text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
There are many challenges for the successful translation of mRNA into drugs because mRNA is a very large and heavy molecule(10^5 ~ 10^6 Da). Moreover, mRNA is unstable and easily degraded by nucleases, and it also activates the immune systems. Furthermore, mRNA has a high negative charge density and it reduces the perm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest and most diverse finds of metal artifacts are from West Mexico stretching in a belt along the Pacific coast from Guerrero to Nayarit. This indicates that this region was a regional nucleus of metallurgy, from which elements of technique, form and style could have diffused throughout Mesoamerica. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The research that appeared to spark an onslaught of modified applications was a gel permeation chromatography technique of fixing poly(isopropyl acrylate) (PIPA) strands to glass beads and separating a mixture of dextrans, which was developed by Gewehr et al. They found that between the temperatures of 25–32 °C, the el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkylation of beryllium halide is another common method to react to make an organoberyllium compound such as this:
M is not limited to any main group and/or transition metal. is not limited to phenyl, methyl, methyl oxide, carbene etc. can be any halide such as fluoride, bromide, iodide, or chloride.
An example of su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Belt filter designs are crafted using manufacturer design and performance data, operating installations, pilot testing, surveys of similar plants and testing of the wastewater solids to obtain a desired dewatered solid percentage from the sludge or slurry to be processed.
Belt filters press have 4 main zones: precondit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He has published over 400 papers and 25 books over the course of his career.
Notable publications include:
*Tamejiro Hiyama and Koichiro Oshima, “有機合成化学” [Organic Synthetic Chemistry], Tokyo Kagaku Dojin, 2012,
*G. S. Zweifel, M. H. Nantz, Tamejiro Hiyama, “最新有機合成法 設計と戦略 – Modern Organic Synthesis: An Introduction”, K... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcriptional noise is a primary cause of the variability (noise) in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations (see also cellular noise) . A proposed source of transcriptional noise is transcriptional bursting although other sources of heterogeneity, such as unequal separation of cell contents... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Also well studied are the mesoionic carbenes based on 1,2,3-triazole, referred to as 1,2,3-triazol-4(or 5)-ylidenes. The first triazolylidenes were reported by Albrecht in 2008. These carbenes are typically trisubstituted with alkyl groups in the N1 and N3 positions and an aryl group in the C4 or C5 position. Free c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology, the single-domain protein SUI1 is a translation initiation factor often found in the fungus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Bakers yeast) but it is also found in other eukaryotes and prokaryotes as well as archaea. It is otherwise known as Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 (eIF1) in eukaryotes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a measure of flow compressibility, the Mach number can be derived from an appropriate scaling of the continuity equation. The full continuity equation for a general fluid flow is:<math display="block">{\partial \rho\over{\partial t}} + \nabla\cdot(\rho {\bf u}) = 0
\equiv -{1\over{\rho}}{D\rho\over{Dt}} = \nabla \cd... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (adhesion GPCRs) are a class of 33 human protein receptors with a broad distribution in embryonic and larval cells, cells of the reproductive tract, neurons, leukocytes, and a variety of tumours. Adhesion GPCRs are found throughout metazoans and are also found in single-celled colon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrophobic insecticides and herbicides tend to be more active. Hydrophobic agrochemicals in general have longer half-lives and therefore display increased risk of adverse environmental impact. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is an irrigation water quality parameter used in the management of sodium-affected soils. It is an indicator of the suitability of water for use in agricultural irrigation, as determined from the concentrations of the main alkaline and earth alkaline cations present in the water. It is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In most flows of liquids, and of gases at low Mach number, the density of a fluid parcel can be considered to be constant, regardless of pressure variations in the flow. Therefore, the fluid can be considered to be incompressible, and these flows are called incompressible flows. Bernoulli performed his experiments on l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peak copper is the point in time at which the maximum global copper production rate is reached. Since copper is a finite resource, at some point in the future new production from mining will diminish, and at some earlier time production will reach a maximum. When this will occur is a matter of dispute. Unlike fossil fu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chinese literary gardens are an example of a sustainable lawn that showcased natural beauty in suburban areas. These gardens, dating back to the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC), were designed to allow native plant species to thrive in their natural conditions and appear untouched by humans. This created ecological havens ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis.
Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, catalytic resonance theory was developed to describe the kinetics of reaction acceleration using dynamic catalyst surfaces. Catalytic reactions occurring on surfaces that undergo variation in surface binding energy and/or entropy exhibit overall increase in reaction rate when the surface binding energy fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common optical system uses spherical collimators and thus contains optical aberrations that curve the field where the slit images come to focus, so that slits are sometimes curved instead of simply straight, to approximate the curvature of the image. This allows taller slits to be used, gathering more light, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike Q-FISH, Flow-FISH utilizes the quantitative properties of telomere specific PNA probe retention to quantify median fluorescence in a population of cells, via the use of a flow cytometer, instead of a fluorescence microscope. The primary advantage of this technique is that it eliminates the time required in Q-FI... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Materials can now be analysed through photoanalysis procedures. Unlike sieve analyses which can be time-consuming and inaccurate, taking a photo of a sample of the materials to be measured and using software to analyze the photo can result in rapid, accurate measurements. Another advantage is that the material can be a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The embryo transfer procedure starts by placing a speculum in the vagina to visualize the cervix, which is cleansed with saline solution or culture media. A transfer catheter is loaded with the embryos and handed to the clinician after confirmation of the patient's identity. The catheter is inserted through the cervic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Neil Bartlett's demonstration of the first reaction of a noble gas at the University of British Columbia in 1962
*Modern baking powder, developed by Eben Horsford at the Rumford Chemical Works (now Clabber Girl) in 1869
*Tide, the first heavy-duty synthetic laundry detergent, developed by Procter & Gamble in 1946 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After labeling of the surface with the selected F bioactives, the constructs will be present and oriented at the membrane surface. It is expected that the FSL will be highly mobile within the membrane and the choice of lipid tail will effect is relative partitioning within the membrane. The construct unless it has flip... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
B cell - bacteria - bacterial conjugation - bacterial outer membrane protein - bacterial protein - bacteriorhodopsin - base (chemistry) - base pair - base sequence - basic fibroblast growth factor - Bcl-2 - bcr-abl fusion protein - benzene - benzene ring - beta-2 microglobulin - beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When heating iron above 912 °C (1,674 °F), its crystal structure changes to a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure. In this form it is called gamma iron (γ-Fe) or austenite. γ-iron can dissolve considerably more carbon (as much as 2.04% by mass at 1,146 °C). This γ form of carbon saturation is exhibited in a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The European Molecular Spectroscopy Group, which was constituted informally after the Second World War to bring together spectroscopists from across Europe, met for the first time in Konstanz in 1947. Reinhard Mecke was at the time working in temporary accommodation at Wallhausen, a small village on the shores of Lake ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first step in determining the configuration index is to assign a priority number to each coordinating ligand according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules, (CIP rules). The preferred ligand takes the lowest priority number. For example, of the ligands acetonitrile, chloride ion and pyridine thepriority number ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Corson also served on NACA"s Special Committee on Space Technology also called the Stever Committee, named after its chairman. It was a special steering committee that was formed with the mandate to coordinate various branches of the Federal government, private companies as well as universities within the United State... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aggregation pheromones function in mate choice, overcoming host resistance by mass attack, and defense against predators. A group of individuals at one location is referred to as an aggregation, whether consisting of one sex or both sexes. Male-produced sex attractants have been called aggregation pheromones, because t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of nerve cells. It serves as part of a negative feedback loop in signal transduction. It is only sensitive to the neurotransmitters or hormones released by the neuron on which the autoreceptor sits. Similarly, a heteroreceptor is sensitive to neurotransmi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because mechanisms that control the accumulation of damage through the lifetime of a cell are essential to longevity, it is logical that caretaker and gatekeeper genes play a significant role in cellular aging. Increased activity of caretaker genes postpones aging, increasing lifespan. This is because of the regulato... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The word "surfactant" is a blend of surface-active agent, coined . As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and oil to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a body with fins on its outer surface, with air flowing around it.
