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The synthesis of (±)-periplanone B is a prominent example of macrocyclic stereocontrol. Periplanone B is a sex pheromone of the American female cockroach, and has been the target of several synthetic attempts. Significantly, two reactions on the macrocyclic precursor to (±)-periplanone B were directed using only grou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The belt filter is mainly used for dewatering of sludge and slurry and juice extraction from apples, pears and other fruits, as well as grapes for winemaking, etc. Belt filters are used both municipally and industrially in a range of areas including urban sewage and wastewater treatment, metallurgy and mining, steel pl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High temperature materials are valuable for energy conversion and energy production applications. Maximum energy conversion efficiency is desired in such applications, in accord with the Carnot cycle. Because Carnot efficiency is limited by the temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs, higher operatin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The transcription factor NF-κB regulates various genes that play essential roles in signaling, stress responses, cell growth and apoptosis. The temporal control of NF-κB activation by the degradation and synthesis of its inhibitor isoforms, I-κBα, -β, - ε has been computationally modeled. The model suggested that I-κBα... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Termination occurs when one of the three termination codons
moves into the A site. These codons are not recognized by any tRNAs. Instead, they are recognized by proteins called release factors, namely RF1 (recognizing the UAA and UAG stop codons) or RF2 (recognizing the UAA and UGA stop codons). These factors trigger t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the major concerns over dilbit is the difficulty in cleaning it up. When the aforementioned Enbridge Line 6B crude oil pipeline ruptured in Marshall, Michigan in 2010, at least 843,000 gallons of dilbit were spilled. After detection of the leak, booms and vacuum trucks were deployed. Heavy rains caused the river... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This sequencing method was originally developed by 10x Genomics in 2015, and was launched under the name GemCode or Chromium. GemCode employed a method of gel bead-based barcoding to amalgamate short DNA fragments. The longer fragments produced by this could then be sequenced using validated technology such as Illumina... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Astrocytes express several sAC splice variants, which are involved in metabolic coupling between neurons and astrocytes. Increase of potassium [K] in the extracellular space caused by neuronal activity depolarizes the cell membrane of nearby astrocytes and facilitates the entry of hydrogencarbonate through Na/HCO- cotr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1832 Jöns Jakob Berzelius retired in favor of Mosander, his student, who succeeded him as professor of chemistry and pharmacy in the Karolinska Institute.
From 1845 Mosander was also a professor at and inspector for the Pharmaceutical Institute. Mosander was an assistant curator of the mineralogical collections of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term is used in contrast to a latent heat, which is the amount of heat exchanged that is hidden, meaning it occurs without change of temperature. For example, during a phase change such as the melting of ice, the temperature of the system containing the ice and the liquid is constant until all ice has melted. The t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CoQ is a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), where it plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation, a process required for the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy source of cells.
CoQ is a lipophilic molecule that is located in all biological membranes of human body and se... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A molecular logic gate can processes modulators much like the setup seen in de Silva’s proof-of-principle, but incorporating different logic gates on the same molecule is challenging. Such a function is called integrated logic and is exemplified by the BODIPY-based, half-subtractor logic gate illustrated by Coskun, Akk... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphonamidates are related to phosphonates by substitution of an oxygen atom for a nitrogen. They are a rarely encountered functional group. The nerve agent Tabun is an example. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electron phenomenological spectroscopy (EPS) is based on the correlations between integral optical characteristics and properties of substance as a single whole quantum continuum: spectrum-properties and color-properties. According to these laws the physicochemical properties of substance solutions in ultraviolet (UV),... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A "strong" ion exchanger will not lose the charge on its matrix once the column is equilibrated and so a wide range of pH buffers can be used. "Weak" ion exchangers have a range of pH values in which they will maintain their charge. If the pH of the buffer used for a weak ion exchange column goes out of the capacity ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
No significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed between levetiracetam or its major metabolite and concomitant medications. The pharmacokinetic profile of levetiracetam is not influenced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, lamotrigine, gabapentin, digoxin, ethinylestradiol, or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alchemical symbolism has been important in analytical psychology and was revived and popularized from near extinction by the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. Jung was initially confounded and at odds with alchemy and its images but after being given a copy of The Secret of the Golden Flower, a Chinese alchemical te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first computational model of dendritic solidification was published by Kobayashi, who used a phase-field model to solve two coupled partial differential equations describing the evolution of the phase-field, (with in the liquid phase and in the solid phase), and the temperature field, , for a pure material in tw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For Reynolds numbers in the range , the flow is unsteady (varies grossly with time) and varies from one section of the pipe to another (is not "fully developed"). The flow involves the incipient formation of vortices; it is not well understood. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first successful man-made fusion device was the boosted fission weapon tested in 1951 in the Greenhouse Item test. The first true fusion weapon was 1952s Ivy Mike, and the first practical example was 1954s Castle Bravo. In these devices, the energy released by a fission explosion compresses and heats the fuel, star... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many marine-derived polyketides that are often found in sponges cannot be cultured out of their natural environment. Finding the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of a sponge derived polyketides is a difficult task to accomplish because of the sponges’ colonial nature Scientists are not yet able to culture the sp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In an alkene ring that does not contain an oxygen atom, any large substituent prefers to be in an equatorial position, in order to minimize steric effects. It has been observed in rings containing oxocarbenium ions that electronegative substituents prefer the axial or pseudo-axial positions. When the electronegative at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
3D bioprinting can be used to reconstruct tissue from various regions of the body. The precursor to the adoption of 3D printing in healthcare was a series of trials conducted by researchers at Boston Childrens Hospital. The team built replacement urinary bladders by hand for seven patients by constructing scaffolds, th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mass is the only way to stop sound. Mass refers to drywall, plywood or concrete. Mass-loaded vinyl (MLV) is used to dampen or weaken sound waves between layers of mass. Use of a viscoelastic damping compound or MLV converts sound waves into heat, weakening the waves before they reach the next layer of mass. It is impor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During a prolonged drought in Australia at the start of this century, scientists there from a number of research institutions, including Pr. David Solomon, inventor of the polymer banknote, set about developing a product that is efficacious, resistant to the deleterious effects of wind, and affordable. In addition to s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fossil fuels such as coal and oil can contain a significant amount of sulfur. When fossil fuels are burned, about 95 percent or more of the sulfur is generally converted to sulfur dioxide (). Such conversion happens under normal conditions of temperature and of oxygen present in the flue gas. However, there are circums... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adjuvant System 04 or AS04 is a trade name for a combination of adjuvants used in various vaccine products by GlaxoSmithKline, in particular the Fendrix hepatitis B vaccine and Cervarix human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. It consists of aluminium hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). It is the successor of AS03, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microspheres have been used to produce focal regions, known as photonic nanojets and whose sizes are large enough to support internal resonances, but at the same time small enough, so that geometrical optics cannot be applied for studying their properties. Previous research has demonstrated experimentally and with simu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Penetration enhancers (also called chemical penetration enhancers, absorption enhancers or sorption promotors) are chemical compounds that can facilitate the penetration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) into or through the poorly permeable biological membranes. These compounds are used in some pharmaceutical ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
where and are defined as
and
where:
is the modified Reynolds number,<br>
is the packed bed friction factor<br>
is the pressure drop across the bed,<br>
is the length of the bed (not the column),<br>
is the equivalent spherical diameter of the packing,<br>
is the density of fluid,<br>
is the dynamic viscosity... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The human body produces diverse surfactants. Pulmonary surfactant is produced in the lungs in order to facilitate breathing by increasing total lung capacity, and lung compliance. In respiratory distress syndrome or RDS, surfactant replacement therapy helps patients have normal respiration by using pharmaceutical forms... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The al-Hijarah missile was an Iraqi liquid propelled inertial Short-range ballistic missile, it was also a Scud missile and considered an upgrade of the al-Hussein missile equipped with chemical warheads. It was developed by 1990 and was first used in the Persian Gulf War where the al-Hijarah missile would release pois... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ketchup is a shear thinning fluid. Shear thinning means that the fluid viscosity decreases with increasing shear stress. In other words, fluid motion is initially difficult at slow rates of deformation, but will flow more freely at high rates. Shaking an inverted bottle of ketchup can cause it to transition to a lower ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chemical synthesis of tramadol is described in the literature. Tramadol has two stereogenic centers at the cyclohexane ring. Thus, may exist in four different configurational forms:
