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The important sulfur cycle is a biogeochemical cycle in which the sulfur moves between rocks, waterways and living systems. It is important in geology as it affects many minerals and in life because sulfur is an essential element (CHNOPS), being a constituent of many proteins and cofactors, and sulfur compounds can be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By definition, strain implies discomfiture, so it should follow that molecules with large amounts of transannular strain should have higher energies than those without. Cyclohexane, for the most part, is without strain and is therefore quite stable and low in energy. Rings smaller than cyclohexane, like cyclopropane an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Completion of the C ring required complete reduction of the arene, placement of para oxygen atoms and importantly introduction of the C19 methyl group. The first assault on the aromatic ring in 3.1 (scheme 3) was launched with Birch reduction (potassium, ammonia, tetrahydrofuran, -78 °C, then ethanol) to diene 3.2. Dep... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
[RhH(CO)(PPh)] is a catalyst for the selective hydroformylation of 1-olefins to produce aldehydes at low pressures and mild temperatures. The selectivity for n-aldehydes increases in the presence of excess PPh and at low CO partial pressures. The first step in the hydroformylation process is the dissociative substituti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perchloromethyl mercaptan () reacts with bonds in the presence of base to give the sulfenamides:
This method is used in the production of the fungicides Captan and Folpet.
Sulfenyl chlorides add across alkenes, for example ethylene:
They undergo chlorination to the trichlorides:
Sulfenyl chlorides react with water and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA. Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5 end and a 3 end, so named for the carbon position on the deoxyribose (or ribose) ring. By convention, upstream and downstream relate to the 5 to 3 direction respec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Geophysical mass flows such as avalanches and debris flows take place on inclined slopes which then merge into gentle and flat run-out zones.
So, these flows are associated with the elevation of the topographic slopes that induce the gravity potential energy together with the pressure potential energy during the flow. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*1968–2008 - Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Georgian Academy of Sciences
*1968–1999 - Professor at Tbilisi State University, Georgia
*2008–2010 - Professor at Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
*2010–2011 - Professor at Free University of Tbilisi, Georgia
*2012–2021- Director of Institute of Molecu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nicolson–Ross–Weir method is a measurement technique for determination of complex permittivities and permeabilities of material samples for microwave frequencies. The method is based on insertion of a material sample with a known thickness inside a waveguide, such as a coaxial cable or a rectangular waveguide, after wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eigen et al. and Woese proposed that the genomes of early protocells were composed of single-stranded RNA, and that individual genes corresponded to separate RNA segments, rather than being linked end-to-end as in present-day DNA genomes. A protocell that was haploid (one copy of each RNA gene) would be vulnerable to d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to Mu-ming Poo, the principal significance of this event is that it could be used to create genetically identical monkeys for use in animal experiments. Crab-eating macaques are already an established model organism for studies of atherosclerosis, though Poo chose to emphasize neuroscience, naming Parkinsons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this field, the following directions were developed in V. G. Khlopin's works:
1. radioelements migration, in particular - relatively short-lived in the Earth's crust;
2. study of radium-mesothorium containing waters;
3. Determination of geologic age on the basis of radioactive data;
4. distribution of helium and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with all airborne particulates, wood dust particle sizes are classified with regard to effect on the human respiratory system. For this classification, the unit for measurement of particle sizes is the micrometre or micron (μm), where 1 micrometre = 1 micron. Particles below 50 μm are not normally visible to the na... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The earliest known Chinese manual on materia medica is the Shennong Ben Cao Jing (The Divine Farmers Herb-Root Classic'), dating back to the first century AD. It was compiled during the Han dynasty and was attributed to the mythical Shennong. Earlier literature included lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rasagiline is broken down via CYP1A2, part of the cytochrome P450 metabolic path in the liver. It is contraindicated in patients with hepatic insufficiency and its use should be monitored carefully in patients taking other drugs that alter the normal effectiveness of this metabolic path. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The pzc is the same as the isoelectric point (iep) if there is no adsorption of other ions than the potential determining H/OH at the surface. This is often the case for pure ("pristine surface") oxides in water. In the presence of specific adsorption, pzc and isoelectric point generally have different values. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Linked-read sequencing, a type of DNA sequencing technology, uses specialized technique that tags DNA molecules with unique barcodes before fragmenting them. Unlike traditional sequencing technology, where DNA is broken into small fragments and then sequenced individually, resulting in short read lengths that has diffi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbon-14 has a half-life of years and a decay rate of 14 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per gram of natural carbon.
