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Most studies to date have focused on the development of synthetic methodologies with the aim of maximizing pore size and surface area for gas storage. That means the functions of COFs have not yet been well explored, but COFs can be used as catalysts, or for gas separation, etc. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A ligand exchange (also called ligand substitution) is a chemical reaction in which a ligand in a compound is replaced by another. Two general mechanisms are recognized: associative substitution or by dissociative substitution.
Associative substitution closely resembles the S2 mechanism in organic chemistry. A typical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds containing boron exhibit unique chemistry due to their having partially filled octets and therefore acting as Lewis acids. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While crystals were formed of Driesss diphosphagermylene, the X-ray structure diphosphagermylene could not be analyzed due to disordering. It has been suggested that the three lone pairs in Driesss diphosphagermylene system are composed of Ge (4s, 4p) and P (3s, 3p) valence orbitals. Driess calculated (MP2/DZ+POL//RHF/... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The resolution of DamID is a function of the availability of GATC sequences in the genome. A protein can only be mapped within two consecutive GATC sites. The median spacing between GATC fragments is 205 bp in Drosophila (FlyBase release 5), 260 in mouse (Mm9), and 460 in human (HG19). A modified protocol (DamIP), whic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water is said to "boil" when bubbles of water vapor grow without bound, bursting at the surface. For a vapor bubble to expand, the temperature must be high enough that the vapor pressure exceeds the ambient pressure (the atmospheric pressure, primarily). Below that temperature, a water vapor bubble will shrink and vani... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecules whose framework forms a closed cage, like dodecahedrane and buckminsterfullerene, can encapsulate atoms and small molecules in the hollow space within. Those insertions are not chemically bonded to the caging compound, but merely mechanically trapped in it.
Cross, Saunders and Prinzbach succeeded in encapsu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glaciers are large bodies of ice and snow formed in cold climates by processes involving the compaction of fallen snow. While snowy glaciers appear white from a distance, the long path lengths of internal reflected light causes glaciers to appear a deep blue when viewed up close and when shielded from direct ambient li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical chameleon is a redox reaction, well known from classroom demonstrations, that exploits the dramatic color changes associated with the various oxidation states of manganese.
Glauber reported the first description of the production of potassium permanganate when he noted that manganese dioxide (as the minera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Southern blot for DNA
* northern blot for RNA
* reverse northern blot for RNA
* western blot for proteins
* far-western blot for protein–protein interactions
* eastern blot for post-translational modification
* far-eastern blot for glycolipids
* dot blot | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Peter Scott was born and grew up in North East England and attended Whitley Bay High School. He received his undergraduate degree with first class honors in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry from Loughborough University in 2001, after conducting research with Raymond Jones. He subsequently obtained his PhD in orga... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ilmenium was the proposed name for a new element found by the chemist R. Hermann in 1847. During the analysis of the mineral samarskite, he concluded that it does contain an element similar to niobium and tantalum. The similar reactivity of niobium and tantalum complicated preparation of pure samples of the metals and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell-specific DamID can also be achieved using recombination mediated excision of a transcriptional terminator cassette upstream of the Dam-fusion protein. The terminator cassette is flanked by FRT recombination sites which can be removed when combined with tissue specific expression of FLP recombinase. Upon removal of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Check dams are a highly effective practice to reduce flow velocities in channels and waterways. In contrast to big dams, check dams are implemented faster, are cost effective, and are smaller in scope. Because of this, their implementation does not typically displace people and communities nor do they destroy natural r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
M2DS is one of the several types of X-linked intellectual disability. The cause of M2DS is a duplication of the MECP2 or Methyl CpG binding protein 2 gene located on the X chromosome (Xq28). The MeCP2 protein plays a pivotal role in regulating brain function. Increased levels of MECP2 protein results in abnormal neural... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Tenatoprazole
Tenatoprazole (TU-199), an imidazopyridine proton pump inhibitor, is a novel compound that has been designed as a new chemical entity with a substantially prolonged plasma half-life (7 hours), but otherwise has similar activity as other PPIs.
