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2 FeCl + 3 HO → 6 HCl + FeO
Today hydrothermal hydrolysis, which operates at very low temperatures, consumes only a fraction of the energy other processes demand and produces virtually no emissions, is considered the most effective way to regenerate any given quantity of spent pickle liquor. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Crystallography of large biological macromolecules can be achieved while maintaining their solution state. The best known example is the ribosome.
Today, liquid nitrogen cryo cooling is used for protein crystallography at every synchrotron around the world. Radiation damaged is reduced by more than 70 fold at cryo temp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular cloning is used to isolate and then transfer a DNA sequence of interest into a plasmid vector. This recombinant DNA technology was first developed in the 1960s. In this technique, a DNA sequence coding for a protein of interest is cloned using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and/or restriction enzymes, into ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemically, levorphanol belongs to the morphinan class and is (−)-3-hydroxy-N-methyl-morphinan. It is the "left-handed" (levorotatory) stereoisomer of racemorphan, the racemic mixture of the two stereoisomers with differing pharmacology. The "right-handed" (dextrorotatory) enantiomer of racemorphan is dextrorphan (DXO)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fosdevirine (also known as IDX899 and GSK-2248761) is another next generation NNRTI developed by Idenix Pharmaceuticals and ViiV Healthcare. It belongs to the family of 3-phosphoindoles. In vitro studies have shown comparable resistance profile to that of the other next generation NNRTIs. In November 2009 the candidate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Zeeman effect can be demonstrated by placing a sodium vapor source in a powerful electromagnet and viewing a sodium vapor lamp through the magnet opening (see diagram). With magnet off, the sodium vapor source will block the lamp light; when the magnet is turned on the lamp light will be visible through the vapor.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nine different candidates of nuclei are being considered in experiments to confirm neutrinoless double beta-decay: . They all have arguments for and against their use in an experiment. Factors to be included and revised are natural abundance, reasonably priced enrichment, and a well understood and controlled experiment... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Berton, Alain Edgard : Montre-bracelet-réveil tactile. 5 décembre 1949 : FR953313-A
* Berton Alain Edgard : Photomètre infrarouge utilisable en analyse physique et chimique. 24 janvier 1955 : FR1084823-A
* Berton Alain: Photomètre simple ultraviolet, avec enregistreur photographique à lecture instantanée, utilisabl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In ancient China, the method was improved by mechanization with the development of the rotary winnowing fan, which used a cranked fan to produce the airstream. This was featured in Wang Zhens book the Nong Shu' of 1313 AD. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Within the field of microbial ecology, oligonucleotide probes are used in order to determine the presence of microbial species, genera, or microorganisms classified on a more broad level, such as bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). rRNA probes have enabled scientists to visu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The key elements of tholins are carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Laboratory infrared spectroscopy analysis of experimentally synthesized tholins has confirmed earlier identifications of chemical groups present, including primary amines, nitriles, and alkyl portions such as / forming complex disordered macromolecular sol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The article concerns the total synthesis of galanthamine, a drug used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.