The heat transfer rate depends on
* Shape and geometry of the external surface
* Surface area of the body
* Velocity of the wind (or any fluid in other cases)
* Temperature of surroundings
Modelling of the fins in this case involves, experime... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Geological deposits of arsenic may be released into rivers where deep ground-waters are exploited as in parts of Pakistan. Many metalloid ores such as lead, gold and copper contain traces of arsenic and poorly stored tailings may result in arsenic entering the hydrological cycle. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From these values, we know that:
where
* CO = Cardiac Output
* C = Oxygen content of arterial blood
* C = Oxygen content of mixed venous blood
This allows us to say
and hence calculate cardiac output.
Note that (C – C) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The veins are the vascular tissue of the leaf and are located in the spongy layer of the mesophyll. The pattern of the veins is called venation. In angiosperms the venation is typically parallel in monocotyledons and forms an interconnecting network in broad-leaved plants. They were once thought to be typical examples ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are five major reactions classed as anaplerotic, and it is estimated that the production of oxaloacetate from pyruvate has the most physiologic importance.
The malate is created by PEP carboxylase and malate dehydrogenase in the cytosol. Malate, in the mitochondrial matrix, can be used to make pyruvate (catalyze... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The 43S is an important intermediate complex during cap-dependent translation initiation. In the canonical model of translation initiation, the 43S PIC is pre-formed as a stable complex and recruited to the 5 cap of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by the eIF4F complex. The 43S PIC then "scans" in the 5 --> 3' directi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) is a public website and research tool launched in November 2004 that curates scientific data describing relationships between chemicals/drugs, genes/proteins, diseases, taxa, phenotypes, GO annotations, pathways, and interaction modules.
The database is maintained by the De... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NBQX (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline) is an antagonist of the AMPA receptor.
NBQX blocks AMPA receptors in micromolar concentrations (~10–20 μM) and also blocks kainate receptors. In experiments, it is used to counter glutamate excitotoxicity. NBQX was found to have anticonvulsant activity in rodent ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
First generation cephalosporins were the first cephalosporins on the market. They have good antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria but limited activity against gram-negative species. The chemical structures of the first generation cephalosporins are fairly simple. As an example three drugs from this clas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a type of medical imaging and optical technique that utilizes near-infrared light to directly and non-invasively measure tissue blood flow. The imaging modality was created by David Boas and Arjun Yodh in 1995.
Blood flow is one the most important factors affecting the delivery... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Factors that influence the reaction rate are the nature of the reaction, concentration, pressure, reaction order, temperature, solvent, electromagnetic radiation, catalyst, isotopes, surface area, stirring, and diffusion limit. Some reactions are naturally faster than others. The number of reacting species, their physi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For an incident plane wave at a single frequency (and the angular frequency ) on a crystal, the diffracted waves from the crystal can be thought as the sum of outgoing plane waves from the crystal. (In fact, any wave can be represented as the sum of plane waves, see Fourier Optics.) The incident wave and one of plane ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aspirin is an NSAID used to treat inflammation and pain. Overdoses or treatments in conjunction with other NSAIDs can produce additive effects, which can lead to increased oxidative stress and ROS activity. Chronic exposure to aspirin can lead to CNS toxicity and eventually affect respiratory function. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Krypton-85 (Kr) is a radioisotope of krypton.
