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There are several challenges to the application of thorium as a nuclear fuel, particularly for solid fuel reactors:
In contrast to uranium, naturally occurring thorium is effectively mononuclidic and contains no fissile isotopes; fissile material, generally , or plutonium, must be added to achieve criticality. This, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, a thermoneutral voltage is a voltage drop across an electrochemical cell which is sufficient not only to drive the cell reaction, but to also provide the heat necessary to maintain a constant temperature. For a reaction of the form
The thermoneutral voltage is given by
where is the change in entha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thanatotranscriptome denotes all RNA transcripts produced from the portions of the genome still active or awakened in the internal organs of a body following its death. It is relevant to the study of the biochemistry, microbiology, and biophysics of thanatology, in particular within forensic science. Some genes may... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Stefan Lovgren, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050319053238/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/03/0318_050318_cryonics.html "Corpses Frozen for Future Rebirth by Arizona Company"], March 2005, National Geographic | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the advent of practical steam power, ceiling fans could finally be used for ventilation. Reid installed four steam-powered fans in the ceiling of St Georges Hospital in Liverpool, so that the pressure produced by the fans would force the incoming air upward and through vents in the ceiling. Reids pioneering work p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Graham Charles Wood FRS (6 February 1934—4 November 2016) was an English corrosion scientist.
Born in Farnborough, he went on to study metallurgy at Cambridge. Following postdoctoral work at Cambridge, he moved to Manchester, where his career in corrosion science would be based, starting at the Manchester College of Sc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca, and the binding of Ca is required for the activation of calmodulin. Once bound to Ca, calmo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trimethylsilyl iodide may be prepared by the oxidative cleavage of hexamethyldisilane by iodine or by the cleavage of hexamethyldisiloxane with aluminium triiodide.
: TMS-TMS + I → 2 TMSI (TMS = (CH)Si)
: 3 TMS-O-TMS + 2 AlI → 6 TMSI + AlO | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acid catalysis is mainly used for organic chemical reactions. Many acids can function as sources for the protons. Acid used for acid catalysis include hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites.
Strong acids catalyze the hydrol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Translational regulation of MITF is still an unexplored area with only two peer-reviewed papers (as of 2019) highlighting the importance. During glutamine starvation of melanoma cells ATF4 transcripts increases as well as the translation of the mRNA due to eIF2α phosphorylation. This chain of molecular events leads to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction, also called dipolar coupling, refers to the direct interaction between two magnetic dipoles. Roughly speaking, the magnetic field of a dipole goes as the inverse cube of the distance, and the force of its magnetic field on another dipole goes as the first derivative of the magnetic f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wiggins realised that water can exist in two different states, and that the existence of these states explains the way that living cells work, and has implications for DNA and protein structure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the last solute has been eluted, it is necessary to strip the displacer from the column. Since the displacer was chosen for high affinity, this can pose a challenge. On reverse-phase materials, a wash with a high percentage of organic solvent may suffice. Large pH shifts are also often employed. One effective ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The extent of reaction is a useful quantity in computations with equilibrium reactions. Consider the reaction
:2 A ⇌ B + 3 C
where the initial amounts are , and the equilibrium amount of A is 0.5 mol. We can calculate the extent of reaction in equilibrium from its definition
In the above, we note that the stoichiometr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is an international standard on presenting various characteristic particle sizes, the ISO 9276 (Representation of results of particle size analysis). This set of various average sizes includes median size, geometric mean size, average size. In the selection of specific small-size particles is common the use of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A sensor device embedded on microprocessors used to monitor the temperature of the processor's die is also known as a "thermal diode".
This application of thermal diode is based on the property of electrical diodes to change voltage across it linearly according to temperature. As the temperature increases, diodes forwa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
is a trigonal pyramidal molecule with C molecular symmetry. The length of the P−H bond is 1.42 Å, the H−P−H bond angles are 93.5°. The dipole moment is 0.58 D, which increases with substitution of methyl groups in the series: , 1.10 D; , 1.23 D; , 1.19 D. In contrast, the dipole moments of amines decrease with substitu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was appointed a lecturer at the TU in 1955 and, in 1957, professor and then, in 1959, C4 professor. In 1964 he took the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at the TU.