The difference in the structural backbone of tenatoprazole co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The atmosphere of Venus is 96.5% carbon dioxide and 3.5% nitrogen. The surface pressure is 9.3 MPa (93 bar) and the surface temperature is 735 K, above the critical points of both major constituents and making the surface atmosphere a supercritical fluid.
The interior atmospheres of the solar system's gas giant planets... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic synthesis, reagent control is an approach to selectively forming one stereoisomer out of many, the stereoselectivity is determined by the structure and chirality of the reagent used. When chiral allylmetals are used for nucleophilic addition reaction to achiral aldehydes, the chirality of the newly generated... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In type III reactions, there is an electron transfer that occurs between the Sens* and the substrate resulting in an anionic Sens and a cationic substrate. Another electron transfer then occurs where the anionic Sens transfers an electron to O to form the superoxide anion, O. This transfer returns the Sens to its grou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zinc is extracted from the purified zinc sulfate solution by electrowinning, which is a specialized form of electrolysis. The process works by passing an electric current through the solution in a series of cells. This causes the zinc to deposit on the cathodes (aluminium sheets) and oxygen to form at the anodes. Sulfu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This specific sulfinamide chiral auxiliary was initially developed by Jonathan A. Ellman, and its use has been explored extensively by his group. Thus, it is often referred to as Ellmans auxiliary or Ellmans sulfinamide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of retrometabolic drug design encompasses two distinct approaches. One approach is the design of soft drugs (SDs), new, active therapeutic agents, often isosteric or isolelectronic analogs of a lead compound, with a chemical structure specifically designed to allow predictable metabolism into inactive meta... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many of the first metal artifacts that archaeologists have identified have been tools or weapons, as well as objects used as ornaments such as jewellery. These early metal objects were made of the softer metals; copper, gold, and lead in particular, either as native metals or by thermal extraction from minerals, and s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In one of the syntheses, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) is reacted with bromoacetyl chloride to give the amide. The halo group is then displaced by 4-thiopyridine. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated. The chemical reaction is as follows:
::CaCO → CaO + CO
:The reaction is used to make quick lime, which is an industrially important product.
:Another example of thermal decomposition is 2Pb(NO) → 2PbO + O + 4NO.
*Some ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When an electron is the incident particle, the probability of inelastic scattering, depending on the energy of the incident electron, is usually smaller than that of elastic scattering. Thus in the case of gas electron diffraction (GED), reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), and transmission electron dif... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A photooxygenation is a light-induced oxidation reaction in which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the product(s). Initial research interest in photooxygenation reactions arose from Oscar Raab's observations in 1900 that the combination of light, oxygen and photosensitizers is highly toxic to cells. Early studies ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The potential flow equation with well-posed boundary conditions applied is:
*Note that the integration term is evaluated only on the upper surface, while th integral term is evaluated on the upper and lower surfaces.
The continuous surface S may now be discretized into discrete panels. These panels will approximate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Basic LIC images are grayscale images, without color and animation. While such LIC image conveys the orientation of the field vectors, it does not indicate their direction; for stationary fields, this can be remedied by animation. Basic LIC images do not show the length of the vectors (or the strength of the field). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Finally, the potential at the center of each side is a natural function of the variables at the corner of that side. So, is a natural function of and , and is a natural function of and . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chemical intuition suggests that the glycan-binding sites may be enriched in polar amino acid residues that form non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, with polar carbohydrates. Indeed, a statistical analysis of carbohydrate-binding pockets shows that aspartic acid and asparagine residues are present tw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of synthetic routes to acid have been developed. The first reported chemical syntheses approached HMB by oxidation of alkene, vicinal diol, and alcohol precursors:
* in 1877, Russian chemists Michael and Alexander Zaytsev reported the preparation of HMB by oxidation of 2-methylpent-4-en-2-ol with chromic ac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a component is one of a collection of chemically independent constituents of a system. The number of components represents the minimum number of independent chemical species necessary to define the composition of all phases of the system.
