relationships bet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radicals formed on the polymer backbone by either hydrogen abstraction side-group elimination can cause the chain to break by beta scission. As a result the molecular weight decreases rapidly. As new free radicals with high reactivity are formed, monomers cannot be a product of this reaction, also intermolecular chain ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Triglycerides are formed from the esterification of 3 molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of trihydric alcohol, glycerol (glycerine or trihydroxy propane). In the process, 3 molecules of water are eliminated. The word "triglyceride" refers to the number of fatty acids esterified to one molecule of glycerol.
In t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The filtering operation in large eddy simulation can be implicit or explicit. Implicit filtering recognizes that the subfilter scale model will dissipate in the same manner as many numerical schemes. In this way, the grid, or the numerical discretization scheme, can be assumed to be the LES low-pass filter. While th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under basic, protic conditions, 2,3-epoxy alcohols undergo a rearrangement in which the alcohol oxygen opens the epoxide with inversion of configuration, forming an isomeric 1,2-epoxy alcohol. Overall, the Payne rearrangement represents a migration of the epoxide. Although the migration itself is fully reversible, nucl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For Regime I, the growth rate on the front laterally, referred to as g, is the rate-determining step (RDS) and exceeds the secondary nucleation rate, i. In this instance of g >> i, monolayers are formed one at a time so that if the substrate has a length of L and thickness, b, the overall linear growth can be described... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vanishing valentine experiment is another chemical reaction related to the blue bottle experiment. This reaction occurs when water, glucose, sodium hydroxide, and resazurin is mixed in a flask. When the solution is shaken, it turns from light blue to a reddish color. The solution turns back to a light blue after be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Under certain circumstances, flows of granular materials can be modelled as a continuum, for example using the μ(I) rheology. Such continuum models tend to be non-Newtonian, since the apparent viscosity of granular flows increases with pressure and decreases with shear rate. The main difference is the shearing stress a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tetrafluoroethane is typically made by reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride:
:CHCl=CCl + 4 HF → CFCHF + 3 HCl
It reacts with butyllithium to give trifluorovinyl lithium:
:CFCHF + 2 BuLi → CF=CFLi + LiF + 2 BuH | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In pharmacology, an endogenous agonist for a particular receptor is a compound naturally produced by the body which binds to and activates that receptor. For example, the primary endogenous agonist for serotonin receptors is serotonin, and the primary endogenous agonist for dopamine receptors is dopamine.
In general, r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An entrepreneurial-minded Ted Ellis has marketed and sold his art throughout his career. He was already monetizing his creative talents in high school when his classmates and he sold their custom designed T-shirts, first to their school's juniors and seniors, and then throughout the school district.
In building his art... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
5-Methoxyhydnocarpin (5′-MHC) is a chemical compound that has been isolated from Berberis and Hydnocarpus wightianus'.
5′-MHC potentiates the antimicrobial effect of berberine in vitro. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the Fischer projection, devised by Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A classical event is the retroposition of a spliced pre-mRNA molecule of the c-Src gene into the proviral ancestor of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The retroposed c-src pre-mRNA still contained a single intron and within RSV is now referred to as v-Src gene. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1960s, Liu and his colleagues were tasked with recycling nuclear fuels from China's nuclear reactors. He worked under primitive conditions and was exposed to radiation for more than a decade, which caused his hair to turn gray before he was 40.
Starting in 1974, Liu focused on the application of nuclear science ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word "viscosity" is derived from the Latin ("mistletoe"). also referred to a viscous glue derived from mistletoe berries. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An electro-switchable biosurface is a biosensor that is based on an electrode (often gold) to which a layer of biomolecules (often DNA molecules) has been tethered. An alternating or fixed electrical potential is applied to the electrode which causes changes in the structure and position (movement) of the charged biomo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fused quartz, fused silica or quartz glass is a glass consisting of almost pure silica (silicon dioxide, SiO) in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. This differs from all other commercial glasses in which other ingredients are added which change the glasses' optical and physical properties, such as lowering the melt tem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Blue flower colour was always associated with something unusual and desired. Blue roses especially were assumed to be a dream that cannot be realised. Blue colour in flower petals is caused by anthocyanins, which are members of flavonoid class metabolites. We can diversify three main classes of anthocyanin pigments: cy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bromotrifluoromethane is commercially synthesized in a two-step process from chloroform. Chloroform is fluorinated with hydrogen fluoride.