In 1964, he was elected a member of the Mathematics/Natural Science section of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In 1969 he was appointed a member of the Ge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In plumbing, a trap is a U-shaped portion of pipe designed to trap liquid or gas to prevent unwanted flow; most notably sewer gases from entering buildings while allowing waste materials to pass through. In oil refineries, traps are used to prevent hydrocarbons and other dangerous gases and chemical fumes from escaping... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Filtration is a unit operation that is commonly used both in laboratory and production conditions. This apparatus, adapted for laboratory work, is often used to isolate the product of synthesis of a reaction when the product is a solid in suspension. The product of synthesis is then recovered faster, and the solid is d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
LD is very similar to Circular Dichroism (CD), but with two important differences. (i) CD spectroscopy uses circularly polarized light whereas LD uses linearly polarized light. (ii) In CD experiments molecules are usually free in solution so they are randomly oriented. The observed spectrum is then a function only of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Efficiency, temperature resistance and cost are the three major factors for choosing a TPV emitter. Efficiency is determined by energy absorbed relative to incoming radiation. High temperature operation is crucial because efficiency increases with operating temperature. As emitter temperature increases, black-body radi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resolution of the questions concerning the motion of fluids was effected by means of Leonhard Eulers partial differential coefficients. This calculus was first applied to the motion of water by dAlembert, and enabled both him and Euler to represent the theory of fluids in formulae restricted by no particular hypoth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single crystal growth starts with a seed crystal that is used to template growth of a larger crystal. The overall process is lengthy, and machining is necessary after the single crystal is grown. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pseudokinases are catalytically-deficient pseudoenzyme variants of protein kinases that are represented in all kinomes across the kingdoms of life. Pseudokinases have both physiological (signal transduction) and pathophysiological functions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thermocouples/unicouples attached to the outer shell consist of a SiGe alloy n-leg doped with boron and a SiGe p-leg doped with phosphorus to provide thermoelectric polarity to the couple. The electrical and thermal currents of the system are separated by bonding the SiGe alloy thermocouple to a multifoil cold stac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydrosphere is 33% oxygen by volume present mainly as a component of water molecules, with dissolved molecules including free oxygen and carbolic acids (HCO). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A cause is defined as an unconditional and invariable antecedent of an effect and an effect as an unconditional and invariable consequent of a cause. The same cause produces the same effect; and the same effect is produced by the same cause. The cause is not present in any hidden form whatsoever in its effect.
The foll... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Any free system with a constant gyromagnetic ratio, such as a rigid system of charges, a nucleus, or an electron, when placed in an external magnetic field (measured in teslas) that is not aligned with its magnetic moment, will precess at a frequency (measured in hertz), that is proportional to the external field:
Fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word gas was first used by the early 17th-century Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont. He identified carbon dioxide, the first known gas other than air. Van Helmonts word appears to have been simply a phonetic transcription of the Ancient Greek word – the g in Dutch being pronounced like ch in "loch" (voicele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The crystallographic restriction theorem in its basic form was based on the observation that the rotational symmetries of a crystal are usually limited to 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, and 6-fold. However, quasicrystals can occur with other diffraction pattern symmetries, such as 5-fold; these were not discovered until 1982 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oregon, a ship in the Oregon Files series of books by author Clive Cussler, has a magnetohydrodynamic drive. This allows the ship to turn very sharply and brake instantly, instead of gliding for a few miles. In Valhalla Rising, Clive Cussler writes the same drive into the powering of Captain Nemos Nautilus.'