Calculating the number of components in a system is necessary ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Classical bioisosterism was originally formulated by James Moir and refined by Irving Langmuir as a response to the observation that different atoms with the same valence electron structure had similar biological properties.
For example, the replacement of a hydrogen atom with a fluorine atom at a site of metabolic oxi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphatidic acid consists of a glycerol backbone, with, in general, a saturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-1, an unsaturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-2, and a phosphate group bonded to carbon-3. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dissolving in seawater increases the hydrogen ion () concentration in the ocean, and thus decreases ocean pH, as follows:
In shallow coastal and shelf regions, a number of factors interplay to affect air-ocean exchange and resulting pH change. These include biological processes, such as photosynthesis and respiration... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The traditional synthetic route uses Raney nickel and has been further improved over time, for example by the use of ibuprofen and AlCl.
Overall, it is a cost-effective method with moderate reaction conditions that is easy to handle and suitable for industrial production. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vicat softening temperature or Vicat hardness is the determination of the softening point for materials that have no definite melting point, such as plastics. It is taken as the temperature at which the specimen is penetrated to a depth of by a flat-ended needle with a circular or square cross-section. For the Vicat ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Durable water repellent This being used for fabrics in order to protect them from water.
* Rain repellent This is made for car windshield for repelling rain water during rain in order to improve driving visibility. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) are microscopic particles approximately 120 nanometers in diameter, smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. They have been used to deliver siRNAs therapeutically to mammals in vivo. In SNALPs, the siRNA is surrounded by a lipid bilayer containing a mixture of cationic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Robinson oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit originally devised for use in the field of continuous wave (CW) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). It was a development of the marginal oscillator. Strictly one should distinguish between the marginal oscillator and the Robinson oscillator, although sometimes t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Proteolysis is widely used in biochemistry and cell biology to probe protein structure. In "limited trypsin proteolysis", low amounts of protease digest both folded and unfolded protein but at largely different rates: unstructured proteins are cut more rapidly, while structured proteins are cut at a slower rate (someti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Germanene is a material made up of a single layer of germanium atoms. The material is created in a process similar to that of silicene and graphene, in which high vacuum and high temperature are used to deposit a layer of germanium atoms on a substrate. High-quality thin films of germanene have revealed unusual two-dim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bond strength and temperature certainly play important roles in the crystal grow process. For high bond strength, when atoms land on a surface, they tend to be closed to atomic surface clusters, which reduce total energy. This behavior results in many isolated cluster formations with a variety of size yielding a rough ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, also referred to as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), is a complex of genes important for the adaptive immune system. Mutations in the HLA complex have been associated with an increased risk of developing hypersensitivity reactions in response to certain medications. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This piece is the larger part of the fragment broken during Bahadur Shah's reign. Henry Cousens (1902–03) measured its length as . Klaus Roessler (1995) found it to be long. It has a square cross-section. Roessler estimated its weight at .
In 1598, the Mughal emperor Akbars visit to Dhar was recorded on the pillar in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Installation of storage and pumps at residences may offset the intermittency of the water supply. Roof tanks are a common feature in countries where the water supply is intermittent. In Jordan, most houses have one or more ground or roof tanks. An intermittent supply can be supplemented with other non-piped sources suc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Heart of Europe Bio-Crystallography Meeting (short HEC-Meeting) is an annual academic conference on structural biology, in particular protein crystallography. Researchers from universities, other research institutions and industry from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany and Poland meet to present and discuss current ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The volume in the definition refers to the volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent. One litre of a solution usually contains either slightly more or slightly less than 1 litre of solvent because the process of dissolution causes volume of liquid to increase or decrease. Sometimes the mass concentration i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a particle under a force field that has a velocity parallel to the field direction and a speed proportional to the square of the magnitude of the electric field (any other non-linearity can be employed):
The effective mobility of the particle (the relationship between small changes in drift velocity with resp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Archaeological evidence has not revealed metal smelting or alloying of metals by pre-Columbian native peoples north of the Rio Grande; however, they did use native copper extensively. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect of corrosion on a smooth-specimen S-N diagram is shown schematically on the right. Curve A shows the fatigue behavior of a material tested in air. A fatigue threshold (or limit) is seen in curve A, corresponding to the horizontal part of the curve. Curves B and C represent the fatigue behavior of the same ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sneaths index takes into account 134 categories of activity and structure. Dissimilarity index D is a percentage value of the sum of all properties not shared between two replaced amino acids. It is percentage value expressed by , where S' is Similarity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Let us consider the example of a system of charged particles subject to a constant external magnetic field: in this case the canonical time reversal operation that reverses the velocities and the time and keeps the coordinates untouched is no more a symmetry for the system. Under this consideration, it seems that only... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Darrieus–Landau instability or hydrodynamic instability is an instrinsic flame instability that occurs in premixed flames, caused by the density variation due to the thermal expansion of the gas produced by the combustion process. In simple terms, the stability inquires whether a steadily propagating plane sheet wi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gouy-Chapman model fails for highly charged DLs. In 1924, Otto Stern suggested combining the Helmholtz model with the Gouy-Chapman model: in Stern's model, some ions adhere to the electrode as suggested by Helmholtz, giving an internal Stern layer, while some form a Gouy-Chapman diffuse layer.