The natural source of galantamine are certain species of daffodil and because these species are scarce and because the isolation of galanthamine from daffodil is expensive (a 1996 figure spec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acyl chloride are reactive, versatile reagents. Acyl chlorides have a greater reactivity than other carboxylic acid derivatives like acid anhydrides, esters or amides: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay measures the antioxidant capacity of a given substance, as compared to the standard, Trolox. Most commonly, antioxidant capacity is measured using the ABTS Decolorization Assay. Other antioxidant capacity assays which use Trolox as a standard include the diphenylp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If oxygen is present, then following glycolysis, the two pyruvate molecules are brought into the mitochondrion itself to go through the Krebs cycle. In this cycle, the pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are further broken down to harness the remaining energy. Each pyruvate goes through a series of reactions that conver... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Robinson synthesis is an example of a so-called relay synthesis. As many of the chemical intermediates (all steroids) were already known and available from natural resources all that was needed for a formal synthesis was proof that these intermediates could be linked to each other via chemical synthesis. Starting p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gaseous mediators are chemicals that are produced in small amounts by some cells of the mammalian body and have a number of biological signalling functions. There are three so-far-identified gaseous mediator molecules: nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (HS), and carbon monoxide (CO). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The synthesis of hexachlorophosphazene was first reported by von Liebig in 1834. In that report he describes experiments conducted with Wöhler. They found that phosphorus pentachloride and ammonia react exothermically to yield a new substance that could be washed with cold water to remove the ammonium chloride coproduc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, flow can be decomposed into primary flow plus secondary flow, a relatively weaker flow pattern superimposed on the stronger primary flow pattern. The primary flow is often chosen to be an exact solution to simplified or approximated governing equations, such as potential flow around a wing or geostro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bis(trimethylsilyl)mercury (CH)Si-Hg-Si(CH) reacts with chloro-iminium and chloro-amidinium salts to give a metal-free carbene and elemental mercury. For example:
:(CH)Si−Hg−Si(CH) + RN=C(Cl)−Cl → RN−C−NR + Hg + 2(CH)SiCl | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fungi, thanks to their non-specific enzymes, are able to break down many kinds of substances including pharmaceuticals and fragrances that are normally recalcitrant to bacteria degradation, such as paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen). For example, using Mucor hiemalis, the breakdown of products which are toxic in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The outer thermal protection layer of NASA's LOFTID inflatable heat shield incorporates a woven ceramic made from silicon carbide, with fiber of such small diameter that it can be bundled and spun into a yarn. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In host–guest chemistry the bistable states of molecular switches differ in their affinity for guests. Many early examples of such systems are based on crown ether chemistry. The first switchable host is described in 1978 by Desvergne & Bouas-Laurent who create a crown ether via photochemical anthracene dimerization. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a normal bearing the surfaces are separated by a layer of oil, this is known as elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication. If the thickness of the EHD film is of the same order of magnitude as the surface roughness, the surface topography is able to interact and cause micro pitting. A thin EHD film may be caused by exces... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cations, often carbocations, serve as intermediates in various types of reactions to synthesize new compounds. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds elute in the carrier gas phase only. Compounds solved in the stationary phase stay put. The ratio of gas time and residence time in the stationary liquid polymer phase is called the capacity factor :
where the variables used are:
* gas constant (8.314J/mole/k)
* temperature [k]
* solubility of compound ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In pharmacology, a dirty drug is an informal term for drugs that may bind to many different molecular targets or receptors in the body, and so tend to have a wide range of effects and possibly adverse drug reactions. Today, pharmaceutical companies try to make new drugs as selective as possible to minimise binding to a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Experimentally it was determined that extent of gas adsorption varies directly with pressure, and then it directly varies with pressure raised to the power until saturation pressure is reached. Beyond that point, the rate of adsorption saturates even after applying higher pressure. Thus, the Freundlich adsorption iso... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rotational Echo DOuble Resonance (REDOR) experiment, are a type of heteronuclear dipolar recoupling experiment which enable one to re-introduce heteronuclear dipolar couplings averaged by MAS. The reintroduction of such dipolar coupling reduce the intensity of the NMR signal intensity compared to a reference spectrum... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Arc system is a two-component system found in some bacteria that regulates gene expression in faculatative anaerobes such as Escheria coli. Two-component system means that it has a sensor molecule and a response regulator. Arc is an abbreviation for Anoxic Redox Control system. Arc systems are instrumental in maint... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MALDI matrix compounds such as α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid have been linked through a linker consisting of an unsymmetric formaldehyde acetals to dodecanol. This type of cleavable detergent is inherently compatible with MALDI and does not have to be removed prior to analysis.
UV light- or fluoride-cleavable surfacta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Artificial introduction of long dsRNAs or siRNAs has been adopted as a tool to inactivate gene expression, both in cultured cells and in living organisms. Structural and functional resolution of small RNAs as the effectors of RNA silencing has had a direct impact on experimental biology. For example, dsRNA may be synth... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Eastern meadow voles eat most available species of grasses, sedges, and forbs, including many agricultural plant species. In summer and fall, grasses are cut into match-length sections to reach the succulent portions of the leaves and seedheads. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of forbs are also typical components of the su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ATSDR maintains registries of people who were exposed to certain toxic substances or have certain diseases. Participation in these registries is voluntary, and individual data and personal information is kept private. The information collected is used by epidemiologists and other researchers to examine long-term health... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has become the most widely used technique for analyzing polymer samples in order to determine their molecular weights and weight distributions. Examples of GPC chromatograms of polystyrene samples with their molecular weights and dispersities are shown on the left.
