text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
In the Bosch synthesis of (1999, chiral) the olefin group in dione 1 was converted to an aldehyde by ozonolysis and chiral amine 2 was formed in a double reductive amination with (S)-1-phenethylamine. The phenylethyl substituent was removed using ClCOCHClCH and the enone group was introduced in a Grieco elimination usi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While chemical kinetics is concerned with the rate of a chemical reaction, thermodynamics determines the extent to which reactions occur. In a reversible reaction, chemical equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal (the principle of dynamic equilibrium) and the concentrations... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levodropropizine is a cough suppressant. It is the levo isomer of dropropizine. It acts as a peripheral antitussive, with no action in the central nervous system. It does not cause side effects such as constipation or respiratory depression which can be produced by opioid antitussives such as codeine and its derivative... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This problem was addressed by George Keith Batchelor(1951). Let be the angular velocity at infinity. Now the pressure at is . Hence and .<br />
Then the boundary conditions for the fluid are
Self-similar solution is obtained by introducing following transformation,
The self-similar equations are
with boundary condi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular motion in condensed matter can be represented by a Fourier series whose physical interpretation consists of a superposition of longitudinal and transverse waves of atomic displacement with varying directions and wavelengths. In monatomic systems, these waves are called density fluctuations. (In polyatomic sys... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the first step, holo-retinol binding protein (holo-RBP; simply means RBP bound to retinol, i.e. the RBP-ROH complex) binds to the extracellular portion of STRA6. This facilitates the release of retinol through the transporter. ROH is then transferred to cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1), an intracellular ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The General Conference on Weights and Measures and other international organizations recommend use of the katal. It replaces the non-SI enzyme unit of catalytic activity. The enzyme unit is still more commonly used than the katal, especially in biochemistry. The adoption of the katal has been slow. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heteroboranes are classes of boranes in which at least one boron atom is replaced by another elements. Like many of the related boranes, these clusters are polyhedra and are similarly classified as closo-, nido-, arachno-, and hypho-, according to the so-called electron count. Closo- represents a complete polyhedron, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theoretical description of contact angle arises from the consideration of a thermodynamic equilibrium between the three phases: the liquid phase (L), the solid phase (S), and the gas or vapor phase (G) (which could be a mixture of ambient atmosphere and an equilibrium concentration of the liquid vapor). (The "gaseo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acetyl-CoA is formed into malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, at which point malonyl-CoA is destined to feed into the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the point of regulation in saturated straight-chain fatty acid synthesis, and is subject to both phosphorylation and allosteric regulation. Reg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conventional distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed over time. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes almost invariably had a longer wavelength than the radiation (gamma rays) emitted by radioactive nuclei. Older literature distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several aspects of FAIRE-seq that require attention when analysing and interpreting the data. For one, it has been stated that FAIRE-seq will have a higher coverage at enhancer regions over promoter regions. This is in contrast to the alternative method of DNase-seq who is known to show a higher sensitivity t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A specialized form of cell signaling
*BLOC1S1
*BLOC1S2NM_173809
*BLOC1S3NM_212550
*BLOC1S4NM_018366
*BLOC1S6NM_012388
*AP1G1 NM_001128
*AP1M1 NM_032493
*AP2A1 NM_014203
*AP2A2 NM_012305
*AP2M1
*AP2S1 NM_004069
*AP3B1 NM_003664
*AP3D1 NM_003938
*AP3M1 NM_012095
*AP3S1 NM_001284
*AP3S2 NM_005829
*AP4B1 NM_006594
*AP5M1 N... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantum devices can operate either continuously or by a reciprocating cycle.
Continuous devices include solar cells converting solar radiation to electrical power, thermoelectric where the output is current and lasers where the output power is coherent light.