The Stern layer accou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
How stereoselectivity is achieved in asymmetric nucleophilic epoxidations depends on the method employed. Covered here are various methods for the asymmetric nucleophilic epoxidation of electron-poor olefins. See below for a survey of the substrate scope of the reaction.
When chiral, non-racemic peroxides are used, the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are rigorous procedures in place to minimise the risk of accidental overexposure of radiation therapy to patients. However, mistakes do occasionally occur; for example, the radiation therapy machine Therac-25 was responsible for at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987, where patients were given up to one hun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, thermal contact conductance is the study of heat conduction between solid or liquid bodies in thermal contact. The thermal contact conductance coefficient, , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity, or ability to conduct heat, between two bodies in contact. The inverse of this property is termed t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"In vitro" is a latin phrase whose literal translation is "within the glass." This term is used in the English language to describe a process which occurs outside of a living organism. Within the context of muscle tissue engineering, the term "in vitro" applies to the seeding of cells into a biomaterial scaffold with g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alkynylations, including the asymmetric variety, have been developed as metal-catalyzed reactions. Various catalytic additions of alkynes to electrophiles in water have also been developed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The high pressure pump pushes water through the membrane. Typical pressures for brackish water range from 1.6 to 2.6 MPa (225 to 376 psi). In the case of seawater, they range from 5.5 to 8 MPa (800 to 1,180 psi). This requires substantial energy. Where energy recovery is used, part of the high pressure pump's work is d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
22R-Hydroxycholesterol, or (3β)-cholest-5-ene-3,22-diol is an endogenous, metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones from cholesterol. Cholesterol ((3β)-cholest-5-en-3-ol) is hydroxylated by cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) to form 22R-hydroxycholesterol, which is subsequently hy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The old test was composed of two sections: a multiple-choice section consisting of 75 questions with five answer choices each, and a free-response section consisting of six essay prompts that required the authoring of chemical equations, solution of problems, and development of thoughtful essays in response to hypothet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acylium ions are cations of the formula . The carbon–oxygen bond length in these cations is near 1.1 Å (110-112 pm), which is shorter than the 112.8 pm of carbon monoxide and indicates triple-bond character.
The carbon centres of acylium ions generally have a linear geometry and sp atomic hybridization, and are best re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a known opportunistic pathogen. One of its virulence factors is its ability to produce pyocyanin, a toxin released to kill both microbes and mammalian cells alike. The pyocyanin production occurs when activated by PhoB. This implies that P. aeruginosa uses the low Pi as a signal that the host ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lower heating value (LHV; net calorific value; NCV, or lower calorific value; LCV) is another measure of available thermal energy produced by a combustion of fuel, measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance. In contrast to the HHV, the LHV considers energy losses such as the energy used to va... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Current trends in organic chemistry include (as of 2020):
*Biocatalysis
*Catalysis
*Chemosensors
*Chiral synthesis
* Flow chemistry
* Green chemistry
*Mechanochemistry
*Photoredox catalysis | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adenoviral E1A-associated protein of 300kDa (p300) and the CREB-binding protein (CBP) make up the next family of HATs. This family of HATs contain HAT domains that are approximately 500 residues long and contain bromodomains as well as three cysteine-histidine rich domains that help with protein interactions. These HAT... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Starting with
We can have these equations work for a moving medium by setting , where is the constant velocity that the whole fluid is moving at before being disturbed (equivalent to a moving observer) and is the fluid velocity.