Benoit and co-wo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The transport of electrons from redox pair NAD/ NADH to the final redox pair 1/2 O/ HO can be summarized as
1/2 O + NADH + H → HO + NAD
The potential difference between these two redox pairs is 1.14 volt, which is equivalent to -52 kcal/mol or -2600 kJ per 6 mol of O.
When one NADH is oxidized through the electron tra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Williams joined the University of Cambridge as a postdoctoral research associate working with Andrew Bruce Holmes and Richard Friend. Here she focused on the synthesis of electroactive polymers. She then moved to the University of Minnesota, working in the group of Marc Hillymer and William Tollman on zinc catalysis.
I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each metabolic pathway consists of a series of biochemical reactions that are connected by their intermediates: the products of one reaction are the substrates for subsequent reactions, and so on. Metabolic pathways are often considered to flow in one direction. Although all chemical reactions are technically reversibl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second type of browning, non-enzymatic browning, is a process that also produces the brown pigmentation in foods but without the activity of enzymes. The two main forms of non-enzymatic browning are caramelization and the Maillard reaction. Both vary in the reaction rate as a function of water activity (in food che... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Förster resonance energy transfer is named after the German scientist Theodor Förster. When both chromophores are fluorescent, the term "fluorescence resonance energy transfer" is often used instead, although the energy is not actually transferred by fluorescence. In order to avoid an erroneous interpretation of the ph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hai-Lung Dai is a Taiwanese-born American physical chemist and university administrator. He currently is the Laura H. Carnell Professor of Chemistry and Vice President for International Affairs at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phorbol is a natural product found in many plants, especially those of the Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families. Phorbol is the active constituent of the highly toxic New World tropical manchineel or beach apple, Hippomane mancinella. It is very soluble in most polar organic solvents, as well as in water. In the m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The vector lattice (lattice) is defined as the infinite set consisting of all of the translation vectors of a crystal pattern. Each of the vectors in the vector lattice are called lattice vectors. From the vector lattice it is possible to construct a point lattice. This is done by selecting an origin with position ve... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Residence time distributions are measured by introducing a non-reactive tracer into the system at the inlet. Its input concentration is changed according to a known function and the output concentration measured. The tracer should not modify the physical characteristics of the fluid (equal density, equal viscosity) or ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deer have seven types of external scent glands distributed across their bodies. These are the forehead glands (on the forehead), the preorbital glands (below the eyes), the nasal glands (inside the nostrils), the interdigital glands (between the toes), the preputial gland (inside the foreskin of the deer's penis), the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to the use of mercury (which relies on amalgamation of the gold to coalesce it and separate it from impurities) this method relies on boraxs ability to lower all the minerals melting points. Since the gold is usually the heaviest of these minerals, it allows for concentrating the gold on the bottom of the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wootz steel has been reproduced and studied in depth by the Royal School of Mines. Dr. Pearson was the first to chemically examine wootz in 1795 and he published his contributions to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Russian metallurgist Pavel Petrovich Anosov (see Bulat steel) was almost able to rep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mixed reactants pass an observation cell that allows the reaction to be followed spectrophotometrically, typically by ultraviolet spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism or light scattering, and it is now common to combine several of these.
Observation cuvette with a short light path (0.75 to 1.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This technology is currently being incorporated into a variety of industries for applications in effluent treatment areas such as:
* Groundwater remediation
* Volatile Organic Compound Removal
* Dye-house Effluent De-Colourisation
* Electrochemical Disinfection | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Camphorsultam is synthesized by reduction of camphorsulfonylimine. This reaction was originally performed as a catalytic hydrogenation using Raney Nickel, but the modern preparation instead uses lithium aluminium hydride for the reduction. These reductive methods are stereoselective: although both the endo and exo dias... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Let and be the numerical values of the concentrations of a given contaminant, respectively before and after treatment, following a defined process.