The film a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One might believe that sodium or potassium hydride would be the ideal base for deprotonating these precursor salts. The hydride should react irreversibly with the loss of hydrogen to give the desired carbene, with the inorganic by-products and excess hydride being removed by filtration. In practice this reaction is oft... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh–Plesset equation or Besant–Rayleigh–Plesset equation is a nonlinear ordinary differential equation which governs the dynamics of a spherical bubble in an infinite body of incompressible fluid. Its general form is usually written aswhere
: is the density of the surrounding liquid, assum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to other d transition metals, Nb(III) produce adducts with alkynes. These derivatives are sometimes called Nb(V) alkenediyls metallacyclopropenes.
These alkendiyl complexes function as latent dianion equivalents. They react with electrophiles to give alkene derivatives. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Söllner married Herta (Helen) Rosenberg on July 23, 1934. Their daughter Barbara Sollner-Webb embarked on a scientific career. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a general time-dependent wavefunction satisfying the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the Hellmann–Feynman theorem is not valid.
However, the following identity holds:
For | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The proopiomelanocortin gene (POMC) is expressed in the hypothalamus, in the pituitary gland. It yields a range of biologically active peptides and hormones and undergoes tissue-specific posttranslational processing to yield a range of biologically active peptides producing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), b-endorph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radical disproportionation encompasses a group of reactions in organic chemistry in which two radicals react to form two different non-radical products. Radicals in chemistry are defined as reactive atoms or molecules that contain an unpaired electron or electrons in an open shell. The unpaired electrons can cause radi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To start with, the raw material must be obtained. Copper can be found in over 160 different minerals, but mining activities are entailed to obtain them in large quantities if a reasonable amount of copper is wanted. Some of the most commonly exploited minerals are cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Uniporters play an essential role in carrying out various cellular functions. Each uniporter is specialized to facilitate the transport of a specific molecule or ion across the cell membrane. Examples of a few of the physiological roles uniporters aid in include:
# Nutrient Uptake: Uniporters facilitate the transport o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NETA metabolizes into ethinylestradiol at a rate of 0.20 to 0.33% across a dose range of 10 to 40 mg. Peak levels of ethinylestradiol with a 10, 20, or 40 mg dose of NETA were 58, 178, and 231 pg/mL, respectively. For comparison, a 30 to 40 μg dose of oral ethinylestradiol typically results in a peak ethinylestradiol l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Expression systems using either S. cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris allow stable and lasting production of proteins that are processed similarly to mammalian cells, at high yield, in chemically defined media of proteins. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following publications provide specifications and guidelines for participants in the Certified Ratings Program.
*AMCA Publication 11 - Certified Ratings Program Operating Manual contains requirements common to all AMCA International's Certified Ratings Programs. Specific requirements that only pertain to a category... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The choice of culture medium might affect the physiological relevance of findings from cell culture experiments due to the differences in the nutrient composition and concentrations. A systematic bias in generated datasets was recently shown for CRISPR and RNAi gene silencing screens (especially for metabolic genes), a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hypertension is reported to complicate one out of ten pregnancies, which makes it the most common medical disorder in pregnancy. It is important to have a correct diagnosis of hypertension during pregnancy, with the emphasis on differentiating pre-existing hypertension from pregnancy induced hypertension (gestational a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Charlestown (also known as Charlestown-on-Forth) is a village in Fife, Scotland. It lies on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, around west of Limekilns and south-west of Dunfermline. The village is known for its historic 18th century lime kilns and its Georgian planned housing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider two-dimensional plane flow with two infinitesimally close points and lying in the same horizontal plane. From calculus, the corresponding infinitesimal difference between the values of the stream function at the two points is
Suppose takes the same value, say , at the two points and . Then this gives