If an artifact is found to have radioactivity of 4 dpm per gram of its present C, we can find the approximate age of the object using the above equation:
where: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNF123 was found to be an interacting protein of FAM227B through Affinity Capture – MS. RAB3A was found to be an interacting protein of FAM227B through tandem affinity purification. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nucleophilic displacement of alkyl halides by alkoxides
: R–ONa + R′–X → R–O–R′ + NaX
This reaction, the Williamson ether synthesis, involves treatment of a parent alcohol with a strong base to form the alkoxide, followed by addition of an appropriate aliphatic compound bearing a suitable leaving group (R–X). Although ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The International Molecular Exchange Consortium (IMEx) is a group of the major public providers of molecular interaction data to provide a single, non-redundant set of molecular interactions. Data is captured using a detailed curation model and made available in the PSI-MI standard formats. Participating databases incl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
WikiPathways is a community resource for contributing and maintaining content dedicated to biological pathways. Any registered WikiPathways user can contribute, and anybody can become a registered user. Contributions are monitored by a group of admins, but the bulk of peer review, editorial curation, and maintenance is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the sand packing process the pipe is filled with fine sand and the ends are capped. The filled pipe is heated in a furnace to or higher. Then it is placed on a slab with pins set in it, and bent around the pins using a winch, crane, or some other mechanical force. The sand in the pipe minimizes distortion in the pi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A realtime spectrum analyser does not have any blind time—up to some maximum span, often called the "realtime bandwidth". The analyser is able to sample the incoming RF spectrum in the time domain and convert the information to the frequency domain using the FFT process. FFT's are processed in parallel, gapless and ove... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Wet storage stain is a white, crumbly, and porous substance that is a mixture of three chemical compounds: 2ZnCO·3Zn(OH), ZnO, and β-Zn(OH). Underneath the white coating is usually a dark gray surface. The corrosion product is very voluminous; it is approximately 100 times greater in volume than the zinc consumed. Beca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before proceeding further it is necessary to introduce the concept of a jump condition – a condition that holds at a discontinuity or abrupt change.
Consider a 1D situation where there is a jump in the scalar conserved physical quantity , which is governed by integral conservation law
for any , , , and, therefore, by p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Increased ruggedness: Bonding a sheet of glass on top of the display increases the ruggedness of the display.
* Improved durability: A bonded display is better able to resist scratches, fluids, stains and dirt.
* Condensation: The elimination of an air gap between the cover glass and the display means that moisture c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silverquant is a labeling and detection method for DNA microarrays or protein microarrays. A synonym is <colorimetric> detection.
In contrast to the classical signal detection on microarrays by using fluorescence, the colorimetric detection is more sensitive and ozone-stable. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diastereomers are distinct molecular configurations that are a broader category. They usually differ in physical characteristics as well as chemical properties. If two molecules with more than one chiral centre differ in one or more (but not all) centres, they are diastereomers. All stereoisomers that are not enantiome... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Homochirality is the geometric uniformity of materials composed of chiral (non-mirror-symmetric) units. Living organisms use molecules that have the same chirality (handedness): with almost no exceptions, amino acids are left-handed while nucleotides and sugars are right-handed. Chiral molecules can be synthesized, but... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This particular function is considered a scaffold's most basic function. Scaffolds assemble signaling components of a cascade into complexes. This assembly may be able to enhance signaling specificity by preventing unnecessary interactions between signaling proteins, and enhance signaling efficiency by increasing the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The paradox does not arise in the Big Bang or its successful Lambda-CDM refinement, which posit that the universe began roughly 13.8 billion years ago, not long enough ago for the universe to have approached thermodynamic equilibrium. Some proposed further refinements, termed eternal inflation, restore Kelvin's idea of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a common situation, the diffusion coefficient is constant, there are no sources or sinks, and the velocity field describes an incompressible flow (i.e., it has zero divergence). Then the formula simplifies to:
In this form, the convection–diffusion equation combines both parabolic and hyperbolic partial differential... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A topogenic sequence is a collective term used for a peptide sequence present at nascent proteins essential for their insertion and orienting in cellular membranes. The sequences are also used to translocate proteins across various intracellular membranes, and ensure they are transported to the correct organelle after ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Passive daytime radiative cooling has "the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming" while being an "environmental protection refrigeration technology." PDRCs thereby have an array of potential applications, but are now most often applied to various aspects of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several other methods exist for the synthesis of imines.
