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The front-end optics of a spectroradiometer includes the lenses, diffusers, and filters that modify the light as it first enters the system. For Radiance an optic with a narrow field of view is required. For total flux an integrating sphere is required. For Irradiance cosine correcting optics are required. The material... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is the integration-based method (technique). More precisely it is based on the discrete line integral on uniform grids. Discrete numerical integration is performed along a line (more precisely curve). Line here means field line of vector field. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Kuftin was invited to Central Asia to carry out explorations in 1949. He first reconnoitered Turkmenistan and selected a very large tepe (hill), the Altyndepe (in Turkmen language meaning: the "Golden Hill" ). This tepe overlooks the Tedzen delta at the foot of Kopetdag. He found a Neolithic settlement extending into B... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Outdoors, DLI values vary depending on latitude, time of year, and cloud cover. Occasionally, values over 70 mol·m·d can be reached at bright summer days at some locations. Monthly-averaged DLI values range between 20-40 in the tropics, 15-60 at 30° latitude and 1-40 at 60° latitude. For plants growing in the shade of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If the two solvents can form a negative azeotrope, then distillation of any mixture of those constituents will result in the residue being closer to the composition at the azeotrope than the original mixture.
For example, if a hydrochloric acid solution contains less than 20.2% hydrogen chloride, boiling the mixture w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mammalian cell expression systems are essential for the transient production of recombinant proteins and their complementary post-translational modifications. In fact, approximately half of the current commercially available therapeutic proteins are produced in mammalian cells. However, mammalian cell systems' slow gro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal formyl complexes are often prepared by the reaction of metal carbonyls with hydride reagents:
:[Re(CO)] + H → (CO)ReCHO
The CO ligand is the electrophile and the hydride (provided typically from a borohydride) is the nucleophile.
Some metal formyls are produced by reaction of metal carbonyl anions with reag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Latin term in vitro, meaning "in glass", is used because early biological experiments involving cultivation of tissues outside the living organism were carried out in glass containers, such as beakers, test tubes, or Petri dishes. Today, the scientific term "in vitro" is used to refer to any biological procedure th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Journal of Medicinal Chemistry is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in medicinal chemistry. It is published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in 1959 as the Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and obtained its current name in 1963. Philip S. Portoghese serve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Loss on ignition (LOI) is a test used in inorganic analytical chemistry and soil science, particularly in the analysis of minerals and the chemical makeup of soil. It consists of strongly heating ("igniting") a sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing volatile substances to escape, until its mass ce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cell–cell interaction refers to the direct interactions between cell surfaces that play a crucial role in the development and function of multicellular organisms.
These interactions allow cells to communicate with each other in response to changes in their microenvironment. This ability to send and receive signals is e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Diastereomers are stereoisomers not related through a reflection operation. They are not mirror images of each other. These include meso compounds, cis–trans isomers, E-Z isomers, and non-enantiomeric optical isomers. Diastereomers seldom have the same physical properties. In the example shown below, the meso form of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NMH is formed by N-methylation of histamine, catalyzed by the enzyme Histamine N-methyltransferase.
NMH is excreted in the urine and can be measured as a biomarker of histamine activity. While NMH has some biological activity on its own, it is much weaker than histamine. It can bind to histamine receptors, still, NMH h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dichloromethyl methyl ether (HClCOCH) is an organic compound that belongs to the class of ethers with a dichloromethyl group and a methyl group. It can be synthesized from methyl formate and a mixture of phosphorus pentachloride and phosphorus oxychloride or by chlorination of chlorodimethyl ether.
The compound is use... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compost windrow turners were developed to produce compost on a large scale by Fletcher Sims Jr. of Canyon, Texas. They are traditionally a large machine that straddles a windrow of or more high, by as much as across. Although smaller machines exist for small windrows, most operations use large machines for volume pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recommendations on recommended 25(OH)D serum levels vary across authorities, and vary based on factors like age. US labs generally report 25(OH)D levels in ng/mL. Other countries often use nmol/L. Oneng/mL is approximately equal to 2.5nmol/L.