It is irrelevant in what units these concentrations are given, provided that both use the same units.
Then an and -log reduction is achieved, where
For the purpose of pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants are under horticulture care, but the environment is managed to near natural conditions. This occurs with either restored or semi-natural environments. This technique is primarily used for taxa that are rare or in areas where habitat has been severely degraded. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lacUV5 promoter is a mutated promoter from the Escherichia coli lac operon which is used in molecular biology to drive gene expression on a plasmid. lacUV5 is very similar to the classical lac promoter, containing just 2 base pair mutations in the -10 hexamer region, compared to the lac promoter. LacUV5 is among th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process was based on the oxidation of hydrogen chloride:
:4 HCl + O → 2 Cl + 2HO
The reaction takes place at about 400 to 450 °C in the presence of a variety of catalysts, including copper chloride (CuCl). Three companies developed commercial processes for producing chlorine based on the Deacon reaction:
*Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Currently, there is ongoing research in developing new ways of utilizing the knowledge already associated with affinity electrophoresis to improve its functionality and speed, as well as attempts to improve already established methods and tailor them towards performing specific tasks. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid created by John Roebuck's process approached a 65% concentration. Later refinements to the lead chamber process by French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and British chemist John Glover improved concentration to 78%. However, the manufacture of some dyes and other chemical processes require a more concent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The starting material for this route is a norbornane derivative with a good leaving group in position 2. If the leaving group is on the exo- face, electron density from the σ bond between carbons 1 and 6 is donated into the σ* antibond between carbon 2 and the leaving group (see Figure 8b).
If the leaving group is on t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most important features of chemical synapses is that they are the site of action for the majority of psychoactive drugs. Synapses are affected by drugs, such as curare, strychnine, cocaine, morphine, alcohol, LSD, and countless others. These drugs have different effects on synaptic function, and often are r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cloning has been used in fiction as a way of recreating historical figures. In the 1976 Ira Levin novel The Boys from Brazil and its 1978 film adaptation, Josef Mengele uses cloning to create copies of Adolf Hitler.
In Michael Crichtons 1990 novel Jurassic Park, which spawned a series of Jurassic Park' feature films, t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Self-healing hydrogels encompass a wide range of applications. With a high biocompatibility, hydrogels are useful for a number of medical applications. Areas where active research is currently being conducted include:
*Absorbable sutures
*Tissue engineering and regeneration
*Drug delivery | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA-Seq has the potential to identify new disease biology, profile biomarkers for clinical indications, infer druggable pathways, and make genetic diagnoses. These results could be further personalized for subgroups or even individual patients, potentially highlighting more effective prevention, diagnostics, and therap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common assumption is that the Casimir force is of little practical use; the argument is made that the only way to actually gain energy from the two plates is to allow them to come together (getting them apart again would then require more energy), and therefore it is a one-use-only tiny force in nature. In 1984 Rober... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oxygen effect has particular importance in external beam radiation therapy where the killing of tumour cells with photon and electron beams in well oxygenated regions can be up to three times greater than in a poorly vasculated portion of the tumour.
