text stringlengths 105 4.57k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. As in other forms of chromatography, separation is possible because the different components of a mixture have different affinities for two materials, a moving fluid (the mobile pha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The SQT incorporates three lines of evidence (LOE) to provide direct assessment of sediment quality. The chemistry, toxicity, and benthic components of the triad each provide a LOE, which is then integrated into a Weight of evidence. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Apart from these advantages, there are several disadvantages needed to take into considerations. The plant integrating Ca-Looping might require a high construction investment because of the high thermal power of the post-combustion calcium loop. The sorbent capacity decreases significantly with the number of cycles fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CD V-700, as a true Geiger counter, is capable of measuring ambient background levels of gamma radiation and detecting the presence of beta radiation in the environment, and thus can be used to detect such common low-level radioactive artifacts as uranium-doped marbles, Fiestaware plates and radium watch faces. Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In attempt to reduce the high nuisance alarm rates of first generation RPMs, the Advanced Spectroscopic Portal (ASP) program was called into life. Some of the portal monitors evaluated for this purposes are based on NaI(Tl) scintillating crystals. These devices, having better energy resolution than PVT, were supposed t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, cross-validation is an approach by which the sets of scientific data generated using two or more methods are critically assessed. The cross-validation can be categorized as either method validation or analytical data validation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The biological term symbiosis was first used in chemistry by C. K. Jørgensen in 1964, to refer to the process by which a hard ligand on a metal predisposes the metal to receive another hard ligand rather than a soft one. Two superficially antithetical phenomena occur: symbiosis and antisymbiosis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As mentioned above, changes in MITF can result in serious health conditions. For example, mutations of MITF have been implicated in both Waardenburg syndrome and Tietz syndrome.
Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. Its symptoms include deafness, minor defects, and abnormalities in pigmentation. Mutations in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surgical usage of 3D printing has evolved from printing surgical instrumentation to the development of patient-specific technologies for total joint replacements, dental implants, and hearing aids. In the field of organ printing, applications can be applied for patients and surgeons. For instance, printed organs have b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Air pollutants generated by aluminium smelters include carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, polycyclic compounds, lead, nickel, manganese, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury. Copper smelter emissions include arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and nickel. Lead smelters typically emit arsenic, an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steps are also being taken in academia and industry to use this hyperpolarized gas for lung imaging. Once the gas (Xe) is hyperpolarized through the SEOP process and the alkali metal is removed, a patient (either healthy or suffering from a lung disease), can breathe in the gas and an MRI can be taken. This results in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word ester was coined in 1848 by a German chemist Leopold Gmelin, probably as a contraction of the German , "acetic ether". | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest and most commonly encountered of the phosphoric acids is orthophosphoric acid, . Indeed, the term phosphoric acid often means this compound specifically (and this is also the current IUPAC nomenclature). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is estimated to range 20-70% of carbon content of the oceans, being higher near river outlets and lower in the open ocean.
Marine life is largely similar in biochemistry to terrestrial organisms, except that they inhabit a saline environment. One consequence of their adaptation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polanyi's theory has historical significance whose work has been used a foundation for other models, such as the theory of volume filling micropores (TVFM) and the Dubinin–Radushkevich theory.
Other research have been performed loosely involving the potential theory of Polanyi such as the capillary condensation phenome... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The large demand for cyanides for mining operations in the 1890s was met by George Thomas Beilby, who patented a method to produce hydrogen cyanide by passing ammonia over glowing coal in 1892. This method was used until Hamilton Castner in 1894 developed a synthesis starting from coal, ammonia, and sodium yielding sod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Various microorganisms are involved in a two-stage process of degradation of PCBs, which happens in aerobic and anaerobic environments. Degrading PCBs is similar to the degradation of biphenyl. However, the chlorines on PCBs prevent them from being utilized as a substrate of biphenyl degradation. Due to high chemical s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In traditional drug delivery systems such as oral ingestion or intravascular injection, the medication is distributed throughout the body through the systemic blood circulation. For most therapeutic agents, only a small portion of the medication reaches the organ to be affected, such as in chemotherapy where roughly 99... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From IAEA TECDOC-1450 "Thorium Fuel Cycle – Potential Benefits and Challenges", Table 1: Thorium utilization in different experimental and power reactors. Additionally from Energy Information Administration, "Spent Nuclear Fuel Discharges from U. S. Reactors", Table B4: Dresden 1 Assembly Class. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An ideal solid surface is flat, rigid, perfectly smooth, and chemically homogeneous, and has zero contact angle hysteresis. Zero hysteresis implies the advancing and receding contact angles are equal.