imply... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inertial cavitation was first observed in the late 19th century, considering the collapse of a spherical void within a liquid. When a volume of liquid is subjected to a sufficiently low pressure, it may rupture and form a cavity. This phenomenon is coined cavitation inception and may occur behind the blade of a rapidly... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bulk gold exhibits a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. As gold particle size decreases the fcc structure of gold transforms into a centered-icosahedral structure illustrated by . It can be shown that the fcc structure can be extended by a half unit cell in order to make it look like a cuboctahedral structure. The cu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The method developed by Bjerrum is still the main method in use today, though the precision of the measurements has greatly increased. Most commonly, a solution containing the metal ion and the ligand in a medium of high ionic strength is first acidified to the point where the ligand is fully protonated. This solution ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Retroviruses are established pathogens of veterinary importance. They are generally a cause of cancer or immune deficiency. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When fasting, the activation of lipolysis provides fatty acids as the preferred fuel source for respiration. In the liver β-oxidation of fatty acids fulfills the local energy needs and may lead to ketogenesis (creating ketone bodies out of fatty acids.) The ketone bodies are then used to meet the demands of tissues oth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ferrophosphorus is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and phosphorus. It contains high proportion of iron phosphides, FeP and FeP. Its CAS number is 8049-19-2. The usual grades contain either 18 or 25% of phosphorus. It is a gray solid material with melting point between 1050-1100 °C. It may liberate phosphine in contact w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The emulsion test is a simple method used educational settings to determine the presence of lipids using wet chemistry. The procedure is for the sample to be suspended in ethanol, allowing lipids present to dissolve (lipids are soluble in alcohols). The liquid (alcohol with dissolved fat) is then decanted into water. S... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First developed in 1836 by Danish archaeologist Christian Jürgensen Thomsen as a part of his "Three-age system", the term "Bronze Age" is used by archaeologists to refer to those societies which have developed bronze technology but not yet learned how to work the more complicated process involved in making iron objects... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Low-emissivity windows in houses are a more complicated technology, since they must have low emissivity at thermal wavelengths while remaining transparent to visible light. To reduce the heat transfer from a surface, such as a glass window, a clear reflective film with a low emissivity coating can be placed on the inte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The bond length in a heavy Rydberg system is 10,000 times larger than in a typical diatomic molecule. As well as producing the characteristic hydrogen-like behaviour, this also makes them extremely sensitive to perturbation by external electric and magnetic fields.
Heavy Rydberg systems have a relatively large reduced ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liden applied the HBV model to estimate the riverine transport of three different substances, nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended sediment in four different countries: Sweden, Estonia, Bolivia and Zimbabwe. The relation between internal hydrological model variables and nutrient transport was assessed. A model for nitrog... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Epothilone B is a 16-membered polyketide macrolactone with a methylthiazole group connected to the macrocycle by an olefinic bond. The polyketide backbone was synthesized by type I polyketide synthase (PKS) and the thiazole ring was derived from a cysteine incorporated by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). In th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The separated DNA bands are often used for further procedures, and a DNA band may be cut out of the gel as a slice, dissolved and purified. Contaminants however may affect some downstream procedures such as PCR, and low melting point agarose may be preferred in some cases as it contains fewer of the sulphates that can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1906, James accepted a position at the National Refining Company in West Chester, New York. Once in the United States, he was offered an assistant professorship in chemistry by Charles Parsons, at New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts in Durham, New Hampshire. Founded in 1866 by chemist Ezekiel ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is synthesized as a by-product in the autoxidation of cumene, which mainly affords cumene hydroperoxide. Alternatively, it can be produced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide to α-methylstyrene.