CHCl3 + 3 HF → CHF3 + 3 HCl
The resulting Fluoroform is then reacted with elemental bromine.
CHF3 + Br2 → CF3Br + HBr | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, neighbouring group participation (NGP, also known as anchimeric assistance) has been defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as the interaction of a reaction centre with a lone pair of electrons in an atom or the electrons present in a sigma or pi bond contained wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some viruses (e.g. tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)) have RNA sequences that contain a "leaky" stop codon. In TMV 95% of the time the host ribosome will terminate the synthesis of the polypeptide at this codon but the rest of the time it continues past it. This means that 5% of the proteins produced are larger than and diffe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formal definition of the Gibbs free energy for a parcel of volume , pressure and temperature is given by:
where is the internal energy and is the entropy. The differential form of the Gibbs free energy can be given as
where is the chemical potential and is the number of moles. Suppose we have a substance whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The methods used for small parts and jewellery vary somewhat from those used for sculpture. A wax model is obtained either from injection into a rubber mould or by being custom-made by carving. The wax or waxes are sprued and fused onto a rubber base, called a "sprue base". Then a metal flask, which resembles a short l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For liquids, various units are used depending upon the application and industry, but might include gallons (U.S. or imperial) per minute, liters per second, liters per m per hour, bushels per minute or, when describing river flows, cumecs (cubic meters per second) or acre-feet per day. In oceanography a common unit to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drugs affecting the central nervous system include psychedelics, hypnotics, anaesthetics, antipsychotics, eugeroics, antidepressants (including tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium salts, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)), antiemetics, anticonvulsants/antiepileptics, anxio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acetate esters and acetamides are generally prepared by acetylations. Acetylations are often used in making C-acetyl bonds in Friedel-Crafts reactions. Carbanions and their equivalents are susceptible to acetylations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After completing his PhD, Fuchter moved to Australia, for postdoctoral research at CSIRO and the University of Melbourne, where he worked with Andrew Bruce Holmes.
In 2007 Fuchter returned to the United Kingdom, where he began his independent academic career at the School of Pharmacy, University of London (now UCL Scho... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The isotropy of the cellular structure and the absorption of fluids can also have an impact on the mechanical properties of a foam. If there is anisotropy present, then the materials response to stress will be directionally dependent, and thus the stress-strain curve, modulus, and energy absorption will vary depending ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The linearity of the Stokes equations in the case of an incompressible Newtonian fluid means that a Greens function, , exists. The Greens function is found by solving the Stokes equations with the forcing term replaced by a point force acting at the origin, and boundary conditions vanishing at infinity:
where is the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the mandelic acid salt (methenamine mandelate) or the hippuric acid salt (methenamine hippurate), it is used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. In an acidic environment, methenamine is believed to act as an antimicrobial by converting to formaldehyde. A systematic review of its use for this purpose in ad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Kesternich test is a common name for the corrosion test with sulfur dioxide (SO) under general moisture condensation. This test was developed in 1951 by Wilhelm Kesternich to simulate the damaging effects of acid rain.
Acid rain and acidic industrial pollutants are corrosive and can degrade coatings and plated sur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxy group on the component monosaccharide. So, even if both component sugars are the same (e.g., glucose), different bond combinations (regiochemistry) and stereochemistry (alpha- or beta-) result in disaccharides that are diastereoisomers with different chemical and ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The increase in intensity of the Raman signal for adsorbates on particular surfaces occurs because of an enhancement in the electric field provided by the surface. When the incident light in the experiment strikes the surface, localized surface plasmons are excited. The field enhancement is greatest when the plasmon fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most surfactants are organic compounds with hydrophilic "heads" and hydrophobic "tails." The "heads" of surfactants are polar and may or may not carry an electrical charge. The "tails" of most surfactants are fairly similar, consisting of a hydrocarbon chain, which can be branched, linear, or aromatic. Fluorosurfactant... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Medical uses include:
* High blood pressure
* Congestive heart failure
* Following heart attack in people with evidence of heart failure
* People over 55 years at high risk: prevention of heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular death, or in need of revascularization procedures
* Prevent the onset and/or delay the progress... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reciprocal space (also called -space) provides a way to visualize the results of the Fourier transform of a spatial function. It is similar in role to the frequency domain arising from the Fourier transform of a time dependent function; reciprocal space is a space over which the Fourier transform of a spatial function ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Yājñavalkya Smṛti, Nyāya is mentioned as one of the fourteen principal branches of learning. The Matsya-Purāṇa states that knowledge of Nyāya came from the mouth of Brahmā. The Mahābhārata also mentions principles of Nyāya.