In other words, only one thermodynamically stable contact angle exists. When a drop of liquid is placed on such a surfa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The field of thermodynamics describes when vapor–liquid equilibrium is possible, and its properties. Much of the analysis depends on whether the vapor and liquid consist of a single component, or if they are mixtures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From a practical view, low-melting alloys can be divided into the following categories:
*Mercury-containing alloys
*Only alkali metal-containing alloys
*Gallium-containing alloys (but neither alkali metal nor mercury)
*Only bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, zinc, indium, and sometimes thallium-containing alloys
*Other alloy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dispersion or diffraction is only controllable if the light is collimated, that is if all the rays of light are parallel, or practically so. A source, like the sun, which is very far away, provides collimated light. Newton used sunlight in his famous experiments. In a practical monochromator, however, the light sou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When a neutral atom collides with an ion in a gas or a plasma, the ion can acquire an electron from the neutral atom as both electron shells overlap in the course of the collision. This can be used in various applications. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) very often initially involves oxidation of 5mC (see Figure in this section) by ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TET enzymes). The molecular steps of this initial demethylation are shown in detail in TET enzymes. In success... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Ames test – This is the most commonly used test, and Salmonella typhimurium strains deficient in histidine biosynthesis are used in this test. The test checks for mutants that can revert to wild-type. It is an easy, inexpensive and convenient initial screen for mutagens.
* Resistance to 8-azaguanine in S. typhimurium... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Just as absolute entropy serves as theoretical background for data compression, relative entropy serves as theoretical background for data differencing – the absolute entropy of a set of data in this sense being the data required to reconstruct it (minimum compressed size), while the relative entropy of a target set of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics, the Toda oscillator is a special kind of nonlinear oscillator. It represents a chain of particles with exponential potential interaction between neighbors. These concepts are named after Morikazu Toda. The Toda oscillator is used as a simple model to understand the phenomenon of self-pulsation, which is a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Zintl ions are typically prepared through one of two methods. The first is a direct reduction route performed at low temperature. In this method, dry ammonia is condensed over a mixture of the two (or more) metals under inert atmosphere. The reaction initially produces solvated electrons in ammonia that reduce the more... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some pharmaceuticals can initiate allergic reactions, as in the case of penicillins. In some people, administration of penicillin can induce production of specific antibodies and initiate an immune response. Activation of this response when unwarranted can cause severe health concerns and prevent proper immune system f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although it is generally accepted that vanilla was domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread to the Old World in the 16th century, in 2019, researchers published a paper stating that vanillin residue had been discovered inside jars within a tomb in Israel dating to the 2nd millennium BCE, suggesting the possi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photaki was born in Corinth in 1921 and finished her secondary education at the 2nd Girls Gymnasium of Athens in 1938. In the same year she enrolled at the Department of Chemistry in the University of Athens, where she specialised in Organic chemistry under the mentorship of Leonidas Zervas. Her studies were interrupte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Living green roofs have been built and grown at Saint Michael's Sustainable Community since 2012. Native plants, mostly flowers chosen for the environment, maximum shade and mass provide a colorful and functional living roof. The community has the largest number of green roofs in the country. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Euhedral crystals (also known as idiomorphic or automorphic crystals) are those that are well-formed, with sharp, easily recognised faces. The opposite is anhedral (also known as xenomorphic or allotriomorphic): a rock with an anhedral texture is composed of mineral grains that have no well-formed crystal faces or cro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In other less formal contexts, an alcohol is often called with the name of the corresponding alkyl group followed by the word "alcohol", e.g., methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol may be n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on whether the hydroxyl group is bonded to the end or middle carbon on the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plasma transferred wire arc (PTWA) is another form of wire arc spray which deposits a coating on the internal surface of a cylinder, or on the external surface of a part of any geometry. It is predominantly known for its use in coating the cylinder bores of an engine, enabling the use of Aluminum engine blocks without ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The fine structure in C radioactivity of Ra was discussed for the first time by M. Greiner and W. Scheid in 1986.