A 2014 review concluded that the most advantageous serum levels for 25(OH)D f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is a blend of plutonium and natural or depleted uranium which behaves similarly (though not identically) to the enriched uranium feed for which most nuclear reactors were designed. MOX fuel is an alternative to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel used in the light water reactors which predominate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cytochrome c belongs to class I of the c-type cytochrome family and contains a characteristic CXXCH (cysteine-any-any-cysteine-histidine) amino acid motif that binds heme. This motif is located towards the N-terminus of the peptide chain and contains a histidine as the 5th ligand of the heme iron. The 6th ligand is pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
G activates the cAMP-dependent pathway by stimulating the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. This is accomplished by direct stimulation of the membrane-associated enzyme adenylate cyclase. cAMP can then act as a second messenger that goes on to interact with and activate protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphory... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPSs establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental component that determines the physicochemical properties of a biofilm. EPS in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a normal helium atom, two electrons are found in the 1s orbital. However, if sufficient energy is added, one electron can be elevated to a higher energy level. This high energy electron can become a valence electron, and the electron that remains in the 1s orbital is a core electron. Two excited helium atoms can rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most effective self-assembly director is a combination of external force fields. If the fields and conditions are optimized, self-assembly can be permanent and complete. When a field combination is used with nanoparticles that are tailored to be intrinsically responsive, the most complete assembly is observed. Comb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) is the organic compound with the formula HOCHCHCHO. It is a bifunctional molecule, containing both a hydroxy and aldehyde functional groups.
The name reuterin is derived from Lactobacillus reuteri, which produces the compound biosynthetically from glycerol as a broad-spectrum antibi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Joback method uses a four-parameter polynomial to describe the temperature dependency of the ideal-gas heat capacity. These parameters are valid from 273 K to about 1000 K. But you are able to extend it to 1500K if you don't mind a bit of uncertainty here and there. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA purification in 1869 by Dr. Friedrich Miescher’s, from salmon sperm and pus cells guided the scientists towards the presence of additional molecules in the cell except for proteins. Miescher identified the presence of a highly acidic molecule that he isolated from the pus cells and labeled it “nuclein”. The term wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The alcoholysis of acyl halides (the alkoxy-dehalogenation) is believed to proceed via an S2 mechanism (Scheme 10). However, the mechanism can also be tetrahedral or S1 in highly polar solvents (while the S2 reaction involves a concerted reaction, the tetrahedral addition-elimination pathway involves a discernible in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After tin and lead, the next metal smelted appears to have been copper. How the discovery came about is debated. Campfires are about 200 °C short of the temperature needed, so some propose that the first smelting of copper may have occurred in pottery kilns. (The development of copper smelting in the Andes, which is be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcitonin, as salmon calcitonin (sCT), is available in the pharmaceutical market as an injectable preparation for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous application. Noninvasive sCT preparation as a nasal spray is commercially produced and received US FDA approval under the proprietary name Miacalcin® in 1975 for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The after effects can be defined as any residual effects which may remain after the experience has reached its conclusion. After effects depend on the substance and usage. This is colloquially known as a "hangover" for negative after effects of substances, such as alcohol, cocaine, and MDMA or an "afterglow" for descri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UV water treatment devices can be used for well water and surface water disinfection. UV treatment compares favourably with other water disinfection systems in terms of cost, labour and the need for technically trained personnel for operation. Water chlorination treats larger organisms and offers residual disinfection,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β-Catenin also acts as a morphogen in later stages of embryonic development. Together with TGF-β, an important role of β-catenin is to induce a morphogenic change in epithelial cells. It induces them to abandon their tight adhesion and assume a more mobile and loosely associated mesenchymal phenotype. During this proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From the 7th to 3rd Century BC, the Scythian people of the Pontic–Caspian steppe engaged in the widespread practice of metallurgy. Though Scythian society was heavily based around a nomadic, mobile lifestyle, the culture was capable of practicing metallurgy and of producing metal objects. Many works of Scythian metalwo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1998, he founded the journal Accountability in Research, and has served as its editor-in-chief since its inception. He is on the editorial boards of several other journals, including the Drug Information Journal. From 2000 to 2002, he served on the advisory committee for National Human Research Protections. Although... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The DNA double helix was discovered in 1953 (with further details in 1954) based on X-ray diffraction images of DNA (most notably photo 51, taken by Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin) as well as base-pairing chemical and biochemical information. Prior to this, X-ray data being gathered in the 1950s indicated that D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Adkins' study found that global salinity increased with a global sea level drop of 120 m. Analyzing O data they also found that deep waters were within error of the freezing point, with oceanic waters exhibiting a greater degree of homogeneity in temperatures. In contrast, variations in salinity were much greater than ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can double up to form larger sugar molecules like glucose and fructose. These molecules are processed, and from them, the still larger sucrose, a disaccharide commonly known as table sugar, is made, though this process takes place outside of the chloroplast, in the cytoplasm.
