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The phenomenon of electromigration has been known for over 100 years, having been discovered by the French scientist Gerardin. The topic first became of practical interest during the late 1960s when packaged ICs first appeared. The earliest commercially available ICs failed in a mere three weeks of use from runaway ele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Day received awards from both the Royal Society (including the Bakerian Lecture in 1999) and the Royal Society of Chemistry; the latter named one of its awards in materials chemistry after him. He served many national and international agencies and institutions, both professional and governmental, and held numerous ho... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbolithiation is the addition of an organolithium reagent across a carbon-carbon pi-bond. The organolithium reagents used in this transformation can be commercial (such as n-butyllithium) or can be generated through deprotonation or lithium-halogen exchange. Both inter- and intramolecular examples of carbolithiation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many inorganic compounds are found in nature as minerals. Soil may contain iron sulfide as pyrite or calcium sulfate as gypsum. Inorganic compounds are also found multitasking as biomolecules: as electrolytes (sodium chloride), in energy storage (ATP) or in construction (the polyphosphate backbone in DNA). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Journal of Radiation Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on radiation and oncology. It was established in 1960 and is published by Oxford University Press. Its editor-in-chief is Kenshi Komatsu (University of Kyoto).
It is an affiliated journal of the Japan Radiation Research ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Booth designed an electromechanical computer, the ARC (Automatic Relay Computer), in the late 1940s (1947-1948). Later on, they built an experimental electronic computer named SEC (Simple Electronic Computer, designed around 1948-1949) - and finally, the APE(X)C (All-Purpose Electronic Computer) series.
The computers ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphatidic acids are anionic phospholipids important to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels. Hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid gives rise to one molecule each of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids. They constitute about 0.25% of phospholipids in the bilayer. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In his last years, Walden focused on history of chemistry and collected a unique library of over 10,000 volumes. The library and his house were destroyed when the British bombed Rostock in 1942. Walden moved to Berlin and then to Frankfurt am Main, where he became a visiting professor of the history of chemistry at the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A special case of this is the formation of small droplets when water is dripping from a faucet/tap. When a segment of water begins to separate from the faucet, a neck is formed and then stretched. If the diameter of the faucet is big enough, the neck does not get sucked back in, and it undergoes a Plateau–Rayleigh ins... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Online non-intrusive ultrasonic thickness sensors are a popular choice for corrosion monitoring in various industries, including oil and gas, chemical processing, and power generation. These sensors can provide accurate and reliable thickness measurements of metal structures without requiring physical access or disrupt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates back to 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell was experimenting with long-distance sound transmission. Through his invention, called "photophone", he transmitted vocal signals by reflecting sun-light from a moving mirror to a selenium solar cell receiver. As a byproduct of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biotin PEG2 amine is used as a linker or cross linker. This allows to attach specific compounds to proteins or to antibodies.
A common use of biotin PEG2 amine is to use EDC and crosslink the amine in the biotin PEG2 amine to carboxyl groups on protein residues that are either aspartate or glutamate or the carboxy-term... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The studies of rapamycin as immunosuppressive agent enabled us to understand its mechanism of action. It inhibits T-cell proliferation and proliferative responses induced by several cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IGF, PDGF, and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). Rapamycin inhibitors ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two major pathways of deficiency of CoQ in humans: reduced biosynthesis, and increased use by the body. Biosynthesis is the major source of CoQ. Biosynthesis requires at least 15 genes, and mutations in any of them can cause CoQ deficiency. CoQ levels also may be affected by other genetic defects (such as mut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In middle and late transition metal complexes, there is larger thermodynamic preference for β-H elimination over β-alkyl elimination, where the difference is usually >15 kcal/mol. Examples involved middle and late transition metal complexes are either absent of β-hydrogens or use ring strain relief and aromaticity as d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The act of recycling plastic degrades its polymer chains, usually as a result of thermal damage similar to that seen during initial processing. In some cases, this is turned into an advantage by intentionally and completely depolymerising the plastic back into its starting monomers, which can then be used to generate f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Like many ACE inhibitors, this prodrug is converted to the active metabolite spiraprilat following oral administration. Unlike other members of the group, it is eliminated both by renal and hepatic routes, which may allow for greater use in patients with renal impairment.