The primary example of a continuous refrigerator is optica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The plasmalysis of wastewater and liquid manure enables hydrogen to be recovered from pollutants contained in the wastewater (ammonium (NH4) or hydrocarbon compounds (COD)). The plasma-catalytic decomposition of ammonia takes place as shown in the following reaction equation:
The treated wastewater is purified in the p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SHIFTCOR generates and reports chemical shift offsets or differences for each nucleus. The results contain the chemical shift analyses (including lists of potential mis-assignments, the estimated referencing errors, the estimated error in the calculated reference offset (95% confidence interval), the applied or suggest... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleic acid analogues are used in molecular biology for several purposes:
* Investigation of possible scenarios of the origin of life: By testing different analogs, researchers try to answer the question of whether life's use of DNA and RNA was selected over time due to its advantages, or if they were chosen by arbitr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thermodynamics of an ideal Bose gas is best calculated using the grand canonical ensemble. The grand potential for a Bose gas is given by:
where each term in the sum corresponds to a particular single-particle energy level ε; g is the number of states with energy ε; z is the absolute activity (or "fugacity"), whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of progesterone protective effects may be the reduction of inflammation that follows brain trauma and hemorrhage.
Damage incurred by traumatic brain injury is believed to be caused in part by mass depolarization leading to excitotoxicity. One way in which progesterone helps to alleviate some of this excit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The stem transmits motion from the handle or controlling device to the disc. The stem typically passes through the bonnet when present. In some cases, the stem and the disc can be combined in one piece, or the stem and the handle are combined in one piece.
The motion transmitted by the stem may be a linear force, a rot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Colonies of lichens may be spectacular in appearance, dominating the surface of the visual landscape as part of the aesthetic appeal to visitors of Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park, and the Bay of Fires. Orange and yellow lichens add to the ambience of desert trees, tundras, and rocky seashores. Intricate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Non-exclusives, "standard" or "catalogue products" constitute the second most important outlet for fine chemicals after custom manufacturing. API-for-Generics are the most important sub-category. Because of patent expiries, over 60 of the top 200 drugs alone, representing aggregated sales of over $150 billion, have fal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A free radical is formed from the carboxylic acid in an oxidative decarboxylation with silver salts and an oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent (ammonium persulfate) oxidizes the Ag(+) to Ag(2+) under the acidic reaction conditions. This induces a hydrogen atom abstraction by the silver, followed by radical decarboxyla... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various effects of heat on the freezing of water were described by ancient scientists, including Aristotle: "The fact that the water has previously been warmed contributes to its freezing quickly: for so it cools sooner. Hence many people, when they want to cool water quickly, begin by putting it in the sun." Aristotle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based AB-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. PT is involved in the colonization of the respiratory tract and the establishment of infection. Research suggests PT may have a therapeutic role in treating a number of common human ailm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mefloquine may cause abnormalities with heart rhythms that are visible on electrocardiograms. Combining mefloquine with other drugs that cause similar effects, such as quinine or quinidine, can increase these effects. Combining mefloquine with halofantrine can cause significant increases in QTc intervals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ambergris ( or ; ; ), ambergrease, or grey amber is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour produced in the digestive system of sperm whales. Freshly produced ambergris has a marine, fecal odor. It acquires a sweet, earthy scent as it ages, commonly likened to the fragrance of isopropyl alc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The standard liter per minute (SLM or SLPM) is a unit of (molar or) mass flow rate of a gas at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP), which is most commonly practiced in the United States, whereas European practice revolves around the normal litre per minute (NLPM). Until 1982, STP was defined as a tem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA-Seq was first developed in mid 2000s with the advent of next-generation sequencing technology. The first manuscripts that used RNA-Seq even without using the term includes those of prostate cancer cell lines (dated 2006), Medicago truncatula (2006), maize (2007), and Arabidopsis thaliana (2007), while the term "RNA... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ammonium carbamate solutions are highly corrosive to metallic construction materials – even to resistant forms of stainless steel – especially in the hottest parts of the synthesis plant such as the stripper. Historically corrosion has been minimized (although not eliminated) by continuous injection of a small amount o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The N-terminal domain of restriction endonuclease EcoRII; the C-terminal domain of restriction endonuclease BfiI possess a similar DNA-binding pseudobarrel protein fold. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Long-held green roof traditions started in the early industrialization period more than 100 years ago exist in Germany. In the 1970s, green roof technology was elevated to the next level. Serious storm-water issues made cities think about innovative solutions, preferably with living plants. Modern green roof technolog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phenomena of superfluidity of a Bose gas and superconductivity of a strongly-correlated Fermi gas (a gas of Cooper pairs) are tightly connected to Bose–Einstein condensation. Under corresponding conditions, below the temperature of phase transition, these phenomena were observed in helium-4 and different classes of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Lavoisier Medal is an award named and given in honor of Antoine Lavoisier, considered by some to be a father of modern chemistry.