* (1R,2R)-isomer
* (1S,2S)-isomer
* (1R,2S)-isomer
* (1S,2R)-isomer
The synthetic pathway leads to the racemate (1:1 mixture) of (1R... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkaline hydrolysis usually refers to types of nucleophilic substitution reactions in which the attacking nucleophile is a hydroxide ion. The best known type is saponification: cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols. In ester hydrolysis and amide hydrolysis the hydroxide ion nucleophile attacks the carbony... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dioxirane epoxidation is highly versatile, and compares favorably to related peracid oxidations in many respects. Peracids generate acidic byproducts, meaning that acid-labile substrates and products must be avoided. Dioxirane epoxidations using isolated oxidant can be carried out under neutral conditions without the n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1745, having finished their scientific labours, Ulloa and Jorge Juan prepared to return to Spain, agreeing to travel on different ships in order to minimize the danger of losing their important samples and records. The ship upon which Ulloa was travelling was captured by the British Royal Navy, and he was taken to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In many types of external beam radiotherapy, motion can negatively impact the treatment delivery by moving target tissue out of, or other healthy tissue into, the intended beam path. Some form of patient immobilisation is common, to prevent the large movements of the body during treatment, however this cannot prevent a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several key technologies are used for the production of fine chemicals, including
*Chemical synthesis, either from petrochemical starting materials or from natural products extracts
*Biotechnology, for small molecules biocatalysis (enzymatic methods), biosynthesis (fermentation), and, for big molecules, cell culture te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MTBE is manufactured via the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene. Methanol is primarily derived from natural gas, where steam reforming converts the various light hydrocarbons in natural gas (primarily methane) into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The resulting gases then further react in the presence of a cata... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Influenza virus is an RNA virus that is divided into three serological types: A, B and C. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two important glycoproteins on influenza virus membranes. The hemagglutinin is a sialic acid receptor-binding molecule and mediates entry of the virus into the host cell, while neu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The equation is named after Lord Rayleigh, who introduced it in 1880. The Orr–Sommerfeld equation – introduced later, for the study of stability of parallel viscous flow – reduces to Rayleigh's equation when the viscosity is zero.
Rayleighs equation, together with appropriate boundary conditions, most often poses an ei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selective Scattering : In selective Scattering scattering depends upon the wavelength of light.
Mie scattering : Mie theory can describe how electromagnetic waves interact with homogeneously spherical particles. However, a theory for homogeneous spheres will completely fail to predict polarization effects. When the siz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The problem is described in spherical coordinates with velocity components . The flow is axisymmetric, i.e., independent of . Then the continuity equation and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations reduce to
where
A self-similar description is available for the solution in the following form,
Substituting the abov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Percolation trenches are often used to treat runoff from impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks and parking lots, on sites where there is limited space available for managing stormwater. They are effective at treating stormwater only if the soil has sufficient porosity. To function properly, a trench must be designed ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several derivatives of vancomycin are currently being developed, including oritavancin and dalbavancin (both lipoglycopeptides). Possessing longer half-lives than vancomycin, these newer candidates may demonstrate improvements over vancomycin due to less frequent dosing and activity against vancomycin-resistant bacter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vladimir Markovnikov was born on December 22, 1837, in Chernorechye near Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire (now Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russian Federation). Soon after his birth, his father retired and settled in a family estate received as a dowry from his wife's family at marriage, in the village of Ivanovo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Response elements are short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter or enhancer region that are able to bind specific transcription factors and regulate transcription of genes.