However, data on its effect upon the renal func... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The capillary length can also be found through the manipulation of many different physical phenomenon. One method is to focus on capillary action, which is the attraction of a liquids surface to a surrounding solid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur, there must be stimulation of NMDA receptors, which causes AMPA receptors to be inserted postsynaptically. PI3K binds to AMPA receptors in a conserved region to orient the receptors in the membrane, specifically at the GluR subunit. PI3K activity increases in response ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For example, the selective capture of particles by an aligned, thin-walled circular nozzle is given by Belyaev and Levin as:
where is particle concentration, is speed, and the subscript 0 indicates conditions far upstream of the nozzle. The characteristic distance is the diameter of the nozzle. Here the Stokes numbe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On average, the total power of the thermal radiation emitted by Earth is equal to the power absorbed from sunlight. As CO levels rise, the emitted radiation can maintain this equilibrium only if the temperature increases, so that the total emitted radiation is unchanged (averaged over enough time, in the order of few y... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This compound is originated from mevalonic acid pathway which produce dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) from acetyl-CoA. Three DMAPPs, or one DMAPP and two isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), are made into a farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), which is the fundamental precursor of sesquiterpene, and then sesquiterpene cyclise enzym... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pre-emption prevents damage from happening. This is done either by converting reactive metabolites to less harmful ones, or by speeding up an insufficiently fast chemical reaction. The reactive metabolite can be either a side product, or a normal, but highly reactive intermediate.
For example, a side activity of Rubisc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the motions of the atoms in a molecule are determined by quantum mechanics, "motion" must be defined in a quantum mechanical way. The overall (external) quantum mechanical motions translation and rotation hardly change the geometry of the molecule. (To some extent rotation influences the geometry via Coriolis for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For intense beams of light (e.g. laser) traveling in a medium or in a waveguide, such as an optical fiber, the variations in the electric field of the beam itself may induce acoustic vibrations in the medium via electrostriction or radiation pressure. The beam may display Brillouin scattering as a result of those vibra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Efforts are reported in asymmetric synthesis of halo carbonyls through organocatalysis. In one study an acid chloride is converted into an α-halo ester with a strong base (sodium hydride), a bromine donor and an organocatalyst based on proline and quinine:
In the proposed reaction mechanism the base first converts the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the process of studying natural radioactivity - studying the radiation of radioactive elements and radioactive transformations, new natural radioactive elements were discovered, systematized in radioactive groups - uranium and thorium, which include the third, so-called actinium family - actinides (this name was pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Foams can form naturally within a variety of living organisms. For example, wood, cork, and plant matter all can have foam components or structures. Fungi are generally composed of mycelium, which is made up of hollow filaments of chitin nanofibers bound to other components. Animal parts like cancellous bone, horseshoe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This list is extremely abbreviated in terms of the enzymes mimicked and the primary investigators working on each enzyme mimic.
Richard Holm's work on mimics of nitrogenase and creation of iron sulfur clusters.
Stephen Lippard's work on MMO.