Besides tumour hypoxia, the oxygen effect is also relevant to hyp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrite produced in the first step of autotrophic nitrification is oxidized to nitrate by nitrite oxidoreductase (NXR) (). It is a membrane-associated iron-sulfur molybdo protein and is part of an electron transfer chain which channels electrons from nitrite to molecular oxygen. The enzymatic mechanisms involved in nit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triatomic molecules are molecules composed of three atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements. Examples include HO, CO (pictured), HCN, O (ozone) and NO. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydrogen requirement of Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry was removed by the Lewis definition of acid–base reactions, devised by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923, in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938. Instead of defining acid–base reactions in terms of protons or other bonded substance... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potassium is the major cation (K, a positive ion) inside animal cells, while sodium (Na) is the major cation outside animal cells. The difference between the concentrations of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the restoration of democracy in 1974, Zervas was able to contribute once more to research and educational policy. As previously, refusing to take a salary for these positions, he served a second time as the President of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (1974–1975) and then as the President of the National Hellen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dr. Diana Fleischman, of the University of Portsmouth, and colleagues looked for a relationship between progesterone and sexual attitudes in 92 women. Their research, published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior found that women who had higher levels of progesterone scored higher on a questionnaire measuring homoerotic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Foam, entrained and dissolved air that are present in coolants and processing liquids, may cause various kinds of problems, including:
* Reduction of pump efficiency (cavitation)
* Reduced capacity of pumps and storage tanks
* Bacterial growth
* Dirt flotation / deposit formation
* Reduced effectiveness of the fluid so... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ICP-MS allows determination of elements with atomic mass ranges 7 to 250 (Li to U), and sometimes higher. Some masses are prohibited such as 40 due to the abundance of argon in the sample. Other blocked regions may include mass 80 (due to the argon dimer), and mass 56 (due to ArO), the latter of which greatly hinde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of DNA replication inherently places cells at risk of acquiring mutations. Thus, caretaker genes are vitally important to cellular health. Rounds of cell replication allow fixation of mutated genes into the genome. Caretaker genes provide genome stability by preventing the accumulation of these mutations.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One recent, successful business endeavor has been the introduction of AFPs into ice cream and yogurt products. This ingredient, labelled ice-structuring protein, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The proteins are isolated from fish and replicated, on a larger scale, in genetically modified yeast.
T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel is used in emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), both in a combined Yuzpe regimen which includes estrogen, and as a levonorgestrel-only method. The levonorgestrel-only method uses levonorgestrel 1.5 mg (as a single dose or as two 0.75 mg doses 12 hours apart) taken within three days of unprotected sex. W... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process by which a photon initiates a chemical reaction directly is known as photolysis; if this process is aided by a catalyst, it is called photocatalysis. If a photon has more energy than a material's characteristic band gap, it can free an electron upon absorption by the material. The remaining, positively char... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Redlich–Kwong equation is formulated as:
where:
*p is the gas pressure
*R is the gas constant,
*T is temperature,
*V is the molar volume (V/n),
*a is a constant that corrects for attractive potential of molecules, and
*b is a constant that corrects for volume.
The constants are different depending on which gas is b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Volatile thiols are easily and almost unerringly detected by their distinctive odor. Sulfur-specific analyzers for gas chromatographs are useful. Spectroscopic indicators are the DO-exchangeable SH signal in the H NMR spectrum (S is NMR-active but signals for divalent sulfur are very broad and of little utility). The ν... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isocyanides have a very disagreeable odour. To quote from Lieke, "Es besitzt einen penetranten, höchst unangenehmen Geruch; das Oeffnen eines Gefässes mit Cyanallyl reicht hin, die Luft eines Zimmers mehrere Tage lang zu verpesten, ..." (It has a penetrating, extremely unpleasant odour; the opening of a flask of allyl ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dose-dependent changes of heart rate and cardiac output are observed within the first hour after administration of ractopamine and gradually return to baseline values. The systolic blood pressure will also increase in a dose-dependent manner, while the diastolic pressure remains unchanged. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The plot is occasionally attributed to Augustinsson and referred to the Woolf–Augustinsson–Hofstee plot or simply the Augustinsson plot. However, although Haldane, Woolf or Eadie were not explicitly cited when Augustinsson introduced the versus equation, both the work of Haldane and of Eadie are cited at other places... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Massively parallel single molecule direct RNA-Seq has been explored as an alternative to traditional RNA-Seq, in which RNA-to-cDNA conversion, ligation, amplification, and other sample manipulation steps may introduce biases and artifacts. Technology platforms that perform single-molecule real-time RNA-Seq include Oxfo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* [http://aeesociety.org/ American Ecological Engineering Society], homepage.