* Reaction of organic azides with metal carbenoids (produced from diazocarbonyl compounds).
* Condensation of carbon acids with nitroso compounds.
* The rearrangement of trityl N-haloamines in the Stieglitz rearrangement.
* By reaction of alkenes with hydrazoic a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main application of Ellingham diagrams is in the extractive metallurgy industry, where it helps to select the best reducing agent for various ores in the extraction process, purification and grade setting for steel manufacturing. It also helps to guide the purification of metals, especially the removal of trace ele... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stereochemical term diastereotopic refers to the relationship between two groups in a molecule which, if replaced, would generate compounds that are diastereomers. Diastereotopic groups are often, but not always, identical groups attached to the same atom in a molecule containing at least one chiral center.
For exa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each of the ten possible d electron counts has an associated Tanabe–Sugano diagram describing gradations of possible ligand field environments a metal center could experience in an octahedral geometry. The Tanabe–Sugano diagram with a small amount of information accurately predicts absorptions in the UV and visible ele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sleeves can be made of:
* sections of steel pipe.
* plastic.
* sheet metal.
* proprietary devices that are listed firestop components. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Key adaptations are adaptations that allow a group of organisms to diversify. Daphnia lumholtzi is a water flea that is able to form rigid head spines in response to chemicals released when fish are present. These phenotypically plastic traits serve as an induced defense against these predators. A study showed that Dap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research has examined integrating RO with electrodialysis to improve recovery of valuable deionized products, or to reduce concentrate volumes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A compressor map shows the operating range of a compressor and how well it works within its operating range. Two fundamental requirements for the gas flowing through a compressor explain why it works best at a design condition and not so well at other conditions, known as off-design. First, the exit area has to be smal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In humans, consumption of cobalt-containing vitamin B meets all needs for cobalt. For cattle and sheep, which meet vitamin B needs via synthesis by resident bacteria in the rumen, there is a function for inorganic cobalt. In the early 20th century, during the development of farming on the North Island Volcanic Plateau ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
* Auger electron spectroscopy
* Electron energy loss spectroscopy
* Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyaniline nanofibers are a high aspect form of polyaniline, a polymer consisting of aniline monomers, which appears as discrete long threads with an average diameter between 30 nm and 100 nm. Polyaniline is one of the oldest known conducting polymers, being known for over 150 years. Polyaniline nanofibers are often s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aromatic polyamides and polyamides are practical compounds due to their temperature resistance, electrical or insulating characteristics, and their mechanical strength. Some of the polyamides and polyimides that can be synthesized by o-Cresophthalein are polycarbonate, polyacrylate, and epoxy-resin.
The diether-diamin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The shape of a surfactant molecule can be described by its surfactant packing parameter, (Israelachvili, 1976). The packing parameter takes into account the volume of the hydrophobic chain (), the equilibrium area per molecule at
the aggregate interface (), and the length of the hydrophobic chain ():
The packing param... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The and pH of a solution are related by the Nernst equation as commonly represented by a Pourbaix diagram . explicitly denotes expressed versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). For a half cell equation, conventionally written as a reduction reaction (i.e., electrons accepted by an oxidant on the left side):
Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methanogenesis is the final step in the decay of organic matter. During the decay process, electron acceptors (such as oxygen, ferric iron, sulfate, and nitrate) become depleted, while hydrogen (H) and carbon dioxide accumulate. Light organics produced by fermentation also accumulate. During advanced stages of organ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry is awarded annually by the American Chemical Society "to encourage and reward outstanding research in physical chemistry". The award is named after Peter Debye and
granted without regard to age or nationality. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the experiment a droplet of mercury is placed in a watch glass, immersed in an electrolyte such as sulfuric acid which contains an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, or potassium dichromate. The tip of an iron nail is positioned almost touching the mercury. If the position of the nail... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quinapril, sold under the brand name Accupril by the Pfizer corporation. It a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease. It is a first line treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, feeling tir... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acylhydrazines are derivatives of carboxylic acids, although they are typically prepared by the reaction of esters with hydrazine: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thionoesters are isomeric with thioesters. In a thionoester, sulfur replaces the carbonyl oxygen in an ester. Methyl thionobenzoate is CHC(S)OCH. Such compounds are typically prepared by the reaction of the thioacyl chloride with an alcohol.