Thomas Rauchfusss, Marcetta Darensbourgs and Christopher Pickett's work on Hyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A biosignature must be able to last for long enough so that a probe, telescope, or human can be able to detect it. A consequence of a biological organism's use of metabolic reactions for energy is the production of metabolic waste. In addition, the structure of an organism can be preserved as a fossil and we know that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the use of an epifluorescent microscope, microscopic flows can be analyzed. MicroPIV makes use of fluorescing particles that excite at a specific wavelength and emit at another wavelength. Laser light is reflected through a dichroic mirror, travels through an objective lens that focuses on the point of interest,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An elementary charge transfer step can be described by the Butler–Volmer model proposed by John Alfred Valentine Butler and Max Volmer. The reaction rate is given by the Butler-Volmer equation:
In this equation is the net current density, is the exchange current density, is the charge transfer coefficient, is the n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyridine is used as a polar, basic, low-reactive solvent, for example in Knoevenagel condensations. It is especially suitable for the dehalogenation, where it acts as the base for the elimination reaction. In esterifications and acylations, pyridine activates the carboxylic acid chlorides and anhydrides. Even more acti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcription of the cloned gene is a necessary component of the vector when expression of the gene is required: one gene may be amplified through transcription to generate multiple copies of mRNAs, the template on which protein may be produced through translation. A larger number of mRNAs would express a greater amoun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thermohaline circulation plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in regulating the amount of sea ice in these regions, although poleward heat transport outside the tropics is considerably larger in the atmosphere than in the ocean. Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Natural ventilation harnesses naturally available forces to supply and remove air in an enclosed space. Poor ventilation in rooms is identified to significantly increase the localized moldy smell in specific places of the room including room corners. There are three types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prelogs main interest was focused on alkaloids. He found an ideal topic in the elucidation of the structure of solanine; he continued his work on Cinchona alkaloids and started to investigate strychnine. He showed that Robert Robinsons formula for strychnine was not correct. Although the formula he proposed was also no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Boc group can be added to the amine under aqueous conditions using di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in the presence of a base such as sodium bicarbonate. Protection of the amine can also be accomplished in acetonitrile solution using 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as the base.
Removal of the Boc in amino acids can be acco... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the reaction
the observed rate equation (or rate expression) is:
As for many reactions, the experimental rate equation does not simply reflect the stoichiometric coefficients in the overall reaction: It is third order overall: first order in H and second order in NO, even though the stoichiometric coefficients of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In combustion, heat release parameter (or gas expansion parameter) is a dimensionless parameter which measures the amount of heat released by the combustion process. It is defined as
where
* is the burnt gas temperature
* is the unburnt mixture temperature.
In typical combustion process, . For isobaric combustion, usin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ion beam is a type of charged particle beam consisting of ions. Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. A variety of ion beam sources exists, some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most common ion beams are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It may be shown that, in orthogonal coordinates, the -th component of the convection term of the material derivative of a vector field is given by
where the are related to the metric tensors by
In the special case of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z), and being a 1-tensor (a vector with thre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrification is a process of nitrogen compound oxidation (effectively, loss of electrons from the nitrogen atom to the oxygen atoms), and is catalyzed step-wise by a series of enzymes.
: (Nitrosomonas, Comammox)
: (Nitrobacter, Nitrospira, Comammox)
OR
In Nitrosomonas europaea, the first step of oxidation (ammonia to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Capnellene-8β,10α-diol and its acylated derivatives exhibit significant cytotoxicity in vitro against cervical epitheloid carcinoma (HeLa, oral epidermoid (KB), medulloblastoma (Daoy) and colon adenocarcinoma (WiDr) human tumor cell lines. The diol was also effective against human leukemia, renal leiomyoblastoma, colon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both hypoxic conditions and serum deprivation induced increased expression of SFRP1 in leiomyoma cells. However, the smooth muscle cells cultured from the myometrium showed no significant correlation between SFRP1 expression and oxygen concentration. This suggests that SFRP1 may protect the cells from the damage caus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After John Macadam and her children's deaths his widow, Elizabeth Clark, later remarried. She married the Reverend John Dalziel Dickie, who was pastor at Colac for 32 years. They married on 26 February 1868 They had four daughters. Elizabeth Dickie died aged 82 in 1915, in Brighton, Victoria, as the widow of the Rev. D... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Micellar solubilization (solubilization) is the process of incorporating the solubilizate (the component that undergoes solubilization) into or onto micelles. Solubilization may occur in a system consisting of a solvent, an association colloid (a colloid that forms micelles), and at least one other solubilizate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dynamic Wilhelmy method is a method for calculating average advancing and receding contact angles on solids of uniform geometry. Both sides of the solid must have the same properties. Wetting force on the solid is measured as the solid is immersed in or withdrawn from a liquid of known surface tension. Also in that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coal tar was formerly one of the products of gasworks. Tar made from coal or petroleum is considered toxic and carcinogenic because of its high benzene content, though coal tar in low concentrations is used as a topical medicine for conditions such as psoriasis. Coal and petroleum tar has a pungent odor.