Under conditions of stress, a transcription activator protein binds to the response element and stimulates transcription. If the same response ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are disadvantages to GPC, however. First, there is a limited number of peaks that can be resolved within the short time scale of the GPC run. Also, as a technique GPC requires around at least a 10% difference in molecular weight for a reasonable resolution of peaks to occur. In regards to polymers, the molecular ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Through the voluntary work of its members, CSMBLM is dedicated to improve the profession and scientific field of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine, raise the level of public awareness at national level, encourage and provide assistance to its members in achieving professional and scientific excellence especi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, particularly for outpatient anesthesia, across all ages, as well as in veterinary medicine. Together with desflurane, sevoflurane is replacing isoflurane and halothane in modern anesthesia practice. It is often administered in a mixture of nitrous oxide a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TMSCl is prepared on a large scale by the direct process, the reaction of methyl chloride with a silicon-copper alloy. The principal target of this process is dimethyldichlorosilane, but substantial amounts of the trimethyl and monomethyl products are also obtained. The relevant reactions are (Me = methyl, ):
Typicall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some simple systems are amenable to spreadsheet calculations.
A large number of general-purpose computer programs for equilibrium constant calculation have been published. See for a bibliography. The most frequently used programs are:
* Potentiometric data: [http://www.hyperquad.co.uk/hq2000.htm Hyperquad], BEST PSEQU... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DGGE was invented by Leonard Lerman, while he was a professor at SUNY Albany.
The same equipment can be used for analysis of protein, which was first done by Thomas E. Creighton of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England. Similar looking patterns are produced by proteins and nucleic acids, but the f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Shell molding is similar to sand casting, but the molding cavity is formed by a hardened "shell" of sand instead of a flask filled with sand. The sand used is finer than sand casting sand and is mixed with a resin so that it can be heated by the pattern and hardened into a shell around the pattern. Because of the resin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A major use of sawdust is for particleboard; coarse sawdust may be used for wood pulp. Sawdust has a variety of other practical uses, including serving as a mulch, as an alternative to clay cat litter, or as a fuel. Until the advent of refrigeration, it was often used in icehouses to keep ice frozen during the summer. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After leaving office, Fahmi was investigated because of alleged wrongdoing. In April 2011, it was announced by the public prosecutor that he would be tried in relation to the charges related to a natural gas deal with Israel. He was arrested and held in custody on 21 April 2011. Fahmi was sentenced to 15 years in priso... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Flood Studies Report, published in 1975, is used in relation to rainfall events in the United Kingdom. It has since been replaced by the Flood Estimation Handbook, but the method can still be used. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods. IR, microwave and Raman spectroscopy can give information about the molecule geometry from the details of the vibrational and rotational absorbance detected by these techniques. X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The core RNA polymerase (consisting of 2 alpha (α), 1 beta (β), 1 beta-prime (β'), and 1 omega (ω) subunits) binds a sigma factor to form a complex called the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. It was previously believed that the RNA polymerase holoenzyme initiates transcription, while the core RNA polymerase alone synthesizes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Baker–Nathan effect is observed with reaction rates for certain chemical reactions with certain substrates where the order in reactivity cannot be explained solely by an inductive effect of substituents.
This effect was described in 1935 by John W. Baker and W. S. Nathan. They examined the che... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, appearing as its synonym sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), is considered a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) ingredient for food use according to the USFDA (21 CFR 172.822). It is used as an emulsifying agent and whipping aid. As an emulsifier in or with egg whites the United States Code of Federal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mercury lamps are the most common source of UV radiation due to their high efficiency. However, the use of mercury in these lamps poses disposal and environmental problems. On the contrary, excimer lamps based on rare gases are absolutely non-hazardous and excimer lamps containing halogen are more environmentally benig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of a set of EPDs looks like the following chart. Each set of letters stands for a specific measurement with an accuracy reading and percent rank below it. Each EPD is compared to the breed average of a given year. The number given by the EPD is the amount above or below this given average. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The inverse of the compressibility is called the bulk modulus, often denoted (sometimes or ).).