Of the ca. 60,000 ton/y production of dialkyl peroxides, dicumyl peroxide is dominant. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although globe valves in the past had the spherical bodies which gave them their name, many modern globe valves do not have much of a spherical shape. However, the term globe valve is still often used for valves that have such an internal mechanism. In plumbing, valves with such a mechanism are also often called stop ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1960, Haines married painter Adrienne Rappaport, who used the name Adrian Rappin professionally. They had one daughter, Avril Haines, an attorney who is serving as the current Director of National Intelligence in the Biden administration. Rappaport died in 1985 after developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An evaporation pan is used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given location. Such pans are of varying sizes and shapes, the most commonly used being circular or square. The best known of the pans are the "Class A" evaporation pan and the "Sunken Colorado Pan". ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When used for detection of genetic and genomic changes, jumping clones require validation by Sanger sequencing. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a review of Behes paper Design vs. Randomness in Evolution: Where Do the Data Point?, Denis Lamoureux criticized Darwins Black Box as having become central to fundamentalist and evangelical anti-evolution critiques against biological evolution. Behe supports the historically incorrect misrepresentation that Darwins ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The speed of sound in a liquid is given by where is the bulk modulus of the liquid and the density. As an example, water has a bulk modulus of about 2.2 GPa and a density of 1000 kg/m, which gives c = 1.5 km/s. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the flood of 4November 1966 when Venice, Chioggia and the other built-up areas in the lagoon were submerged by a tide of , the first Special Law for Venice declared the problem of safeguarding the city to be of "priority national interest". This marked the beginning of a long legislative and technical process... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As with DNA electrophoresis, conditions such as buffers, charge/voltage, and concentration should be taken into account when selecting a protein marker. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reduction is the final, high-temperature step in smelting, in which the oxide becomes the elemental metal. A reducing environment (often provided by carbon monoxide, made by incomplete combustion in an air-starved furnace) pulls the final oxygen atoms from the raw metal. The carbon source acts as a chemical reactant to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reef Ball Foundation, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that functions as an international environmental non-governmental organization. The foundation uses reef ball artificial reef technology, combined with coral propagation, transplant technology, public education, and community training to build, restore a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The GFP organizes numerous national and regional conferences and workshops. Its flagship event is the Colloque national du GFP, held each November in a different French city, with a typical attendance of 180-250 participants. In addition, the JEPO is an annual conference aimed at students and early career researchers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The molality of a solution is defined as the amount of a constituent (in moles) divided by the mass of the solvent (not the mass of the solution):
The SI unit for molality is mol/kg. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A laser beam passes through the electrophoresis cell, irradiates the particles dispersed in it, and is scattered by the particles. The scattered light is detected by a photo-multiplier after passing through two pinholes. There are two types of optical systems: heterodyne and fringe.
Ware and Flygare developed a heterod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In medieval times patients could buy mummy juice (powder made of oversea mummies mixed with liquid), burnt hedgehogs powder, burnt bees, bat powder, snakeskin potion and unicorn horn powder for treatments.
Also, available were earthworms, swallow's nests and various herbs and spirits, distilled at the spot.
Food was a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vitrification in cryopreservation is used to preserve, for example, human egg cells (oocytes) (in oocyte cryopreservation) and embryos (in embryo cryopreservation). It prevents ice crystal formation and is a very fast process: -23,000°C/min.
Currently, vitrification techniques have only been applied to brains (neurovi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although siphons can exceed the barometric height of the liquid in special circumstances, e.g. when the liquid is degassed and the tube is clean and smooth, in general the practical maximum height can be found as follows.
Setting equations 1 and 3 equal to each other gives:
Maximum height of the intermediate high point... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To curate and maintain SBO, a dedicated resource has been developed and the public interface of the SBO browser can be accessed at [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/sbo http://www.ebi.ac.uk/sbo].
A relational database management system (MySQL) at the back-end is
accessed through a web interface based on Java Server Pages (JSP) and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest rationale for the effects of hypothermia as a neuroprotectant focused on the slowing of cellular metabolism resulting from a drop in body temperature. For every one degree Celsius drop in body temperature, cellular metabolism slows by 5–7%. Accordingly, most early hypotheses suggested that hypothermia redu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bx1 gene encodes a protein, BX1, that forms indol from indol-3-glycerol phosphate in the plastid. It is the first step in the pathway and determines much of the natural variation in levels of DIMBOA in maize. The next steps in the pathway occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, also referred to as the microsomes in cel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The growing knowledge behind the mechanism of autocrine signaling in cancer progression has revealed new approaches for therapeutic treatment. For example, autocrine Wnt signaling could provide a novel target for therapeutic intervention by means of Wnt antagonists or other molecules that interfere with ligand-receptor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dispersions do not display any structure; i.e., the particles (or in case of emulsions: droplets) dispersed in the liquid or solid matrix (the "dispersion medium") are assumed to be statistically distributed. Therefore, for dispersions, usually percolation theory is assumed to appropriately describe their properties.
H... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neutron backscattering was proposed by Heinz Maier-Leibnitz in 1966, and realized by some of his students in a test setup at the research reactor FRM I in Garching bei München, Germany. Following this successful demonstration of principle, permanent spectrometers were built at Forschungszentrum Jülich and at the Instit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Roman philosopher-poet Lucretius' scientific poem "On the Nature of Things" () has a remarkable description of the motion of dust particles in verses 113–140 from Book II. He uses this as a proof of the existence of atoms:
Although the mingling, tumbling motion of dust particles is caused largely by air currents, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Below are useful results from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for an ideal gas, and the implications of the Entropy quantity. The distribution is valid for atoms or molecules constituting ideal gases.
Corollaries of the non-relativistic Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution are below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Capillary condensation bridges two surfaces together, with the formation of a meniscus, as is stated above. In the case of atomic-force microscopy (AFM) a capillary bridge of water can form between the tip and the surface, especially in cases of a hydrophilic surface in a humid environment when the AFM is operated in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthesis of methyl fluoroacetate consists of a two-step process:
# Potassium fluoride (KF) and the catalyst are added into the solvent within the reactor; this is then stirred and heated up. The catalyst mentioned in this step is a phase-transfer catalyst and can be the chemicals dodecyl(trimethyl)ammonium chlorid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hierlemann's research initially was mostly in the area of chemical sensors and microsensors. In particular, he worked on the detection of organic volatiles and the discrimination of enantiomers in the gas phase. He then adopted microtechnology and, specifically, CMOS-based microelectronics to devise complex microsensor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A fluid inclusion is a bubble of liquid and/or gas that is trapped within a crystal. As minerals often form from a liquid or aqueous medium, tiny bubbles of that liquid can become trapped within the crystal, or along healed crystal fractures. These inclusions usually range in size from 0.01 mm to 1 mm and are only visi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pharmacotoxicology entails the study of the consequences of toxic exposure to pharmaceutical drugs and agents in the health care field. The field of pharmacotoxicology also involves the treatment and prevention of pharmaceutically induced side effects. Pharmacotoxicology can be separated into two different categories:... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urban forests are forests located in cities. They are an important component of urban green infrastructure systems. Urban forests use appropriate tree and vegetation species, instead of noxious and invasive kinds, which reduce the need of maintenance and irrigation. In addition, native species also provide aesthetic va... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnet-assisted transfection is a relatively new and time-saving method to introduce nucleic acids into a target cell with increased efficiency. In particular, adherent mammalian cell lines and primary cell cultures show very high transfection rates. Suspension cells and cells from other organisms can also be successfu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A typical application of GISAS is the characterisation of self-assembly and self-organization on the nanoscale in thin films. Systems studied by GISAS include quantum dot arrays,
growth instabilities formed during in-situ growth,
self-organized nanostructures in thin films of block copolymers,
silica mesophases,
and na... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular genetics, a regulon is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that expresses a protein acting as a repressor or activator. This terminology is generally, although not exclusively, used in reference to prokaryotes, whose genomes are often organized in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GBE is encoded by the GBE1 gene.
Through Southern blot analysis of DNA derived from human/rodent somatic cell hybrids, GBE1 has been identified as an autosomal gene located on the short arm of chromosome 3 at position 12.3. The human GBE gene was also isolated by a function complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As magmatic gas travelling upward encounters meteoric water in an aquifer, steam is produced. Latent magmatic heat can also cause meteoric waters to ascend as a vapour phase. Extended fluid-rock interaction of this hot mixture can leach constituents out of the cooling magmatic rock and also the country rock, causing vo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During lagging strand synthesis, DNA ligase I connects the Okazaki fragments, following replacement of the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase δ. Okazaki fragments that are not ligated could cause double-strand-breaks, which cleaves the DNA. Since only a small number of double-strand breaks are tolerated... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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