Alternatively, g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sharpless married Jan Dueser in 1965 and they have three children. He was blinded in one eye during a lab accident in 1970 where an NMR tube exploded, shortly after he arrived at MIT as an assistant professor. After this accident, Sharpless stresses "theres simply never an adequate excuse for not wearing safety glasses... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Macrocyclic chiral stationary phases consist of a silica support, on which macrocyclic antibiotic molecules are bonded. The commonly used macrocyclic antibiotics include rifamycin, glycopeptides (for example, avoparcin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A, vancomycin, and their analogs), polypeptide antibiotic thiostrepton, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* HYDROELAS : International conference on Hydroelasticity in marine technology.
* FSI : International conference on fluid-structure interaction.
* OT : Offshore Technology Conference.
* ISOPE : International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers conference. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A cascade refrigeration cycle is a multi-stage thermodynamic cycle. An example two-stage process is shown at right. (Bottom on mobile) The cascade cycle is often employed for devices such as ULT freezers.
In a cascade refrigeration system, two or more vapor-compression cycles with different refrigerants are used. The e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most imides are cyclic compounds derived from dicarboxylic acids, and their names reflect the parent acid. Examples are succinimide, derived from succinic acid, and phthalimide, derived from phthalic acid. For imides derived from amines (as opposed to ammonia), the N-substituent is indicated by a prefix. For example, N... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cefroxadine (INN, trade names Oraspor and Cefthan-DS) is a cephalosporin antibiotic. It is structurally related to cefalexin, and both drugs share a similar spectrum of activity.
It is available in Italy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process of isolating a natural product from its source can be costly in terms of committed time and material expense, and it may challenge the availability of the relied upon natural resource (or have ecological consequences for the resource). For instance, it has been estimated that the bark of an entire yew tree ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first experimental account and analysis of gene expression noise in prokaryotes is from Becskei & Serrano and from Alexander van Oudenaardens lab. The first experimental account and analysis of gene expression noise in eukaryotes is from James J. Collinss lab. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Faraday Lectureship Prize, previously known simply as the Faraday Lectureship, is awarded once every two years (approximately) by the Royal Society of Chemistry for "exceptional contributions to physical or theoretical chemistry". Named after Michael Faraday, the first Faraday Lecture was given in 1869, two years a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular breeding resources (including multiomics data) are available for:
* Some of the millets
* Wheat | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Serious galvanic corrosion has been reported on the latest US Navy attack littoral combat vessel the USS Independence caused by steel water jet propulsion systems attached to an aluminium hull. Without electrical isolation between the steel and aluminium, the aluminium hull acts as an anode to the stainless steel, resu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
α-Halo carboxylic acids and esters are organic compounds with the respective formulas where R and R' are organic substituents. The X in these compounds is a halide, usually chloride and bromide. These compounds are often used as intermediates in the preparation of more elaborate derivatives. They are often potent ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A non-competitive antagonist is a type of insurmountable antagonist that may act in one of two ways: by binding to an allosteric site of the receptor, or by irreversibly binding to the active site of the receptor. The former meaning has been standardised by the IUPHAR, and is equivalent to the antagonist being called a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Copper-free click chemistry is a bioorthogonal reaction as a variant of an azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition. By eliminating cytotoxic copper catalysts, the reaction proceeds without live-cell toxicity. It was developed as a faster alternative to the Staudinger ligation with the first generation of Cu-free click chemi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to the essential role of NADPH in lipid and DNA biosynthesis and the hyperproliferative nature of most cancers, NADK is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Furthermore, NADPH is required for the antioxidant activities of thioredoxin reductase and glutaredoxin. Thionicotinamide and other nicotinamide analogs ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biorheological research aims to determine and characterize the dynamics of physiological processes at all levels of biological organization, and the inter-relationships between rheological properties of various biological systems. Biorheological studies can include both animal and plant systems, and can be in broad con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hyperbolic response between photosynthesis and irradiance, depicted by the PI curve, is important for assessing phytoplankton population dynamics, which influence many aspects of the marine environment. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide are also a recent addition to atmospheric X measurements. SCIAMACHY aboard ESAs ENVISAT made global column X measurements from 2002 to 2012. AIRS aboard NASAs Aqua satellite makes global X measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012. More recent satellites have... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several routes exist for the synthesis of Dextromethorphan. Even though many of the syntheses have been known since the middle of the 20th century, researchers are still working today to further develop the synthesis of Dextromethorphan and, for example, to make it more environmentally friendly.