The compressibility equation relates the isothermal compressibility (and indirectly the pressure) to the structure of the liquid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The E. Coli Metabolome Database is a freely accessible, online database of >2,700 small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli strain K12, MG1655). The ECMDB contains two kinds of information:
# Chemical information and
# Biochemical information.
The chemical information includes more t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the solid state, racemic mixtures may have different physical properties from either of the pure enantiomers because of the differential intermolecular interactions (see Biological Significance section). The change from a pure enantiomer to a racemate can change its density, melting point, solubility, heat of fusio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA array to protein array (DAPA) is a method developed in 2007 to repeatedly produce protein arrays by ‘printing’ them from a single DNA template array, on demand (Figure 5). It starts with the spotting and immobilization of an array of DNA templates onto a glass slide. The slide is then assembled face-to-face with a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The endocannabinoid transporters (eCBTs) are transport proteins for the endocannabinoids. Most neurotransmitters are water-soluble and require transmembrane proteins to transport them across the cell membrane. The endocannabinoids (anandamide, AEA, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG) on the other hand, are non-charged li... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As mentioned above the histone tails have been shown to directly interact with the DNA of the nucleosome. Each histone in the octamer has an N-terminal tail that protrudes from the histone core. The tails play roles both in inter and intra nucleosomal interactions that ultimately influence gene access. Histones are pos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quorum sensing regulates a menagerie of aspects in Bacillota including the production of ropB-like proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. Similarities in the pH sensitivity of the cell signaling mechanisms were found in pneumococci, S. mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus as well. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The force measurements of the SFA are based primarily on Hooke's Law,
where F is the restoring force of a spring, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the spring.
Using a cantilevered spring, the lower surface is brought towards the top surface using a fine micrometer or piezotube. The force between th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gibbs considered the following difficulty that arises if the ideal gas entropy is not extensive. Two containers of an ideal gas sit side-by-side. The gas in container #1 is identical in every respect to the gas in container #2 (i.e. in volume, mass, temperature, pressure, etc). Accordingly, they have the same entropy ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular recognition is the specific binding of a guest molecule to a complementary host molecule to form a host–guest complex. Often, the definition of which species is the "host" and which is the "guest" is arbitrary. The molecules are able to identify each other using non-covalent interactions. Key applications of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If , the streamlines are given by
This is more easily interpreted in terms of real and imaginary components:
Thus the streamlines are circles that are tangent to the x-axis at the origin. The circles in the upper half-plane thus flow clockwise, those in the lower half-plane flow anticlockwise. Note that the velocity c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The original inflatable game was the Moonwalk (bounce house). Today there are a wide variety of inflatable games that come in all shapes and sizes. Many inflatable games put people in head-to-head competition with other people such as the bungee run and gladiator joust. There are also several inflatable obstacle course... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The initiation factors are divided into three major groups by taxonomic domains. There are some homologies shared (click the domain names to see the domain-specific factors): | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effects of enrichment can be most simply attained in a greenhouse (see for its agricultural use). However, for experimentation, the results obtained in a greenhouse would be doubted due to it introducing too many confounding variables. Open-air chambers have been similarly doubted, with some critiques attributing... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kinetically perfect enzymes have a specificity constant, k/K, on the order of 10 to 10 M s. The rate of the enzyme-catalysed reaction is limited by diffusion and so the enzyme processes the substrate well before it encounters another molecule.