At least three organizations independently give awards for achievement in chemical-related disciplines, each using the name Lavoisier Medal. Lavoisier Medals are awarded by the following ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfuryl fluoride is marketed in the U.S. by three manufacturers, under four different brand names. Vikane (Dow) (EPA Reg. No. 62719- 4-ZA) has been commercially available since the early 1960s, with Zythor (marketed by competitor Ensystex of North Carolina) (EPA Reg. No. 81824- 1-AA) being more recently introduced gra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wasium was the suggested name of a chemical element found by J. F. Bahr. The name was derived from the House of Vasa the Royal House of Sweden.
In 1862 Bahr analysed the mineral Orthite—Allanite-(Y)—from the Norwegian island Rönsholm and found an oxide which he concluded contained a new element. In the following years ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are a number of methods by which tablets and capsules can be modified in order to allow for sustained release of the active compound as it moves through the digestive tract. One of the most common methods is to embed the active ingredient in an insoluble porous matrix, such that the dissolving drug must make its ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A positive displacement meter is a type of flow meter that requires fluid to mechanically displace components in the meter in order for flow measurement. Positive displacement (PD) flow meters measure the volumetric flow rate of a moving fluid or gas by dividing the media into fixed, metered volumes (finite increments... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lipophilicity of the statins is considered to be quite important since the hepatoselectivity of the statins is related to their lipophilicity. The more lipophilic statins tend to achieve higher levels of exposure in non-hepatic tissues, while the hydrophilic statins tend to be more hepatoselective. The difference in s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three types of viral infections that can be considered under the topic of viral transformation. These are cytocidal, persistent, and transforming infections. Cytocidal infections can cause fusion of adjacent cells, disruption of transport pathways including ions and other cell signals, disruption of DNA, RN... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In atmospheric sciences, one often refers to the optical depth of the atmosphere as corresponding to the vertical path from Earths surface to outer space; at other times the optical path is from the observers altitude to outer space. The optical depth for a slant path is , where τ′ refers to a vertical path, m is calle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ions that hit the doorknob release secondary electrons. A high voltage (about ) between the doorknob and the scintillator accelerates the electrons onto the phosphor screen, where they are converted to photons. These photons are detected by the photomultiplier.
The advantage of the Daly detector is that the photomultip... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beginning in the early 1900s, modern chemistry sets targeted younger people with the intention to popularize chemistry. In the United States, Porter Chemical Company and the A. C. Gilbert Company produced the best known sets. Although Porter and Gilbert were the largest American producers of chemistry sets, other manuf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most NONOates are stable in alkaline solution above pH 8.0 (e. g. 10 mM NaOH) and can be stored at −20 °C in this way for the short term. To generate NO from NONOates, the pH is lowered accordingly. Typically, a dilution of the stock NONOate solution is made in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4; tris buffers can also be used)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthesis of DDQ involves cyanation of chloranil. J. Thiele and F. Günther first reported a 6-step preparation in 1906. The substance did not receive interest until its potential as a dehydrogenation agent was discovered. A single-step chlorination from 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone was reported in 1965. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider the reaction below:
The two elements involved, iron and chlorine, each change oxidation state; iron from +2 to +3, chlorine from 0 to −1. There are then effectively two half reactions occurring. These changes can be represented in formulas by inserting appropriate electrons into each half reaction:
Given... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Soon after the Big Bang, which occurred roughly 14 Gya, the only chemical elements present in the universe were hydrogen, helium, and lithium, the three lightest atoms in the periodic table. These elements gradually accreted and began orbiting in disks of gas and dust. Gravitational accretion of material at the hot and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since multiple studies have shown that RNA Pol II can be found at a very large number of extragenic regions, it is possible that eRNAs simply represent the product of random “leaky” transcription and carry no functional significance. The non-specific activity of RNA Pol II would therefore allow extragenic transcription... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Tritiation of drug candidates allows detailed analysis of their absorption and metabolism. Tritium has also been used for biological radiometric assays, in a process akin to radiocarbon dating. For example, [H] retinyl acetate was traced through the bodies of rats. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sedative hypnotic drugs including eszopiclone are more commonly prescribed to the elderly than to younger patients despite benefits of medication being generally unimpressive.