This includes the synth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are four main types of making to localize the artificial metal cofactor to make an ArM, including covalent, supramolecular, metal substitution and dative. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gladstone–Dale relation can be expressed as an equation of state by re-arranging the terms to .
where n is the index of refraction, D = density and constant = Gladstone-Dale constant.
The macroscopic values (n) and (V) determined on bulk material are now calculated as a sum of atomic or molecular properties. Each ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It has been stated that one of the biggest challenges in the United Kingdom railway industry is corrosion. The biggest problem is that corrosion can affect the structural integrity of passenger carrying railway carriages thus affecting their crashworthiness. Other railway structures and assets can also be affected. The... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Investigation on dinoflagellate cyst in the Mediterranean Sea has identified warm and cold temperate dinocyst species and these species have been used to reconstruct the paleoclimate changes during the past 30,000 years. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only particular parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity. It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s to detect and localize the presence or ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Asteroid mining has also been seriously considered. A NASA design study evaluated a 10,000-ton mining vehicle (to be assembled in orbit) that would return a 500,000-ton asteroid fragment to geostationary orbit. Only about 3,000 tons of the mining ship would be traditional aerospace-grade payload. The rest would be reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary function of lysosomal lipase is to hydrolyze lipids such as triglycerides and cholesterol. These fats are transported and degraded into free fatty acids. Lysosomal lipases function optimally at an acidic pH which are complementary with the environment found in the lysosomal lumen. These enzymes were believe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heme A differs from heme B in that a methyl side chain at ring position 8 is oxidized to a formyl group and a hydroxyethylfarnesyl group, an isoprenoid chain, has been attached to the vinyl side chain at ring position 2 of the iron tetrapyrrole heme. Heme A is similar to heme o, in that both have this farnesyl addition... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dynamic heteroatom bond formation, presents useful reactions in the dynamic covalent reaction toolbox. Boronic acid condensation (BAC) and disulfide exchange constitute the two main reactions in this category. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
X-ray crystallography is a technique that measures the angles and intensities of crystalline atoms in order to determine the atomic and molecular structure of the crystal of interest. Crystallographers are then able to produce and three-dimensional picture where the positions of the atoms, chemical bonds as well as ot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gadolinium-based pharmaceuticals alter the relaxation time, and hence spectral line shape, of those protons that are in water molecules that are transiently attached to the paramagnetic atoms, resulting contrast enhancement of the MRI image. This allows better visualisation of some brain tumours. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The raw sequencing data is then processed through bioinformatics (e.g., the GemCode analysis software developed by 10x Genomics) to remove low-quality reads and to assign reads to their respective barcodes. Reads can be aligned to a reference genome or assembled de novo to generate long-range contigs. The read alignmen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Zur Kenntnis der thermischen Zersetzung der Salpetersäure, 1926.
* Zur Erklärung der abnormen Osmose an nichtquellbaren Membranen, I.-III. Teil, 1933.
* The Structure of the Colladion Membrane and Its Electrical Behavior, an Experimental Test of Some Aspects of the Teorell and Meyer-sievers Theories of Electrical Mem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To better understand the challenges for building full-thickness engineered oral mucosa it is important to first understand the structure of normal oral mucosa. Normal oral mucosa consists of two layers, the top stratified squamous epithelial layer and the bottom lamina propria. The epithelial layer consists of four lay... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*phosphorus • sulfur (sulphur) • arsenic • antimony
*vitriol • quartz • cinnabar • pyrites • orpiment • galena
*magnesia • lime • potash • natron • saltpetre • kohl
*ammonia • ammonium chloride • alcohol • camphor
*sulfuric acid (sulphuric acid) • hydrochloric acid • nitric acid • acetic acid • formic acid • citric aci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Galling is a form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces. When a material galls, some of it is pulled with the contacting surface, especially if there is a large amount of force compressing the surfaces together. Galling is caused by a combination of friction and adhesion between the surfaces, followed by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FASTpp has been used to probe:
* Lysate effect on protein stability
* Thermal proteome stability
* Coupled folding and binding
* Ligand effects on fraction folded & stability
* Effects of mutations on fraction folded & stability (e.g. point mutation/missense mutations)
* Kinetic protein stability | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Vauquelin was born at Saint-André-d'Hébertot in Normandy, France, the son of Nicolas Vauquelin, an estate manager, and his wife, Catherine Le Charterier.