The superconducting spectrometer SOLENO of IPN Orsay has been used since 1984 to identify C clusters emitted from Ra nuclei. Moreover, it was used to discover
the fine structure observing transitions to exc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In semiconductors, the Shockley diode equation—the relationship between the flow of electric current and the electrostatic potential across a p–n junction—depends on a characteristic voltage called the thermal voltage, denoted by . The thermal voltage depends on absolute temperature as
where is the magnitude of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neurogranin is a calmodulin-binding protein expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in dendritic spines, and participating in the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Neurogranin has recently been found in aortic endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Neurogranin is the main postsynaptic protein regulating the ava... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mass balances can be performed across systems which have cyclic flows. In these systems output streams are fed back into the input of a unit, often for further reprocessing.
Such systems are common in grinding circuits, where grain is crushed then sieved to only allow fine particles out of the circuit and the larger pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Williams, H. (trans.), A sixteenth-century German treatise: Von Stahel und Eysen. 1532, Technical studies in the field of the fine arts, 4.2 (October, 1935), 63-92.
* Smith, Cyril Stanley (ed.), Sources for the History of the Science of Steel, 1532-1786, Society for the History of Technology, 4 (Cambridge, Mass.: Soc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Materials science has applied the techniques of combinatorial chemistry to the discovery of new materials. This work was pioneered by P.G. Schultz et al. in the mid-nineties in the context of luminescent materials obtained by co-deposition of elements on a silicon substrate. His work was preceded by J. J. Hanak in 197... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Schwab was also known as a writer of physical chemistry and catalysis textbooks, with important works such as the Physico-chemical Foundations of Chemical Technology (, 1928) or Catalysis from the Standoint of Chemical Kinetics (, 1931), the English translation of which was a standard textbook on catalysis for decades.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lunar Library, launched on the Beresheet Lander by the Arch Mission Foundation, carries information encoded in DNA, which includes 20 famous books and 10,000 images. This was one of the optimal choices of storage, as DNA can last a long time. The Arch Mission Foundation suggests that it can still be read after bill... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Archaea do not generally have an F-ATPase. Instead, they synthesize ATP using the A-ATPase/synthase, a rotary machine structurally similar to the V-ATPase but mainly functioning as an ATP synthase. Like the bacteria F-ATPase, it is believed to also function as an ATPase. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A unit related to the SCCM is the SLM or SLPM which stands for Standard litre per minute. Their conversion is
and
Another unit is the SCFM which stands for standard cubic feet per minute.
Yet another unit related to SCCM (and SLM) is the PCCM (and PLM) which stands for Perfect Cubic Centimeter per Minute (Perfect Lit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrometeor loading is the induced drag effects on the atmosphere from a falling hydrometeor. When falling at terminal velocity, the value of this drag is equal to gr, where g is the acceleration due to gravity and r is the mixing ratio of the hydrometeors. Hydrometeor loading has a net-negative effect on the atmospher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Muḥammad ibn Umayl al-Tamīmī was a 10th-century Egyptian alchemist of the symbolic-mystical branch. One of his surviving works is Kitāb al-māʿ al-waraqī wa-l-arḍ al-najmiyya (The Book on Silvery Water and Starry Earth). This work is a commentary on his poem, the Risālat al-shams ilā al-hilāl (The Epistle of the Sun t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2017, FDA granted RT001 orphan drug designation in the treatment of phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organocerium reagents are used almost exclusively for addition reactions in the same vein as organolithium and Grignard reagents.They are highly nucleophilic, allowing additions to imines in the absence of additional Lewis acid catalysts, making them useful for substrates in which typical conditions fail.