* [http://groups.engr.oregonstate.edu/eess/ Ecological Engineering Student Society] Website, EESS, Oregon State University, 2011.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170919162604/http://aspwe.org/ American Society of Professional Wetland Enginee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like the preceding method, the most popular method for synthesizing phosphaalkynes is reliant upon the expulsion of products containing strong silicon-element bonds. Specifically, it is possible to synthesize phosphaalkynes via the elimination of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) from certain silylated phosphaalkenes with t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Minerals are the exogenous chemical elements indispensable for life. Although the four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) are essential for life, they are so plentiful in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the liquid is static and the sphere is moving with a certain velocity, with respect to the frame of sphere, the sphere is at rest and liquid is flowing in the opposite direction to the motion of the sphere. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Data recording in a 3D optical storage medium requires that a change take place in the medium upon excitation. This change is generally a photochemical reaction of some sort, although other possibilities exist. Chemical reactions that have been investigated include photoisomerizations, photodecompositions and photoblea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solenopsins are described as toxic against vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, the compound known as isosolenopsin A has been demonstrated to have strong insecticidal effects which may play a central role in the biology of fire ants.
In addition to its toxicity, solenopsis has a number of other biological activ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dimetcote is commonly used for steel corrosion resistance. It is generally reliable under humid or corrosive conditions. Because of this, Dimetcote is widely used in ships, power generation facilities, and marine, oil, and offshore structures. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of extracting and reducing gold from pyrite in gold ores using chlorine gas was initially introduced by Karl Friedrich Plattner around 1848. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) are based on the Gratzel cell, or dye-sensitized solar cell architecture, but employ low band gap semiconductor nanoparticles, fabricated with crystallite sizes small enough to form quantum dots (such as CdS, CdSe, Stibnite|, PbS, etc.), instead of organic or organometallic dyes as light... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the idea of non-synaptic interactions between neurons has existed since the 19th century, there has historically been considerable skepticism in the field of neuroscience. Many people believed that the micro electrical fields produced by the neurons themselves were so small that they were negligible. While many s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The modern RREMS system is operated by CGI following a successful contract bid in 2018. The system is run within cloud computing servers.
The network of monitoring stations includes 93 fixed and an unknown number of mobile stations located strategically across the country. These are operated by Ultra Electronics. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After the end of the Hittite empire, from the 12th to 7th century BC, the city became the center of an independent Luwian Neo-Hittite state of Kammanu, also known as Malizi. A palace was built and monumental stone sculptures of lions and the ruler erected.
In the 12th century, Melid was probably dependent on Karkemiš, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single nucleotide variant can also affect the cis-acting regulatory elements in mRNA’s to inhibit/promote the translation initiation. Change in the synonymous codons region due to mutation may affect the translation efficiency because of codon usage biases. The translation elongation can also be retarded by mutations a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following scheme describes the interconversion between an aldose and a ketose, where R is any organic residue.
The equilibrium or the reactant to product ratio depends on concentration, solvent, pH and temperature. At equilibrium the aldose and ketose form a mixture which in the case of the glyceraldehyde and dihy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In January 1942, Okamoto started out as a research assistant at Tokyo Women's Medical University researching the cerebellum under a neurophysiologist who "created many more opportunities for [women] than were otherwise available at the time."
After World War II and the Second Sino-Japanese War respectively in 1945, sh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aqueous solutions (solutions of water), water gradually (over the course of hours) hydrolyzes polyphosphates into smaller phosphates and finally into ortho-phosphate, given enough water. Higher temperature or acidic conditions can speed up the hydrolysis reactions considerably.
Conversely, polyphosphoric acids or ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium orthovanadate is produced by dissolving vanadium(V) oxide in a solution of sodium hydroxide:
The salt features tetrahedral anion centers linked to octahedral cation sites. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In covalent bond classification, a Z-type ligand refers to a ligand that accepts two electrons from the metal center. This is in contrast to X-type ligands, which form a bond with the ligand and metal center each donating one electron, and L-type ligands, which form a bond with the ligand donating two electrons. Typica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Demethylation is relevant to epigenetics. Demethylation of DNA is catalyzed by demethylases. These enzymes oxidize N-methyl groups, which occur in histones, in lysine derivatives, and in some forms of DNA.
:RN-CH + O → RN-H + CHO
One family of such oxidative enzymes is the cytochrome P450. Alpha-ketoglutar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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