They can also be made by the reaction of Lawesson's reagent with esters or by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The MACS method allows cells to be separated by using magnetic nanoparticles coated with antibodies against a particular surface antigen. This causes the cells expressing this antigen to attach to the magnetic nanoparticles. After incubating the beads and cells, the solution is transferred to a column in a strong magne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In comparison with terrestrial-based biofuel crops such as corn or soybeans, microalgal production results in a much less significant land footprint due to the higher oil productivity from the microalgae than all other oil crops. Algae can also be grown on marginal lands useless for ordinary crops and with low conserva... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In plants, animals and bacteria the glycine cleavage system catalyzes the following reversible reaction:
: Glycine + Hfolate + NAD ↔ 5,10-methylene-Hfolate + CO + NH + NADH + H
In the enzymatic reaction, H-protein activates the P-protein, which catalyzes the decarboxylation of glycine and attaches the intermediate mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For very long nonlinear waves, with the parameter m close to one, m → 1, the Jacobi elliptic function cn can be approximated by
: with
Here sinh, cosh, tanh and sech are hyperbolic functions. In the limit m = 1:
with sech(z) = 1 / cosh(z).
Further, for the same limit of m → 1, the complete elliptic integral of the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The small size of nanoenzymes (or nanozymes) (1–100 nm) has provided them with unique optical, magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties. Moreover, the control of surface functionality of nanoparticles and the predictable nanostructure of these small-sized enzymes have allowed them to create a complex structure on... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compilation of data into secure and readily searchable databases ensures ease of use and is fundamental to the success of the programme. The [http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/ GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre] (GDAC) is responsible for the compilation, quality control and secure archiving of data received from national da... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A lithium–ammonia solution at −60 °C is saturated at about 15 mol% metal (MPM). When the concentration is increased in this range electrical conductivity increases from 10 to 10 Ωcm (larger than liquid mercury). At around 8 MPM, a "transition to the metallic state" (TMS) takes place (also called a "metal-to-nonmetal tr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CF allows the single/low copy sequences and the repetitive sequences of a genome to be studied independently of each other. It can also be used to fractionate highly repetitive DNA from moderately repetitive sequences or to further fractionate isolated kinetic components. CF is most accurately performed if fractionat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transport theory provides an alternative interpretation of viscosity in terms of momentum transport: viscosity is the material property which characterizes momentum transport within a fluid, just as thermal conductivity characterizes heat transport, and (mass) diffusivity characterizes mass transport. This perspective ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mainly associated with abnormalities that result in neurodegenerative diseases. Tau proteins stabilize microtubules, and thus shift the reaction kinetics in favor of addition of new subunits, accelerating microtubule growth. Tau has the additional function of facilitating bundling of microtubules within the nerve cell.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
was first prepared in 1835 by M. Gregory by the reaction of disulfur dichloride with ammonia, a process that has been optimized:
Coproducts of this reaction include heptasulfur imide () and elemental sulfur. A related synthesis employs instead:
An alternative synthesis entails the use of as a precursor with pre-forme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When studying or discussing explosive safety, or the safety of systems containing explosives, the terms deflagration, detonation and deflagration-to-detonation transition (commonly referred to as DDT) must be understood and used appropriately to convey relevant information. As explained above, a deflagration is a subso... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An initial metabolic reconstruction of a genome is typically far from perfect due to the high variability and diversity of microorganisms. Often, metabolic pathway databases such as KEGG and MetaCyc will have "holes", meaning that there is a conversion from a substrate to a product (i.e., an enzymatic activity) for wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
BUN is usually reported in mg/dL in some countries (e.g. United States, Mexico, Italy, Austria, and Germany). Elsewhere, the concentration of urea is reported in SI units as mmol/L.