Coal tar is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reciprocal silencing on the tissue level refers to the same pattern of silencing and expression of homeologous loci. However, in this case, the differences in silencing and expression occur between two types of tissue within the same individual, rather than in individuals of different populations. This is an example of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silver nanoparticles are used for catalyzing chemical reactions, Raman imaging, and antimicrobial sterilization. Along with its antimicrobial properties, its low mammalian cell toxicity makes these particles a common addition to consumer products. Washing textiles embedded with silver nanoparticles results in the oxida... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The maximum density of a substance is the highest attainable density of the substance under given conditions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Construction of a 15 t/h demonstration copper ISASMELT plant began in 1986. The design was based on MIM's 250 kg/h test work and operating experience with the lead ISASMELT pilot plant. It cost A$11 million and was commissioned in April 1987. The initial capital cost was recovered in the first 14 months of operation.
A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon dioxide binds to metals in only a few ways. The bonding mode depends on the electrophilicity and basicity of the metal centre. Most common is the η-CO coordination mode as illustrated by Aresta's complex, Ni(CO)(PCy), which was the first reported complex of CO This square-planar compound is a derivative of Ni(II... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Common inspection methods for steel castings are magnetic particle testing and liquid penetrant testing. Common inspection methods for aluminum castings are radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant testing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pipe materials with higher molecular weights (MW), or densities, will have slower material flow rates when in the molten state during fusion. Despite the differences in flow rates, the final joint strength is generally consistent over a fairly wide range of pipe molecular weights. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
5-Methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine both read as a C in bisulfite sequencing. Oxidative bisulfite sequencing is a method to discriminate between 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at single base resolution. The method employs a specific (Tet-assisted) chemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Once the cellular population is stable, all the action potential are compared to physiological data related to the most relevant anatomical regions to appropriately filter the action potential, aiming to consider just the physiologically relevant ones.
At the atrial level, the clusterization occurs with data associated... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Volumetric flow rate is defined by the limit
that is, the flow of volume of fluid through a surface per unit time .
Since this is only the time derivative of volume, a scalar quantity, the volumetric flow rate is also a scalar quantity. The change in volume is the amount that flows after crossing the boundary for some... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liñán diffusion flame theory is a theory developed by Amable Liñán in 1974 to explain the diffusion flame structure using activation energy asymptotics and Damköhler number asymptotics. Liñán used counterflowing jets of fuel and oxidizer to study the diffusion flame structure, analyzing for the entire range of Damköhle... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ideal cycle is simple to analyze and consists of:
# TOP (A) and BOTTOM (C) of the loop: a pair of parallel isobaric processes
# RIGHT (B) and LEFT (D) of the loop: a pair of parallel isochoric processes
If the working substance is a perfect gas, is only a function of for a closed system since its internal pressure... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The results of the investigations are internationally evaluated by the members in specialist committees and made available to practice and the responsible bodies at regional and state level, as well as to the European Uninion for legislative and approval procedures. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to Cori Cycle, the lactate shuttle hypothesis proposes complementary functions of lactate in multiple tissues. Contrary to the long-held belief that lactate is formed as a result of oxygen-limited metabolism, substantial evidence exists that suggests lactate is formed under both aerobic and anaerobic condit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In optical physics, transmittance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in transmitting radiant energy. It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is transmitted through a sample, in contrast to the transmission coefficient, which is the ratio of the transmitted to incident electric field.
In... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lagrangian and Eulerian specifications of the kinematics and dynamics of the flow field are related by the material derivative (also called the Lagrangian derivative, convective derivative, substantial derivative, or particle derivative).
Suppose we have a flow field u, and we are also given a generic field with Eu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Given the widespread use of pesticides, herbicides and insecticides in modern farming, dendrimers are also being used by companies to help improve the delivery of agrochemicals to enable healthier plant growth and to help fight plant diseases.