Despite this ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The research on transgender reproduction and family planning is limited. A 2020 comparative study of children born to a transgender father and cisgender mother via donor sperm insemination in France showed no significant differences to IVF and naturally conceived children of cisgender parents.
Transgender men can exper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lewis was an instructor of Radiology at the Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology from 2000 to 2002. From 2003 to 2008, he was an assistant professor of radiology at the Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology. He is the Emily Tow Jackson Cha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aromatic nitro compounds are typically synthesized by nitration. Nitration is achieved using a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, which produce the nitronium ion (), which is the electrophile:
The nitration product produced on the largest scale, by far, is nitrobenzene. Many explosives are produced by nitration... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a scanning electron microscope the region near the surface can be mapped using an electron beam that is scanned in a grid across the sample. A diffraction pattern can be recorded using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), as illustrated in Figure 25, captured with a camera inside the microscope. A depth from a f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many kinds of diketones are known, some with unusual properties. The simplest is diacetyl , once used as butter-flavoring in popcorn. Acetylacetone (pentane-2,4-dione) is virtually a misnomer (inappropriate name) because this species exists mainly as the monoenol . Its enolate is a common ligand in coordination chemist... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
COX exists in three conformational states: fully oxidized (pulsed), partially reduced, and fully reduced. Each inhibitor has a high affinity to a different state. In the pulsed state, both the heme a and the Cu nuclear centers are oxidized; this is the conformation of the enzyme that has the highest activity. A two-ele... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the sequestration of marine carbon is a primary outcome of the biological pump, the recycling of nutrients such as N and P in organic matter plays a comparatively important role in maintaining the processes that facilitate this carbon export without removing nutrients for primary production. One key difference... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Psychiatrists and doctors commonly prescribe different types of antidepressants to patients. SSRIs, SNRIs, and NDRIs are the most common types of antidepressants. Each has slightly different effects on sexual functioning, but generally, it has been found that antidepressants can delay/decrease orgasms and cause females... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Institute brings together over 200 technical and scientific staff with a panel of expertise ranging from theoretical chemistry to physics, through modeling, biochemistry, and analytical chemistry. The ISA also has a tip and global instrumentation equipment: NMR spectrometer (1Ghz), hosted by the «Very High Fields N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In sediments, oceans, and rivers, distinct trace metal isotope ratios exist due to biological processes such as metal ion uptake and abiotic processes such as adsorption to particulate matter that preferentially remove certain isotopes. The trace metal isotopic composition of a given organism results from a combination... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A monosaccharide often switches from the acyclic (open-chain) form to a cyclic form, through a nucleophilic addition reaction between the carbonyl group and one of the hydroxyl groups of the same molecule. The reaction creates a ring of carbon atoms closed by one bridging oxygen atom. The resulting molecule has a hem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On 9 July 2014, the European Commission imposed fines of €427,700,000 on Laboratoires Servier and 5 companies which produce generics due to Serviers abuse of their dominant market position, in breach of European Union Competition law. Serviers strategy had included acquiring the principal source of generic production o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Improving PCR based detection of GMOs is a further goal of the European research programme Co-Extra. Research is now underway to develop multiplex PCR methods that can simultaneously detect many different transgenic lines. Another major challenge is the increasing prevalence of transgenic crops with stacked traits. Thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Systems based on III-V semiconductors, such as InGaP, enable solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies of up to 14%. Challenges include long-term stability and cost. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rudd joined the glycobiology institute at the University of Oxford in 1985. At the time, it was difficult for women scientists to secure jobs as academic personnel, and Rudd joined as a glass washer. She learned how to work with glycoproteins and large sugars and eventually completed a doctorate on glycoforms at the Op... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although allozymes can detect variations in DNA, it is by an indirect method and not very accurate. DNA-based markers were developed in the 1960s. These markers are much more effective at distinguishing between DNA variants. Today these are the most commonly used markers. DNA-based markers work by surveying nucleotides... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Yulia Sister entered the Department of Chemistry of the University of Kishinev in the fall 1954. While asked by Professor , who interviewed the applicants to the Department, why she has chosen this Department, she explained that thanks to her school teacher she fell in love with chemistry. At the University Yulia was i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conjugating TNP to ATP renders this nucleotide triphosphate fluorescent and colored whilst allowing it to retain its biological activity. TNP-ATP is thus a fluorescent analog of ATP. This conjugation is very useful in providing information about interactions between ATP and an ATP-binding protein because TNP-ATP inter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In September 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a pediatric use marketing authorization for the medicinal product Aqumeldi, intended for the treatment of heart failure in children from birth to less th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiferroics have been used to address fundamental questions in cosmology and particle physics. In the first, the fact that an individual electron is an ideal multiferroic, with any electric dipole moment required by symmetry to adopt the same axis as its magnetic dipole moment, has been exploited to search for the el... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Discrete dipole approximation codes
* Codes for electromagnetic scattering by cylinders
* Codes for electromagnetic scattering by spheres | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The earliest works that recorded a decrease in pressure drop during turbulent flow were undertaken in the thirties and concerned the transportation of paper pulp. This was, however, not explicitly referred to as a drag reduction phenomenon. Toms was the first to recognize the tremendous reduction in wall shear stress... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of alternative heteroatom oxidation reagents are known, including peroxides (often employed with a transition metal catalyst) and oxaziridines. These reagents do not suffer from the over-oxidation problems and decomposition issues associated with dioxiranes; however, their substrate scope tends to be more lim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface and diffuses into a surrounding gas, it is said to have evaporated. Each individual water molecule which transitions between a more associated (liquid) and a less associated (vapor/gas) state does so through the absorption or release of kinetic energy. The aggregate measuremen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primitive meteorites have been studied using measurements of Δ47. These analyses also assume that the primary isotopic signature of the sample has been lost. In this case, measurements of Δ47 instead provide information on the high-temperature event that isotopically reset the sample. Existing Δ47 analyses on primit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers the field of physical chemistry, especially research on colloids and interfaces. The journal was established in 1996 and the editors-in-chiefs are Dganit Danino and Marie Pierre Krafft. Accord... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*1988 Japan IBM Science Prize
*1992 Chu-Nichi Culture Award
*2002 Medals with Purple ribbon
*2003 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
*2004 Yamada-Koga Prize
*2006 Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry & BioMedicinal Chemistry
*2007 Japan Academy Prize (academics)
*2... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Certain combinations of alloys have become popular as industry standards. Selection of the combination is driven by cost, availability, convenience, melting point, chemical properties, stability, and output. Different types are best suited for different applications. They are usually selected on the basis of the temper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
β-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It is a melanocortin, specifically, one of the three types of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and is produced from proopiomelanocortin (POMC). It is an agonist of the MC, MC, MC, and MC receptors.
β-MSH is artificially gen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Bilbao Crystallographic Server also hosts the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111205170131/http://158.227.21.14/incstrdb/ B-IncStrDB: Bilbao Incommensurate Crystal Structures Database], a database for incommensurately modulated and composite structures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clarke was born in Harrow in England. His father was Joseph Thacher Clarke, an archeologist. His older sister was the composer and violist Rebecca Clarke. Hans Clarke attended University College London School, and went on to enter the University as a student of chemistry, where he studied under William Ramsay, J. Norma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanisms of embrittlement are similar to those of metals. Inorganic glass embrittlement can be manifested via static fatigue. Embrittlement in glasses, such as Pyrex, is a function of humidity. Growth rate of cracks vary linearly with humidity, suggesting a first-order kinetic relationship. The static fatigue of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
E. J. Bowen was the eldest of four born to Edmund Riley Bowen and Lilias Bowen (née Kamester) in 1898 in Worcester, England. He attended the Royal Grammar School Worcester.