The earliest text of the Nyāya School is the of Akṣapāda Gautama|. The text is divided ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code (translation table 22) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Scenedesmus obliquus, a species of green algae. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The low-flow-rate method is based on the fact that the extraction efficiency is dependent on the flow-rate. At high flow-rates, the amount of drug diffusing from the sampling site into the dialysate per unit time is smaller (low extraction efficiency) than at lower flow-rates (high extraction efficiency). At a flow-rat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The receptor has a broad tissue distribution but is especially abundant in the cerebellum. Most of the InsP3Rs are found integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A new synthetic approach, called nanofiber seeding, was developed to control the bulk morphology of chemically synthesized electronic organic polymers. Bulk quantities of nanofibers of conducting polymers such as polyaniline, can be synthesized in one step without the need for conventional templates, surfactants, polym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The x-axis is usually some function of compressor entry mass flow, usually corrected flow or non-dimensional flow, as opposed to real flow. This axis can be considered a rough measure of the axial Mach number of the flow through the device. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Architects often look to architectural copper for continuity in design elements. For example, a copper roofing system may be designed with copper flashings, weatherings, vents, gutters, and downpipes. Cover details may include cornices, moldings, finials and sculptures.
With the growing use of vertical cladding, vertic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For doubly bridging (μ-) ligands, two limiting representation are 4-electron and 2-electron bonding interactions. These cases are illustrated in main group chemistry by and . Complicating this analysis is the possibility of metal–metal bonding. Computational studies suggest that metal-metal bonding is absent in many... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Overcooling" is cited as a side effect of PDRCs that may be problematic, especially when PDRCs are applied in high-population areas with hot summers and cool winters, characteristic of temperate zones. While PDRC application in these areas can be useful in summer, in winter it can result in an increase in energy consu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fuzzy regions modulate the conformational equilibrium or flexibility of the binding interface via transient interactions. Dynamic regions can also compete with binding sites or tether them to the target. Modifications of fuzzy regions by further interactions, or posttranslational modifications impact binding affinity... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inversion recovery is an MRI sequence that provides high contrast between tissue and lesion. It can be used to provide high T1 weighted image, high T2 weighted image, and to suppress the signals from fat, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mollapour is widely recognized for his research on post-translation regulation of the molecular chaperone Heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) and co-chaperones in cancer. His work demonstrated how reversible biochemical reactions can become directional and ordered, and in general, how a house-keeping machine (Hsp90) can be m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In D. melanogaster, FDL-deficient mutants showed paucimannose-deficiency and, notably, caused locomotion defects in fruit flies, indicating that Hex and/or paucimannosidic proteins are involved, via elusive pathways, in essential fruit fly processes. As expected, the less-consequential monoallelic fdl mutation was show... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The point groups are named according to their component symmetries. There are several standard notations used by crystallographers, mineralogists, and physicists.