Dendrimers are also being investigated for use as blood substitutes. Their s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resonance assisted hydrogen bond (commonly abbreviated as RAHB) is a strong type of hydrogen bond. It is characterized by the π-delocalization that involves the hydrogen and cannot be properly described by the electrostatic model alone. This description of the hydrogen bond has been proposed to describe unusually s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are several different techniques to detect regulatory genes, but of the many there are a certain few that are used more frequently than others. One of these select few is called ChIP-chip. ChIP-chip is an in vivo technique used to determine genomic binding sites for transcription factors in two component system... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is listed on Schedule 3 of the Chemical Weapons Convention: All production sites manufacturing more than 30 tonnes per year must be declared to the OPCW. Although less toxic than many other chemical weapons such as sarin, phosgene is still regarded as a viable chemical warfare agent because of its simpler manufactur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DTIs inhibit thrombin by two ways; bivalent DTIs block simultaneously the active site and exosite 1 and act as competitive inhibitors of fibrin, while univalent DTIs block only the active site and can therefore both inhibit unbound and fibrin-bound thrombin. In contrast, heparin drugs bind in exosite 2 and form a bridg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gasulla, Casano and Guéra, concluded that the longer the lichen are subjected to darkness, the quicker the chlororespiratory pathways can begin. This is due to the fast depletion of PTOX molecules which reduce the PQ pool. These events then stimulate chlororespiratory ETCs into an ongoing loop until the lichen are plac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, pi stacking (also called π–π stacking) refers to the presumptive attractive, noncovalent pi interactions (orbital overlap) between the pi bonds of aromatic rings. However this is a misleading description of the phenomena since direct stacking of aromatic rings (the "sandwich interaction") is electrostati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reaction of a strong acid with a strong base is essentially a quantitative reaction. For example,
In this reaction both the sodium and chloride ions are spectators as the neutralization reaction,
does not involve them. With weak bases addition of acid is not quantitative because a solution of a weak base is a buffe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because oxygen and argon leak through packaging material at different rates, comparing the ratios inside a package can determine if and how quickly air from outside has leaked in. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LSAT is primarily used in its single crystal form, typically as thin (≤1 mm) wafers. These wafers are used as a common substrate for epitaxial growth of thin films. LSAT substrates are popular for epitaxial oxides and their heterostructures, often in the study of electron correlation phenomena. Typical materials grown ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isotopic reference materials exist for non-traditional isotope systems (elements other than hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur), including lithium, boron, magnesium, calcium, iron, and many others. Because the non-traditional systems were developed relatively recently, the reference materials for these syst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to the factors affecting monosaccharide residues, conformational analysis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides requires consideration additional factors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mission data are provided to the public by the NASA Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). The Level 1B data product is the least processed and contains records for all collected soundings (about 74,000 soundings per orbit). The Level 2 product contains estimates of the column-averaged d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Push–pull technology involves use of behaviour-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of stemborers and beneficial insects for management of stemborer pests. It is based on in-depth understanding of chemical ecology, agrobiodiversity, plant-plant and insect-plant interactions, and involves inter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which produces effects in the body. Usually these effects are similar to those of the parent drug but weaker, although they can still be significant (see e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC, morphine-6-glucuronide). Certain drugs such as codeine a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus which replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and is the only member of the Asfarviridae family. The virus causes a lethal haemorraghic disease in domestic pigs. Some strains can cause death of animals within as little as a week after infectio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. Hot blast was patented by James Beaumont Neilson at Wilsontown Ironworks in Scotland in 1828. Within a few years of the introduction, hot bl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neutralizing a solution containing an salt such as indium nitrate () or a solution of indium trichloride () gives a white precipitate that on aging forms indium(III) hydroxide. A thermal decomposition of freshly prepared shows the first step is the conversion of to cubic indium(III) hydroxide. The precipitation of i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