represents the mass of nitrogen within urea/volume, not the mass of whole urea. Each molecule of urea has two nitrogen atoms, each having... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
21st Century Medicine (21CM) is a California cryobiological research company which has as its primary focus the development of perfusates and protocols for viable long-term cryopreservation of human organs, tissues and cells at temperatures below −100 °C through the use of vitrification. 21CM was founded in 1993.
In 20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He received his degree at the University of Barcelona in 1944, his doctorate in Madrid, and finished his training at Harvard University in 1951. In 1944 he formed a team at the Spanish National Research Council. His work has largely been in kinetics and organic chemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Four drugs from the class of direct Xa inhibitors are marketed worldwide. Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) was the first approved FXa inhibitor to become commercially available in Europe and Canada in 2008. The second one was apixaban (Eliquis), approved in Europe in 2011 and in the United States in 2012. The third one edoxaban (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many reactions involving nucleophiles attacking electrophiles can be usefully assessed from the perspective of an incipient charge-transfer complex. Examples include electrophilic aromatic substitution, the addition of Grignard reagents to ketones, and brominolysis of metal-alkyl bonds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is important to note that the list given above is qualitative and describes trends. The ability of a group to leave is contextual. For example, in SAr reactions, the rate is generally increased when the leaving group is fluoride relative to the other halogens. This effect is due to the fact that the highest energy t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A molecular vibration is a periodic motion of the atoms of a molecule relative to each other, such that the center of mass of the molecule remains unchanged. The typical vibrational frequencies range from less than 10 Hz to approximately 10 Hz, corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm and wavelength... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, Kelvin's circulation theorem (named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin who published it in 1869) states:
Stated mathematically:
where is the circulation around a material contour Stated more simply, this theorem says that if one observes a closed contour at one instant, and follows the contou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strep Tamer is a technology which allows the reversible isolation and staining of antigen-specific T-cells. This technology combines a current T-cell isolation method with the Strep-Tag technology. In principle, the T-cells are separated by establishing a specific interaction between the T-cell of interest and a molecu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many adhesion GPCRs undergo proteolytic events posttranslationally at highly conserved Cys-rich motifs known as GPCR proteolysis sites (GPS), located next to the first transmembrane region. This site is called the HL-S(T) site. Once this protein is cleaved, the pieces are expressed at the cell surface as a heterodimer.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sandwich assays are generally used for larger analytes because they tend to have multiple binding sites. As the sample migrates through the assay it first encounters a conjugate, which is an antibody specific to the target analyte labelled with a visual tag, usually colloidal gold. The antibodies bind to the target ana... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transition metal-based bioconjugation had been challenging due to the nature of biological conditions – aqueous solution, room temperature, mild pH, and low substrate concentrations – which are generally challenging for organometallic reactions. However, recently, besides [[CuAAC|copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] azide alkyne c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In linear elasticity, the stress and strain are related by Hooke's law, i.e.,
or, using Voigt notation,
The condition for material symmetry in linear elastic materials is.
where | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cellular reproduction process of meiosis was discovered by Oscar Hertwig in 1876. Mitosis was discovered several years later in 1882 by Walther Flemming.