Krypton-85 has a half-life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV. It decays into stable rubidium-85. Its most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A simple container (U-tube) is filled with a solid or catalyst. This sample vessel is positioned in a furnace with temperature control equipment. A thermocouple is placed in the solid for temperature measurement. The air originally present in the container is flushed out with an inert gas (nitrogen, argon). Flow contro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Calculation of radiative heat transfer between groups of objects, including a cavity or surroundings requires solution of a set of simultaneous equations using the radiosity method. In these calculations, the geometrical configuration of the problem is distilled to a set of numbers called view factors, which give the p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ρ: Actual particle density (g/cm)
ρ: Gas or sample matrix density (g/cm)
r: Least-squares coefficient of determination. The closer this value is to 1.0, the better the data fit to a hyperplane representing the relationship between the response variable and a set of covariate variables. A value equal to 1.0 indicates a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Size exclusion chromatography applications for separating macromolecules based on subtle differences in size typically use resins with large and varied pore sizes in long chromatography columns. However, for buffer exchange and desalting applications, it is mainly the maximum effective pore size (exclusion limit or mol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transcription-translation coupling is a mechanism of gene expression regulation in which synthesis of an mRNA (transcription) is affected by its concurrent decoding (translation). In prokaryotes, mRNAs are translated while they are transcribed. This allows communication between RNA polymerase, the multisubunit enzyme t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics, the Young–Laplace equation () is an algebraic equation that describes the capillary pressure difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids, such as water and air, due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension, although use of the latter is only applicable if assuming that th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cavendish inherited two fortunes that were so large that Jean Baptiste Biot called him "the richest of all the savants and the most knowledgeable of the rich". At his death, Cavendish was the largest depositor in the Bank of England. He was a shy man who was uncomfortable in society and avoided it when he could. He cou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research in photocatalysis again paused until 1964, when V.N. Filimonov investigated isopropanol photooxidation from ZnO and ; while in 1965 Kato and Mashio, Doerffler and Hauffe, and Ikekawa et al. (1965) explored oxidation/photooxidation of and organic solvents from ZnO radiance. In 1970, Formenti et al. and Tanaka... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inhibitors of PSII are used as herbicides. There are two main chemical families, the triazines derived from cyanuric chloride of which atrazine and simazine are the most commonly used and the aryl ureas which include chlortoluron and diuron (DCMU). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pH dependence is given by the factor −0.059m/n per pH unit, where m relates to the number of protons in the equation, and n the number of electrons exchanged. Electrons are always exchanged in electrochemistry, but not necessarily protons. If there is no proton exchange in the reaction equilibrium, the reaction is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Impellers in agitated tanks are used to mix fluids or slurry in the tank. This can be used to combine materials in the form of solids, liquids and gas. Mixing the fluids in a tank is very important if there are gradients in conditions such as temperature or concentration.
There are two types of impellers, depending on ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The eastern blot, or eastern blotting, is a biochemical technique used to analyze protein post-translational modifications including the addition of lipids, phosphates, and glycoconjugates. It is most often used to detect carbohydrate epitopes. Thus, eastern blot can be considered an extension of the biochemical techni... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mitochondria of many higher plants contain self-replicating, extra-chromosomal linear or circular DNA molecules which have been considered to be plasmids. These can range from 0.7 kb to 20 kb in size. The plasmids have been generally classified into two categories- circular and linear. Circular plasmids have been i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The SI unit of kerma is the gray (Gy) (or joule per kilogram), the same as the unit of absorbed dose. However, kerma can be different from absorbed dose, depending on the energies involved. This is because ionization energy is not accounted for. While kerma approximately equals absorbed dose at low energies, kerma is m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chemical Society was a scientific society formed in 1841 (then named the Chemical Society of London) by 77 scientists as a result of increased interest in scientific matters. Chemist Robert Warington was the driving force behind its creation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most countries have legislation or pressure vessel codes which requires vessels to be regularly tested, for example every two years (with a visual inspection annually) for high pressure gas cylinders and every five or ten years for lower pressure ones such as used in fire extinguishers. Gas cylinders which fail are no... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Walsh diagrams were first introduced by A.D. Walsh, a British chemistry professor at the University of Dundee, in a series of ten papers in one issue of the Journal of the Chemical Society. Here, he aimed to rationalize the shapes adopted by polyatomic molecules in the ground state as well as in excited states, by app... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A plasma arc furnace (PAF) uses plasma torches instead of graphite electrodes. Each of these torches has a casing with a nozzle and axial tubing for feeding a plasma-forming gas (either nitrogen or argon) and a burnable cylindrical graphite electrode within the tubing. Such furnaces can be called plasma arc melt (PAM) ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first compound of the homolog row of nitriles, the nitrile of formic acid, hydrogen cyanide was first synthesized by C. W. Scheele in 1782. In 1811 J. L. Gay-Lussac was able to prepare the very toxic and volatile pure acid.