He won the Brackenbury Scholarship in 1915 to the University of Oxford where he studied chemistry. In 1916, after less than a year of his undergrad... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, chelatases are enzymes that catalyze the insertion ("metalation") of naturally occurring tetrapyrroles. Many tetrapyrrole-based cofactors exist in nature including hemes, chlorophylls, and vitamin B12. These metallo cofactors are derived by the reaction of metal cations with tetrapyrroles, which are no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pdr1p and Pdr3p also interact with other transcription factors and their associated networks such as Yap1p, which controls oxidative stress response, and Rpn4p, which regulates proteasome activities, depending on the kinds of toxins cells face. It is known that Pdr1p induces the expression of Rpn4p. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In nanogap cells the high electric field can distribute uniformly across the entire gap (see section "Electric field distribution"). This is different from ion transport in the macrosystem: now newly generated OH ions can immediately migrate from cathode to anode. In the case where the two electrodes are close enough, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fluids associated with the human body include air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, solvents, solutions, suspensions, serum, lymph, and blood. The major body fluid which acts as the lifeline of the living organisms is "Blood". Blood is an extremely complex biological fluid. It consists of blood cells suspended in pla... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the most time-consuming aspects of endotoxin testing using LAL is pretreating samples to overcome assay inhibition that may interfere with the LAL test such that the recovery of endotoxin is affected. If the product being tested causes the endotoxin recovery to be less than expected, the product is inhibitory to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest DNA end of a double stranded molecule is called a blunt end. Blunt ends are also known as non-cohesive ends. In a blunt-ended molecule, both strands terminate in a base pair. Blunt ends are not always desired in biotechnology since when using a DNA ligase to join two molecules into one, the yield is signif... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Triazenes are organic compounds that contain the functional group R−N=N−NRR, where the R are each any of various types of substituent groups. Some anti-cancer medications and dyes are triazenes. Formally, the triazenes are related to the unstable chemical triazene, HN−N=NH. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron ores are overwhelmingly derived from ancient sediments known as banded iron formations (BIFs). These sediments are composed of iron oxide minerals deposited on the sea floor. Particular environmental conditions are needed to transport enough iron in sea water to form these deposits, such as acidic and oxygen-poor ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It may cause irritation. Its toxicological properties have not been fully investigated. Harmful if swallowed, Acute Toxicity. Only Hazardous when percent values are above 10%. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As all other fluorescent proteins, Kaede can be the regional optical markers for gene expression and protein labeling for the study of cell behaviors.
One of the most useful applications is the visualization of neurons. Delineation of an individual neuron is difficult due to the long and thin processes which entangle w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hematochrome is a yellow, orange, or (most commonly) red biological pigment present in some green algae, especially when exposed to intense light. It is a name used mainly in older literature. Hematochrome is a mixture of carotenoid pigments and their derivates. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Being a partial differential equation, the Fokker–Planck equation can be solved analytically only in special cases. A formal analogy of the Fokker–Planck equation with the Schrödinger equation allows the use of advanced operator techniques known from quantum mechanics for its solution in a number of cases. Furthermore,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rayleigh was an Anglican. Though he did not write about the relationship of science and religion, he retained a personal interest in spiritual matters. When his scientific papers were to be published in a collection by the Cambridge University Press, Strutt wanted to include a quotation from the Bible, but he was disco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Base-promoted epoxide isomerization is the conversion of alkyl epoxides to ring-opened products through the action of strong base. Isomerizations of this type are most often used to synthesize allylic alcohols, although other products are possible. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A racemate is optically inactive (achiral), meaning that such materials do not rotate the polarization of plane-polarized light. Although the two enantiomers rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions, the rotations cancel each other out because they are present in equal amounts of negative (-) counterclockwis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deriving the Gibbs–Duhem equation from basic thermodynamic state equations is straightforward. Equating any thermodynamic potential definition with its Euler relation expression yields:
Differentiating, and using the second law:
yields:
Which is the Gibbs–Duhem relation. The Gibbs–Duhem is a relationship among the inte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.