2D synchronous and asynchronous spectra are basically 3D-datasets and are generally represented by contour plots. X- and y-axes are identical to the x-axis of the original dataset, whereas the different contours represent the magnitude of correlation between the spectral intensities. The 2D synchronous spectrum is symm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When , the decay is referred to as "forbidden". Nuclear selection rules require high values to be accompanied by changes in nuclear spin () and parity (). The selection rules for the th forbidden transitions are:
where corresponds to no parity change or parity change, respectively. The special case of a transition be... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mesohabitat simulation model (MesoHABSIM), created by Dr. Piotr Parasiewicz, addresses the requirements of watershed-based management of running waters and is designed to predict an aquatic community's response to habitat modification. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The explanation of the Fano line-shape first appeared in the context of inelastic electron scattering by helium and autoionization. The incident electron doubly excites the atom to the state, a sort of shape resonance. The doubly excited atom spontaneously decays by ejecting one of the excited electrons. Fano showed t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corby became a steelmaking centre through the establishment of the Stewarts & Lloyds production site in the 1930s, and by 1960 had grown to become one of the most heavily industrialised areas in the Midlands. In 1981 however the plant had become unprofitable and owners British Steel Corporation closed the site. By then... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spin diffusion describes a situation wherein the individual nuclear spins undergo continuous exchange of energy. This permits polarization differences within the sample to be reduced on a timescale much shorter than relaxation effects.
Spin diffusion is a process by which magnetization can be exchanged spontaneously b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sabih Taher Darwish al-Masri is a Jordanian-Palestinian businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Arab Supply and Trading Company (Astra Group). He is also the chairman of Zara Investment Holding, Astra Industries, Paltel Corporation and Arab Bank, and a founder of the Palestine Securities Exchange (PSE).
He is t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PET imaging with oxygen-15 indirectly measures blood flow to the brain. In this method, increased radioactivity signal indicates increased blood flow which is assumed to correlate with increased brain activity. Because of its 2-minute half-life, oxygen-15 must be piped directly from a medical cyclotron for such uses, w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sweetening properties of Synsepalum dulcificum berries were first noted by des Marchais during expeditions to West Africa in the 18th century. The term miraculin derived from experiments to isolate and purify the active glycoprotein that gave the berries their sweetening effects, results that were published simulta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleic acids (including RNA and DNA) are nucleotide polymers synthesized by polymerase enzymes during either transcription or DNA replication. Following 5-3 synthesis of the backbone, individual nitrogenous bases are capable of interacting with one another via hydrogen bonding, thus allowing for the formation of highe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many different designs of vortex breaker are available. Some use radial vanes or baffles around the liquid exit to stop some of the angular velocity of the liquid. The "floor grate" design uses a system of grating similar to the metal floor of a catwalk. Different authors give different rules of thumb for vortex breake... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleophilic/electrophilic cascades are
defined as the cascade sequences in which the key step constitutes a nucleophilic
or electrophilic attack.
An example of such a cascade is seen in the short enantioselective synthesis of the broad-spectrum antibiotic (–)-chloramphenicol, reported by Rao et al. (Scheme 1). Herein,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If lichens are exposed to air pollutants at all times, without any deciduous parts, they are unable to avoid the accumulation of pollutants. Also lacking stomata and a cuticle, lichens may absorb aerosols and gases over the entire thallus surface from which they may readily diffuse to the photobiont layer. Because lich... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As HIV uses reverse transcriptase to copy its genetic material and generate new viruses (part of a retrovirus proliferation circle), specific drugs have been designed to disrupt the process and thereby suppress its growth. Collectively, these drugs are known as reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and include the nucleosid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The "chemical space" of all possible organic chemicals is large and increases exponentially with the size of the molecule. Most chemical libraries do not typically have a fully represented chemical space mostly because of storage and cost concerns.
Because of the expense and effort involved in chemical synthesis, the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gallamine triethiodide is originally developed for preventing muscle contractions during surgical procedures. However, it is no longer marketed in the United States according to the FDA orange book. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In geography, a confluence (also: conflux) occurs where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel. A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river (main stem); or where two streams meet to become the source of a river of a new name (such as the conflu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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