Around 1832 benzonitrile, the nitrile of benzoic acid, was prepared by Friedrich Wöhler and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Particle Display produces higher yields of higher affinity aptamers in less rounds than conventional selection methods. In this method, libraries of aptamers are separated into aptamer particles and separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on affinity. Only the highest affinity aptamer particles are isola... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The p-i concept represents an alternative explanation of immune stimulation by drugs in DHR. It implies that no formation of a new antigen (hapten-protein complex) is needed to elicit an immune activation: T cells are stimulated by the drug binding to immune receptors directly, which leads to conformational changes of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
I is not deliberately produced for any practical purposes. However, its long half-life and its relative mobility in the environment have made it useful for a variety of dating applications. These include identifying older groundwaters based on the amount of natural I (or its Xe decay product) present, as well as iden... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
F number is a correlation number used in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a descriptor of their hydrophobicity and molecular size. It was proposed by Robert Hurtubise and co-workers in 1977. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the concentration of suspended solids, in an aeration tank during the activated sludge process, which occurs during the treatment of waste water. The units MLSS is primarily measured in milligram per litre (mg/L), but for activated sludge its mostly measured in gram per litre [g/... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In its anionic form, the green chromophore has an absorption maxima at 506 nm and an emission maxima at 516 nm. It is formed autocatalytically from amino acids His-62, Tyr-63 and Gly-64. Immediately surrounding the chromophore there is a cluster of charged or polar amino acids as well as structural water molecules. A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iodine-129 (I) is a long-lived radioisotope of iodine that occurs naturally but is also of special interest in the monitoring and effects of man-made nuclear fission products, where it serves as both a tracer and a potential radiological contaminant. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An unnatural base pair (UBP) is a designed subunit (or nucleobase) of DNA that is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature. In 2012, a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg, a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, published that his team had designed tw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As early as the 1920s, the concept of using hot water and alkali catalysts to produce oil out of biomass was proposed. In 1939, U.S. patent 2,177,557, described a two-stage process in which a mixture of water, wood chips, and calcium hydroxide is heated in the first stage at temperatures in a range of , with the pressu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spigot and sockets involve a normal pipe end, the spigot, being inserted into the socket or bell of another pipe or fitting with a seal being made between the two within the socket. Normal spigot and socket joints do not allow direct metal to metal contact with all forces being transmitted through the elastomeric seal.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With non-covalent imprinting, interaction forces between template molecule and functional monomer are the same as the interaction forces between the polymer matrix and analyte. The forces involved in this procedure can include hydrogen bonds, dipole dipole interactions, and induced dipole forces. This method is the mos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hydrophobic membranes are often polydimethylsiloxane based where the actual separation mechanism is based on the solution-diffusion model described above.
Hydrophilic membranes are more widely available. The commercially most successful pervaporation membrane system to date is based on polyvinyl alcohol. More recently ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The squirmer is a model for a spherical microswimmer swimming in Stokes flow. The squirmer model was introduced by James Lighthill in 1952 and refined and used to model Paramecium by John Blake in 1971.
Blake used the squirmer model to describe the flow generated by a carpet of beating short filaments called cilia on t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NRC produces certified reference materials of biological tissues, isotopic standards, natural waters, sediments, supplements, and natural health products. With the exception of the ORMS, the river water CRM with elevated mercury, all materials contain natural levels of analytes in their native matrix.
* Biological tiss... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular spectroscopy, the Birge–Sponer method or Birge–Sponer plot is a way to calculate the dissociation energy of a molecule. By observing transitions between as many vibrational energy levels as possible, for example through electronic or infrared spectroscopy, the difference between the energy levels, can be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1930, Degussa ceded 42.5 percent ownership of Degesch to IG Farben and 15 percent to Th. Goldschmidt AG, in exchange for the right to market pesticide products of those two companies through Degesch. Degussa retained managerial control.