In 2015, the American Geriatrics Society reviewed the safety information about eszopiclone and similar drugs and concluded that the "nonbenzodia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flotufolastat F-18 is indicated for positron emission tomography of prostate-specific membrane antigen positive lesions in men with prostate cancer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term electronic sputtering can mean either sputtering induced by energetic electrons (for example in a transmission electron microscope), or sputtering due to very high-energy or highly charged heavy ions that lose energy to the solid, mostly by electronic stopping power, where the electronic excitations cause sput... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One general form of cell engineering involves altering natural cell production to achieve a more desirable yield or shorter production time. A possible method for changing natural cell production includes boosting or repressing genes that are involved in the metabolism of the product. For example, researchers were able... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Mestel. J. [http://www.ma.ic.ac.uk/~ajm8/M4A33/taylor.pdf Taylor dispersion — shear augmented diffusion], Lecture Handout for Course M4A33, Imperial College. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA separation by silica adsorption is a method of DNA separation that is based on DNA molecules binding to silica surfaces in the presence of certain salts and under certain pH conditions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The word chemistry derives from the word alchemy, which is found in various forms in European languages. Alchemy derives from the Arabic word kimiya () or al-kīmiyāʾ (). The Arabic term is derived from the Ancient Greek , khēmia, or , khēmeia, art of alloying metals, from χύμα (khúma, “fluid”), from χέω (khéō, “I pou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Side effects seen more often with levomilnacipran than with placebo in clinical trials included nausea, dizziness, sweating, constipation, insomnia, increased heart rate and blood pressure, urinary hesitancy, erectile dysfunction and delayed ejaculation in males, vomiting, tachycardia, and palpitations. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cross-phase modulation is caused by the Kerr effect, in which the refractive index of the specimen changes in the presence of a large electric field. In this case, the pump beam modulates the phase of the probe, which can then be measured through interferometric techniques. In certain cases, referred to as cross-phase ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyaniline nanofibers have been used in the creation of monolithic actuators. They can be used in this application due to their ability to be flash-welded. When exposed to light, polyaniline converts the absorbed energy directly into heat. In a polyaniline film, the heat is dispersed throughout the polymer. In polyani... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid sulfate soils are widespread around coastal regions, and are also locally associated with freshwater wetlands and saline sulfate-rich groundwater in some agricultural areas. In Australia, coastal acid sulfate soils occupy an estimated 58,000 km, underlying coastal estuaries and floodplains near where the majority ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many researches claim that nanoparticles can be used to enhance crude oil recovery. It is evident that development of nanofluids for oil and gas industry has a great practical aspects. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lotka said (1922b: 151):
Gilliland noted that these difficulties in analysis in turn required some new theory to adequately explain the interactions and transactions of these different energies (different concentrations of fuels, labour and environmental forces). Gilliland (Gilliland 1978, p. 101) suggested that Odum'... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry, a pendant group (sometimes spelled pendent) or side group is a group of atoms attached to a backbone chain of a long molecule, usually a polymer. Pendant groups are different from pendant chains, as they are neither oligomeric nor polymeric.