Some enzymes operate with kinetics which are faster than diffusion rates, wh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1999, both Schmiegel and Molloy were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for their fluoxetine compound that revolutionized depression treatment. In addition, the same year, the pair received the U.S. Department of Commerce's Ronald H. Brown American Innovator award, honoring their great contribution to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sarıçiftçi specializes in the field of organic semiconductors and their applications. In particular, he has worked in the field of organic solar cells. Chemical energy storage of solar energy by means of CO recycling recycling is in its research increasingly important. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
p75NTR has been implicated as a marker for cancer stem cells in melanoma and other cancers. Melanoma cells transplanted into an immunodeficient mouse model were shown to require expression of CD271 in order to grow a melanoma. Gene knockdown of CD271 has also been shown to abolish neural crest stem cell properties of m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fulgurites are formed when lightning strikes the ground, fusing and vitrifying mineral grains. The primary SiO phase in common tube fulgurites is lechatelierite, an amorphous silica glass. Many fulgurites show some evidence of crystallization: in addition to glasses, many are partially protocrystalline or microcrystall... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although there is sufficient iron in most soils for plant growth, plant iron deficiency is a problem in calcareous soil, due to the low solubility of iron(III) hydroxide. Calcareous soil accounts for 30% of the world's farmland. Under such conditions graminaceous plants (grasses, cereals and rice) secrete phytosideroph... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RNA interference has been used to silence genes associated with several cancers. In in vitro studies of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), siRNA was used to cleave the fusion protein, BCR-ABL, which prevents the drug Gleevec (imatinib) from binding to the cancer cells. Cleaving the fusion protein reduced the amount of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before it was flooded, Norşuntepe was located on the Altınova Plain near the mouth of the Murat River (downstream from the town of Palu, Elazığ). It is now partially submerged by the reservoir created by the Keban Dam; its top is still above the water level. The site consists of a central hill or "acropolis" measuring ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thiocarboxylic acids are typically prepared by salt metathesis from the acid chloride, as in the following conversion of benzoyl chloride to thiobenzoic acid using potassium hydrosulfide according to the following idealized equation:
2,6-Pyridinedicarbothioic acid is synthesized by treating the diacid dichloride with ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1897, protargol, a silver salt of a protein mixture, developed by Eichengrün at Bayer, was introduced as a new drug against gonorrhea. Protargol stayed in use until sulfa drugs and then antibiotics became available in the 1940s. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The energy difference between the m = 0 and m = ±1 states corresponds to the microwave regime. Population can be transferred between the states by applying a resonant magnetic field perpendicular to the defect axis. Numerous dynamic effects (spin echo, Rabi oscillations, etc.) can be exploited by applying a carefully d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* 1952 – Radushkevich and Lukyanovich publish a paper in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry showing hollow graphitic carbon fibers that are 50 nanometers in diameter.
* 1955 – Hofer, Sterling and McCarney observe a growth of tubular carbon filaments, of 10–200 nm in diameter.
* 1958 – Hillert and Lange observe a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typical type II restriction enzymes differ from type I restriction enzymes in several ways. They form homodimers, with recognition sites that are usually undivided and palindromic and 4–8 nucleotides in length. They recognize and cleave DNA at the same site, and they do not use ATP or AdoMet for their activity—they usu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In meteorology, helicity corresponds to the transfer of vorticity from the environment to an air parcel in convective motion. Here the definition of helicity is simplified to only use the horizontal component of wind and vorticity, and to only integrate in the vertical direction, replacing the volume integral with a on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry was established in 1934. Consisting of a bronze medal and honorarium, its purpose is to stimulate fundamental research in biological chemistry by scientists not over thirty-eight years of age. The Award is administered by the Division of Biological Chemistry of the American C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Detection of NS at steady state concentration in the reaction zone of the combustion of methane doped with ammonia and a fuel sulfur such as HS suggests that NS may be an important reactive intermediate in burning of hydrocarbon flames in a reducing atmosphere, which is relevant to coal pyrolysis and combustion.
Fossil... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Batchelor vortices, first described by George Batchelor in a 1964 article, have been found useful in analyses of airplane vortex wake hazard problems. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Marine biogeochemical cycles are biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. These biogeochemical cycles are the pathways chemical substances and elements move through within the marine environment. In addition, sub... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Naiyyayika maintains two modes or stages in perception. The first is called nirvikalpa (indeterminate), when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and the second savikalpa (determinate), when one is able to clearly know an object. All laukika and alaukika pratyakshas are savikalpa, b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Eastern Analytical Symposium (EAS) and Exposition is an American organization that sponsors a Symposium and Exposition generally held in Princeton, New Jersey, every November. The Symposium is attended by over 2000 scientists and typically contains several hundred papers by the world's leading authorities on analyt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some people might expect that green spaces are extravagant and excessively difficult to maintain, but high-performing green spaces can provide tangible economic, ecological, and social benefits. For example:
* Urban forestry in an urban environment can supplement stormwater management and reduce associated energy usage... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The heat evolved when an aliquot of host solution is added to a solution containing the guest is the sum of contributions from each reaction
where is a measured heat change value (corrected for all extraneous heat contributions) at data point j, is the amount of heat absorbed or emitted when 1 mole of the ith reactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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