In this case the equations look very similar:
Note that setting returns the equations at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Endoglin has been shown to interact with high affinity to TGF beta receptor 3 and TGF beta receptor 1, and with lower affinity to TGF beta receptor 2. It has high sequence similarity to another TGF beta binding protein, betaglycan, which was one of the first cues that indicated that endoglin is a TGF beta binding prote... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The bodys generation of heat is known as thermogenesis and it can be measured to determine the amount of energy expended. BMR generally decreases with age, and with the decrease in lean body mass (as may happen with aging). Increasing muscle mass has the effect of increasing BMR. Aerobic (resistance) fitness level, a p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nicolas Dauphas (born December 10, 1975) is a planetary scientist and isotope geochemist. He is a professor of geochemistry and cosmochemistry in the Department of the Geophysical Sciences and Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago. Within cosmochemistry, his research focus is on isotope geochemistry. He s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This type of carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) relies on a contained compartment within the cell into which is shuttled, and where RuBisCO is highly expressed. In many species, biophysical CCMs are only induced under low carbon dioxide concentrations. Biophysical CCMs are more evolutionary ancient than biochemical ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prior to the widespread use of herbicides, cultural controls, such as altering soil pH, salinity, or fertility levels, were used to control weeds. Mechanical control including tillage and flooding were also used to control weeds. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, inorganic chemicals such as sulfuric acid, arse... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1946 Harvard University: Instructor; 1948 Assistant Professor
* 1953 Columbia University: Associate Professor; 1955 Professor; 1967–1993 Eugene Higgins Professor; *1993 Professor Emeritus | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, vortex stretching is the lengthening of vortices in three-dimensional fluid flow, associated with a corresponding increase of the component of vorticity in the stretching direction—due to the conservation of angular momentum.
Vortex stretching is associated with a particular term in the vorticity eq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PSD is usually defined by the method by which it is determined. The most easily understood method of determination is sieve analysis, where powder is separated on sieves of different sizes. Thus, the PSD is defined in terms of discrete size ranges: e.g. "% of sample between 45 μm and 53 μm", when sieves of these sizes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some countries use the International Maximum Residue Limits -Codex Alimentarius to define the residue limits; this was established by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) in 1963 to develop international food standards, guidelines codes of practices, and rec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A quasistatic process is an idealized or fictive model of a thermodynamic "process" considered in theoretical studies. It does not occur in physical reality. It may be imagined as happening infinitely slowly so that the system passes through a continuum of states that are infinitesimally close to equilibrium. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Channelization has several predictable and negative effects. One of them is loss of wetlands. Wetlands are an excellent habitat for many forms of wildlife, and additionally serve as a "filter" for much of the worlds surface fresh water. Another is the fact that channelized streams are almost invariably straightened. Fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deflectors are generally wooden or rock structures installed at a bank toe and extending towards the center of a stream, in order to concentrate stream flow away from its banks. They can limit bank erosion and generate varying flow conditions in terms of depth and velocity, which can positively impact fish habitat. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrolyte solutions are normally formed when salt is placed into a solvent such as water and the individual components dissociate due to the thermodynamic interactions between solvent and solute molecules, in a process called "solvation". For example, when table salt (sodium chloride), NaCl, is placed in water, the s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another useful way of determining how many protons a carbon in a molecule is bonded to is to use an attached proton test (APT), which distinguishes between carbon atoms with even or odd number of attached hydrogens. A proper spin-echo sequence is able to distinguish between S, IS and IS, IS spin systems: the first will... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DEP is mainly used for characterising cells measuring the changes in their electrical properties. To do this, many techniques are available to quantify the dielectrophoretic response, as it is not possible to directly measure the DEP force.