For example, the phenyl groups are the pen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pH value at the surface of oceans in pre-industrial time (before 1850) was around 8.2. Since then, it has been decreasing due to a human-caused process called ocean acidification that is related to carbon dioxide emissions: Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac2en) is a pan-selective inhibitor for neuraminidase. Neu5Ac2en is a dehydrogenated Neu5Ac and can be synthesized by the hNEU enzyme if Neu5Ac is in high enough concentration. Neu5Ac is also a mild inhibitor for the enzyme but as Neu5Ac2en is a transition-state analog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dicarbollides are obtained by base-degradation of 12-vertex dicarboranes. This degradation of the ortho derivative has been most heavily studied. The conversion is conducted in two-steps, first "deboronation" and second deprotonation:
:CBH + NaOEt + 2 EtOH → NaCBH + H + B(OEt)
:NaCBH + NaH → NaCBH + H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primary metabolites are compounds made during the ordinary metabolism of the organism during the growth phase. A common example is ethanol or lactic acid, produced during glycolysis. Citric acid is produced by some strains of Aspergillus niger as part of the citric acid cycle to acidify their environment and prevent co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wong et al. developed a surface inspired by the system on the pitcher plant. This surface, named “slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces” (SLIPS) is a micro- or nano-porous substrate, with a lubricating liquid locked in place. For the system to work, the lubricating liquid must fully wet the substrate, the solid must... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If a compound has a very large specific rotation or a sample is very concentrated, the actual rotation of the sample may be larger than 180°, and so a single polarimeter measurement cannot detect when this has happened (for example, the values +270° and −90° are not distinguishable, nor are the values 361° and 1°). In ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Building codes and local government ordinances vary greatly on the handling of storm drain runoff. New developments might be required to construct their own storm drain processing capacity for returning the runoff to the water table and bioswales may be required in sensitive ecological areas to protect the watershed.
I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like Sisyphus cooling, the cooling mechanism of gray molasses relies on a two-photon Raman-type transition between two hyperfine-split ground states mediated by an excited state. Orthogonal superpositions of these ground states constitute "bright" and "dark" states, so called since the former couples to the excited sta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AMS counts the atoms of and in a given sample, determining the / ratio directly. The sample, often in the form of graphite, is made to emit C ions (carbon atoms with a single negative charge), which are injected into an accelerator. The ions are accelerated and passed through a stripper, which removes several electro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Maximum entropy spectral estimation is a method of spectral density estimation. The goal is to improve the spectral quality based on the principle of maximum entropy. The method is based on choosing the spectrum which corresponds to the most random or the most unpredictable time series whose autocorrelation function ag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Elongating polymerase is associated with a set of protein factors required for various types of RNA processing. mRNA is capped as soon as it emerges from the RNA-exit channel of the polymerase. After capping, dephosphorylation of Ser-5 within the CTD repeats may be responsible for dissociation of the capping machinery.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary chloroplasts are cell organelles found in some eukaryotic lineages, where they are specialized in performing photosynthesis. They are considered to have evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. After some years of debate, it is now generally accepted that the three major groups of primary endosymbiotic eukaryo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Englishman William Haynes patented a process in 1860 for separating sulfide and gangue minerals using oil. Later writers have pointed to Haynes's as the first "bulk oil flotation" patent, though there is no evidence of its being field tested, or used commercially. In 1877 the brothers Bessel (Adolph and August) of Dres... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A major bulk of work in the synthesis of lovastatin was done by M. Hirama in the 1980s.
Hirama synthesized compactin and used one of the intermediates to follow a different path to get to lovastatin. The synthetic sequence is shown in the schemes below. The γ-lactone was synthesized using Yamada methodology starting wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In classic polarography, the standard addition method involves creating two samples – one sample without any spikes, and another one with spikes. By comparing the current measured from two samples, the amount of analyte in the unknown is determined. This approach was the first reported use of standard addition, and was... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sterilization is an important factor to consider during the fermentation of foods. Failing to completely remove any microbes from equipment and storing vessels may result in the multiplication of harmful organisms within the ferment, potentially increasing the risks of food borne illnesses like botulism. However, botul... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) is the absorbance of ultraviolet light in a water sample at a specified wavelength that is normalized for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) wavelengths have analytical uses to measure the aromatic character of dissolved organic matter by d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Orthodontic items, such as wires and foams for endovascular procedures.
* Microelements for intelligent suturing.
* Intravenous needles that soften in the body and laparoscopy devices
* Drug delivery systems.
* In-body degradable implants for minimally invasive surgeries.