While Degesch owned the rights to the brand name Zyklon and the patent on the pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Storms, E. (2007). Science Of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction, The: A Comprehensive Compilation Of Evidence And Explanations About Cold Fusion. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of AU-rich elements in some mammalian mRNAs tends to destabilize those transcripts through the action of cellular proteins that bind these sequences and stimulate poly(A) tail removal. Loss of the poly(A) tail is thought to promote mRNA degradation by facilitating attack by both the exosome complex and the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A degradation stretch is a river section that by definition meets none of the criteria to be a beam origin nor a beam path. Transverse structures such as weirs or dams can be obstacles for aquatic organisms but also canalised (artificial) river sections possibly prohibit organism to drift and migrate. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Multiple solar cells in an integrated group, all oriented in one plane, constitute a solar photovoltaic panel or module. Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the sun-facing side, allowing light to pass while protecting the semiconductor wafers. Solar cells are usually connected in series creating additiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous genes and/or proteins as well as other molecules have been identified that mediate plant defense signal transduction. Cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking dynamics help to orient plant defense responses toward the point of pathogen attack. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structures of Co(SCN) and its hydrate Co(SCN)(HO) have been determined using X-ray crystallography. Co(SCN) forms infinite 2D sheets in the mercury(II) thiocyanate structure type, where as Co(SCN)(HO) consists of isolated tetrahedral Co(SCN)(HO) centers and one equivalent of water of crystallization.
The hydrate ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1960s the city of Sydney decided to build ocean sewage outfalls to discharge partially treated sewage 2–4 km offshore at a cost of US$300 million. In the late 1980s, however, the government promised to upgrade the coastal treatment plants so that sewage would be treated to at least secondary treatment standards ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prismane is a colourless liquid at room temperature. The deviation of the carbon-carbon bond angle from 109° to 60° in a triangle leads to a high ring strain, reminiscent of that of cyclopropane but greater. The compound is explosive, which is unusual for a hydrocarbon. Due to this ring strain, the bonds have a low bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to activating PKC, diacylglycerol has a number of other functions in the cell:
* a source for prostaglandins
* a precursor of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol
* an activator of a subfamily of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) cation channels, TRPC3/6/7. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, diastereomers (sometimes called diastereoisomers) are a type of stereoisomer. Diastereomers are defined as non-mirror image, non-identical stereoisomers. Hence, they occur when two or more stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the equivalent (relat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Autoacceleration (gel effect, Trommsdorff–Norrish effect) is a dangerous reaction behavior that can occur in free-radical polymerization systems. It is due to the localized increases in viscosity of the polymerizing system that slow termination reactions. The removal of reaction obstacles therefore causes a rapid incre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescent proteins have had a substantial impact on bioimaging, which is why biliproteins have made suitable candidates for the application, due to their properties of fluorescence, light-harvesting, light-sensitivity and photoswitching (the latter occurring only in phytochromes). Phycobiliproteins, which are highly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Self-assembly is an equilibrium process, i.e. the individual and assembled components exist in equilibrium. In addition, the flexibility and the lower free energy conformation is usually a result of a weaker intermolecular force between self-assembled moieties and is essentially enthalpic in nature.
The thermodynamics ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A reservoir is a thermodynamic system which controls the state of a system, usually by "imposing" itself upon the system being controlled. This means that the nature of its contact with the system can be controlled. A reservoir is so large that its thermodynamic state is not appreciably affected by the state of the sys... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Myogenic hyperuricemia, as a result of the purine nucleotide cycle running when ATP reservoirs in muscle cells are low (ADP > ATP), is a common pathophysiologic feature of glycogenoses such as GSD-III, GSD-V and GSD-VII, as they are metabolic myopathies which impair the ability of ATP (energy) production within muscle ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Separation systems are coupled with a detector, that allows the detection and identification of VOCs based on their molecular weight and chemical properties. The most used system for the analysis of floral scent samples is GC-MS (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DEHPA can be used to extract lanthanides (rare earths) from aqeuous solutions, it is commonly used in the lanthanide sector as an extraction agent. In general the distribution ratio of the lanthanides increase as their atomic number increases due to the lanthanide contraction. It is possible by bringing a mixture of la... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
fMRS was developed as an extension of MRS in the early 1990s. Its potential as a research technology became obvious when it was applied to an important research problem where PET studies had been inconclusive, namely the mismatch between oxygen and glucose consumption during sustained visual stimulation. The H fMRS stu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.