These techniques rely on indirect measures, obtaining a proportional response ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC).
While a given pair of inverted repeats are rarely completely identical, they are always very similar to each other, apparently resulting from concerted evolution.
The inverted repe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stevens is the author or co-author of over 70 scientific publications and books. These include:
* Carly Stevens, The impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on grasslands: species composition and biogeochemistry, VDM Verlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3639144147
* Carly J Stevens, Nancy B Dise, J Owen Mountford, David J Gowing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacteria reproduce rapidly if conditions are right for growth. Most bacteria grow best in dark, warm, moist environments with food. When grown on solid media, some bacteria form colonies as they multiply which may grow large enough to be seen. By growing and counting colonies of fecal coliform bacteria from a sample... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Today, a muffle furnace is often a front-loading box-type oven or kiln for high-temperature applications such as fusing glass, creating enamel coatings, ceramics and soldering and brazing articles. They are also used in many research facilities, for example by chemists in order to determine what proportion of a sample... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In parallel kinetic resolution (PKR), a racemic mixture reacts to form two non-enantiomeric products, often through completely different reaction pathways. With PKR, there is no tradeoff between conversion and ee, as the formed products are not enantiomers. One strategy for PKR is to remove the less reactive enantiomer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The underlying mechanisms that enable bioactive glasses to act as materials for bone repair have been investigated since the first work of Hench et al. at the University of Florida. Early attention was paid to changes in the bioactive glass surface. Five inorganic reaction stages are commonly thought to occur when a ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Examples of Fano resonances can be found in atomic physics, nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, electrical circuits, microwave engineering, nonlinear optics, nanophotonics, magnetic metamaterials, and in mechanical waves.
Fano can be observed with photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The phenomenon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bose–Einstein condensation also applies to quasiparticles in solids. Magnons, excitons, and polaritons have integer spin which means they are bosons that can form condensates.
Magnons, electron spin waves, can be controlled by a magnetic field. Densities from the limit of a dilute gas to a strongly interacting Bose liq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of organometallic structures led by π–metal bonding plays an enormous role in the catalysis of organic reactions. The Stille reaction is a widely known and important reaction in organic synthesis. π interactions with the Pd catalyst in this reaction are almost necessary in pushing this reaction to completion (a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antibody is famous for its high affinity and selectivity, so it is the good way to detect AMPylated proteins. Recently, ɑ- AMP antibodies is used to directly detect and isolate AMPylated proteins (especially AMPylated tyrosine and AMPylated threonine) from cells and cell lysates. AMPylation is a post-translational modi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies are found in 40–90% of patients with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The antibodies can be detected years before symptoms of SLE surface, making them an effective diagnostic tool.
In patients with SLE, high levels of Anti-Ro/SSA are correlated with elevated levels of IFN-α. The presence of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*NAS Award in Chemical Sciences
*Saul Winstein Endowed Chair in Organic Chemistry
*National Medal of Science, 1993
*International Academy of Science, Munich, member
*Glenn T. Seaborg Medal, 1989
*Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1988
*ACS Southern California Tolman Award, 1984
*ACS Chicago Sec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Besides pzc, iep, and cip, there are also numerous other terms used in the literature, usually expressed as initialisms, with identical or (confusingly) near-identical meaning: zero point of charge (zpc), point of zero net charge (pznc), point of zero net proton charge (pznpc), pristine point of zero charge (ppzc), poi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phenomenon was first noticed in 1983 in hoop-wound fibre-reinforced aluminium alloy cylinders, which burst in use in the USA. The alloy was 6351 with a relatively high lead content (400 ppm), but even after the lead content was lowered, the problem recurred, and subsequently the problem was detected in monolithic a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initially, More O’Ferrall introduced this type of analysis to discuss the continuity between concerted and step-wise β-elimination reaction mechanisms. The model also provided a framework within which to explain the effects of substituents and reaction conditions on the mechanism. The appropriate lower energy species w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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