* Inner soles of orthopedic or special needs ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above calculations for NNT are valid under monotonicity, where treatment can't have a negative effect on any individual. However, in the case where the treatment may benefit some individuals and harm others, the NNT as defined above cannot be estimated from a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) alone. The inverse of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Development of the Pennsylvania oil industry by Edwin Drake and Samuel Kier in the 1850s
*Deciphering of the genetic code by Marshall Warren Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei at the National Institutes of Health in the 1960s | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cleanup process started when there was a survey of Manhattan Project sites. The plant was inspected in 1976 and found low levels of radiation. Westinghouse filed an application in 1988 with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to decommission those buildings. The demolition of the buildings was done from 1993 th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) incompletely oxidize sugars and alcohols, usually glucose and ethanol, to acetic acid, in a process called AAB oxidative fermentation (AOF). After glycolysis, the produced pyruvate is broken down to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase, which in turn is oxidized to acetic acid by acetaldehy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Members of Ancyronyx superficially resemble spiders and are aquatic, hence their common name, "spider water beetles". They are typically very small, with an average body length (without legs) of . They are characterized by extremely long legs (longer than the body length). The legs have widely separated coxae, with the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Special Weber's transform is an important tool in solving problems of the hydrodynamics. It is defined for as
where , are the Bessel functions of the first and second kind respectively. For it has a non-trivial kernel which consists of the functions .
The inverse transform is given by the formula
Due to non-trivial... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At Pannon University software the tools PNS Editor and PNS Studio were programmed to generate maximum structure of processes. This software includes the p-graph method and MSG, SSG and ABB branch and bound algorithms to detect optimum structures within the maximum available process flows.
PNS is used in different appli... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gun development and proliferation in China continued under the Ming dynasty. The success of its founder Zhu Yuanzhang, who declared his reign to be the era of Hongwu, or "Great Martiality," has often been attributed to his effective use of guns.
Most early Ming guns weighed two to three kilograms while guns considered ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phomoxanthones are a loosely defined class of natural products. The two founding members of this class are phomoxanthone A and phomoxanthone B. Other compounds were later also classified as phomoxanthones, although a unifying nomenclature has not yet been established. The structure of all phomoxanthones is derived ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystallographic image processing (CIP) is traditionally understood as being a set of key steps in the determination of the atomic structure of crystalline matter from high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images obtained in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) that is run in the parallel illumination mode. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, protein film voltammetry (or protein film electrochemistry, or direct electrochemistry of proteins) is a technique for examining the behavior of proteins immobilized (either adsorbed or covalently attached) on an electrode. The technique is applicable to proteins and enzymes that engage in electron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Trimethylboroxine is used in the methylation of various aryl halides through palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions:
Another form of the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction exhibits selectivity to aryl chlorides:
Boroxines have also been examined as precursors to monomeric oxoborane, HB≡O. This compound qui... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An extension of the anomeric effect, the exo anomeric effect is the preference of substituents coming off a ring to adopt the gauche conformation, while sterics would suggest an antiperiplanar conformation would be preferred.
An example of this is 2-methoxytetrahydropyran. As the anomeric effect predicts, the methox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Guy Bertrand, born on July 17, 1952, at Limoges is a chemistry professor at the University of California, San Diego.
Bertrand obtained his B.Sc. from the University of Montpellier in 1975 and his Ph.D. from the Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, in 1979. He was a postdoctoral researcher at Sanofi Research, France, in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanical bond can reduce the kinetic reactivity of the products, this is ascribed to the increased steric hindrance. Because of this effect hydrogenation of an alkene on the thread of a rotaxane is significantly slower as compared to the equivalent non interlocked thread. This effect has allowed for the isolation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the study of partial differential equations, the MUSCL scheme is a finite volume method that can provide highly accurate numerical solutions for a given system, even in cases where the solutions exhibit shocks, discontinuities, or large gradients. MUSCL stands for Monotonic Upstream-centered Scheme for Conservation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Synthesis of diacylglycerol begins with glycerol-3-phosphate, which is derived primarily from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a product of glycolysis (usually in the cytoplasm of liver or adipose tissue cells). Glycerol-3-phosphate is first acylated with acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to form lysophosphatidic acid, which is th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Droplet countercurrent chromatography (DCCC) was introduced in 1970 by Tanimura, Pisano, Ito, and Bowman. DCCC uses only gravity to move the mobile phase through the stationary phase which is held in long vertical tubes connected in series. In the descending mode, droplets of the denser mobile phase and sample are allo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.