Hertwig studied sea urchins, and noticed that each egg contained one nucleus prior to fertilization and two nuclei after. This discovery proved that one spermat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photo-reflectance is a particularly convenient type of modulation spectroscopy, as it may be performed at room temperature and only requires the sample have a reflecting surface. It is an established tool for non-contact determination of material and electronic properties of semiconductor films. In photo-reflectance, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
HDPE piping is estimated to last 50 years. However, technical white papers written by the Plastics Industry Pipe Association assert that HDPE pipe systems can be reasonably expected to last up to, or over 100 years. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
5-Methyluridine triphosphate or mUTP is one of five nucleoside triphosphates. It is the ribonucleoside triphosphate of thymidine, but the nomenclature with "5-methyluridine" is used because the term thymidine triphosphate is used for the deoxyribonucleoside by convention. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common effects (1–10% incidence) include:
* Abnormal dreams
* Anisocoria
* Anorgasmia
* Anxiety
* Arthralgia (joint pain)
* Constipation
* Decreased or increased appetite
* Diarrhea
* Dilated pupils
* Dizziness
* Dry mouth
* Excessive sweating
* Fatigue
* Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
* Libido changes
* Myalgia (mu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As shown in Eq. 2, the neutral pathway of the Heck reaction begins with the oxidative addition of the aryl or alkenyl halide into a coordinatively unsaturated palladium(0) complex (typically bound to two phosphine ligands) to give complex I. Dissociation of a phosphine ligand followed by association of the alkene yield... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The distribution coefficient, log D, is the ratio of the sum of the concentrations of all forms of the compound (ionized plus un-ionized) in each of the two phases, one essentially always aqueous; as such, it depends on the pH of the aqueous phase, and log D = log P for non-ionizable compounds at any pH. For measuremen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical stages in 5S rRNA (also termed class I) gene initiation:
*TFIIIA (Transcription Factor for polymerase III A) binds to the intragenic (lying within the transcribed DNA sequence) 5S rRNA control sequence, the C Block (also termed box C).
*TFIIIA serves as a platform that replaces the A and B Blocks for positionin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mieli was a member of the Socialist Party, which led to his election as town councillor in Chianciano in 1901. He left in 1903. Mieli claimed in his autobiography that he left the Socialist movement due to the lack of sincerity and idealism in the movement. Police records, however, showed that Mielis homosexuality, ref... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and blocks its activity. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions necessary for life, in which substrate molecules are converted into products. An enzyme facilitates a specific chemical reaction by binding the substrate to its active site, a special... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UDP-glucuronic acid is a sugar used in the creation of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (except in primates and guinea pigs). It also participates in the heme degradation process of human.
It is made from UDP-glucose by UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) using NAD+ as a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with hydrazine to form p-Dimethylaminobenzalazine azo-dye which has a distinct yellow color. It is therefore used for spectrophotometric determination of hydrazine in aqueous solutions at 457 nm. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The (Z) group is another carbamate-type amine protecting group, discovered by Leonidas Zervas in the early 1930s and usually added via reaction with benzyl chloroformate.
It is removed under harsh conditions using HBr in acetic acid, or milder conditions of catalytic hydrogenation.
This methodology was first used in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most monitoring programmes involve the periodic collection of low volume spot samples (bottle or grab) of water, which is challenging, particularly where levels fluctuate over time and when chemicals are only present at trace, yet toxicologically relevant concentrations. Chemcatcher® is used to measure time-weighted... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of vitamin B was the first low-molecular weight natural product determined by x-ray analysis rather than by chemical degradation. Thus, while the structure of this novel type of complex biomolecule was established, its chemistry remained essentially unknown; exploration of this chemistry became one of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was excavated between 1968 and 1974 under the direction of German archaeologist Harald Hauptmann as part of the salvage project to document archaeological sites that would be flooded by the construction of the Keban Dam. Excavation of the site focused on three areas: the western slope, the so-called "acropolis" area... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect is named after Tanzanian scientist Erasto Mpemba. He described it in 1963 in Form 3 of Magamba Secondary School, Tanganyika; when freezing a hot ice cream mix in a cookery class, he noticed that it froze before a cold mix. He later became a student at Mkwawa Secondary (formerly High) School in Iringa. The he... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typically, settled sewage flow enters at a high level and flows through the primary settlement tank. The supernatant from the tank flows into a dosing device, often a tipping bucket which delivers flow to the arms of the filter. The flush of water flows through the arms and exits through a series of holes pointing at a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Of the known chemical elements, 80 elements have at least one stable nuclide. These comprise the first 82 elements from hydrogen to lead, with the two exceptions, technetium (element 43) and promethium (element 61), that do not have any stable nuclides. As of 2023, there were a total of 251 known "stable" nuclides. In ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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