For the correspondence of the two systems below, see crystal system. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Malcolm Leslie Hodder Green (16 April 1936 – 24 July 2020) was Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Oxford. He made many contributions to organometallic chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The integrated stress response can be triggered within a cell due to either extrinsic or intrinsic conditions. Extrinsic factors include hypoxia, amino acid deprivation, glucose deprivation, viral infection and presence of oxidants. The main intrinsic factor is endoplasmic reticulum stress due to the accumulation of un... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Instruments accept small (mm range) and large samples (cm range), e.g. wafers. The limiting factor is the design of the sample holder, the sample transfer, and the size of the vacuum chamber. Large samples are laterally moved in x and y direction to analyze a larger area. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1845, Joule studied the free expansion of a gas into a larger volume. This became known as Joule expansion. The cooling of a gas by allowing it to expand freely is occasionally referred to as the Joule effect. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Starting with simple linear and branched alkanes and alkenes the method works by collecting a large number of experimental heat of formation data (see: Heat of Formation table) and then divide each molecule up into distinct groups each consisting of a central atom with multiple ligands:
: X-(A)i(B)j(C)k(D)l
To each gro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The University of Greifswald and Belarusian State University are researching reed beds in Naroch National Park as filters to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus run-off from degraded peatlands agriculture into the Baltic. With research scheduled from January 2019 to September 2021, they aim to investigate the potential for... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate is inexpensive, so it is usually purchased. Classically, this compound is prepared from tert-butanol, carbon dioxide, and phosgene, using DABCO as a base:
This route is currently employed commercially by manufacturers in China and India. European and Japanese companies use the reaction of sodi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin were first purified in the 1930s. A serine in each of trypsin and chymotrypsin was identified as the catalytic nucleophile (by diisopropyl fluorophosphate modification) in the 1950s. The structure of chymotrypsin was solved by X-ray crystallography in the 1960s, showing the orientat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biotechnology, polymersomes are a class of artificial vesicles, tiny hollow spheres that enclose a solution. Polymersomes are made using amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers to form the vesicle membrane, and have radii ranging from 50 nm to 5 µm or more. Most reported polymersomes contain an aqueous solution in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diazomethane is prepared by hydrolysis of an ethereal solution of an N-methyl nitrosamide with aqueous base. The traditional precursor is N-nitroso-N-methylurea, but this compound is itself somewhat unstable, and nowadays compounds such as N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and N-methyl-N-nitroso-p'-toluenesulf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
More useful generally than the Gilman reagents are the so-called mixed cuprates with the formula [RCuX] and [RCuX]. Such compounds are often prepared by the addition of the organolithium reagent to copper(I) halides and cyanide. These mixed cuprates are more stable and more readily purified. One problem addressed by m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gelatin is the denatured form of collagen. Gelatin possesses several advantages for tissue-engineering application: they attract fibroblasts, are non-immunogenic, easy to manipulate and boost the formation of epithelium. There are three types of gelatin-based scaffolds:
* Gelatin-oxidized dextran matrix
* Gelatin-chito... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dihalophospaalkenes of the general form R-P=CX, where X is Cl, Br, or I, undergo lithium-halogen exchange with organolithium reagents to yield intermediates of the form R-P=CXLi. These species then eject the corresponding lithium halide salt, LiX, to putatively give a phospha-isocyanide, which can rearrange, much in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Meyer was born on May 17, 1968, in Herne, Germany. He studied chemistry at the Ruhr University Bochum, receiving his diploma (in chemistry) in May 1995. In summer 1995, Meyer then joined the laboratory of Professor Karl Wieghardt at the Max Planck Institute for Radiation Chemistry, where he worked on the synthesis of n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The formation of humic substances in nature is one of the least understood aspects of humus chemistry and one of the most intriguing. There are three main theories to explain it: the lignin theory of Waksman (1932), the polyphenol theory, and the sugar-amine condensation theory of Maillard (1911). Those theories are in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In atmospheric dynamics, oceanography, asteroseismology and geophysics, the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, or buoyancy frequency, is a measure of the stability of a fluid to vertical displacements such as those caused by convection. More precisely it is the frequency at which a vertically displaced parcel will oscillate with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Understanding the behavior of nanoparticles at liquid interfaces is essential for integrating them into electronics, optics, sensing, and catalysis devices. Molecular arrangements at liquid/liquid interfaces are uniform. Often, they also provide a defect-correcting platform and thus, liquid/liquid interfaces are ideal ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are multiple different coating methods available to deposit nanoparticles. The methods differ by their ability to control particle packing density and layer thickness, ability to use different particles and the complexity of the method and the instrumentation needed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first EGR systems were crude; some were as simple as an orifice jet between the exhaust and intake tracts which admitted exhaust to the intake tract whenever the engine was running. Difficult starting, rough idling, reduced performance and lost fuel economy inevitably resulted. By 1973, an EGR valve controlled by m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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