His first acquaintance with chemistry was gained as laboratory assistant to an apothecary in Rouen (1777–1779), and after various vicissitudes he obtained an introduc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Falk's main research area is the structural analysis, synthesis, stereochemistry and photochemistry of plant and animal photosensitizing and photosensory pigments. The main group of compounds covered in his work are pigments derived from the fundamental phenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene-7,14-dione chromophore with nat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Figure 3 shows the line of contact where three phases meet. In equilibrium, the net force per unit length acting along the boundary line between the three phases must be zero. The components of net force in the direction along each of the interfaces are given by:
where α, β, and θ are the angles shown and γ is the surf... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In most industrial wastewater and biosolids applications jet aerators exhibit superior oxygen transfer efficiency compared to other aeration technologies. The hydrodynamic conditions within the jet and fine bubble cloud produces continuous surface renewal at the gas/liquid interface resulting in higher alpha factors. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secondary amines can be alkylated with cuprates. The reaction is based on the oxidative coupling of lithium alkyl copper amide which is reported to form in situ during the reaction between lithium dialkylcuprates and primary or secondary amides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clay-water interaction is an all-inclusive term to describe various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water. In the dry state, clay packets exist in face-to-face stacks like a deck of playing cards, but clay packets begin to change when exposed to water. Five descriptive terms describe the progressive ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nines are an informal logarithmic notation for proportions very near to one or, equivalently, percentages very near 100%. Put simply, "nines" are the number of consecutive nines in a percentage such as 99% (two nines) or a decimal fraction such as 0.999 (three nines). Their common uses include grading the purity of mat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Testosterone glucuronide is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and minor urinary metabolite of testosterone. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The force required to separate two colloid particles can be measured using optical tweezers. This method uses a focused laser beam to apply an attractive or repulsive force on dielectric micro and nanoparticles. This technique is used with dispersion particles by applying a force which resists depletion forces. The dis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Propargyl methanesulfinates are useful substrates for the synthesis of allenes from stoichiometric organocopper complexes. In this case, the complexes were generated in situ through the combination of a Grignard reagent, copper(I) bromide, and lithium bromide. Organocopper complexes very often need Lewis acid activatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermobarometry uses equilibrium constants to calculate information about the environmental conditions present during the rocks' formation. While each rock is forming, it reacts with the surrounding elements until it cools down enough to become inert. Each mineral within the rock will cool and crystalize at different p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferrosilicon is produced by reduction of silica or sand with coke in the presence of iron. Typical sources of iron are scrap iron or millscale. Ferrosilicons with silicon content up to about 15% are made in blast furnaces lined with acid fire bricks.
Ferrosilicons with higher silicon content are made in electric arc f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electronic density functional is explicitly used in the calculation of the electronic ground state. Packages such as VASP have an option to calculate the electronic density of states per eV to facilitate the prediction of conduction bands and band gaps. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Lumière–Barbier method is a method of acetylating aromatic amines in aqueous solutions. Illustrative is the acetylation of aniline. First aniline is dissolved in water using one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. This solution is subsequently treated, sequentially, with acetic anhydride and aqueous sodium acetate. A... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isolation of the toxin using cyanobacteria cultured from the original Palm Island strain was achieved by gel filtration of an aqueous extract, followed by reverse-phase HPLC. Structure elucidation was achieved via mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, and a structure (later proven sli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the development of the first two laws of thermodynamics in the 1850s and 60s, heats of reaction and the work associated with these processes were given a more accurate mathematical basis. In 1876, Willard Gibbs unified all of this in his 300-page "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". Suppose, for exam... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An expression vector has features that any vector may have, such as an origin of replication, a selectable marker, and a suitable site for the insertion of a gene like the multiple cloning site. The cloned gene may be transferred from a specialized cloning vector to an expression vector, although it is possible to clon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
(R)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine is an organoboron catalyst that is used in organic synthesis. This catalyst, developed by Itsuno and Elias James Corey, is generated by heating (R)-(+)-2-(diphenylhydroxymethyl) pyrrolidine along with trimethylboroxine or methylboronic acid. It is an excellent tool for the synthesis of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Theresa M. Reineke (born January 1, 1972) is an American chemist and Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the University of Minnesota. She designs sustainable, environmentally friendly polymer-based delivery systems for targeted therapeutics. She is the associate editor of ACS Macro Letters. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The chelate effect is the greater affinity of chelating ligands for a metal ion than that of similar nonchelating (monodentate) ligands for the same metal.
The thermodynamic principles underpinning the chelate effect are illustrated by the contrasting affinities of copper(II) for ethylenediamine (en) vs. methylamine.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A second Fe species apart from the ferrate(VI) ion, [(Mecy-ac)FeN](PF), has been reported. This species, is formed by oxidation followed by photolysis to yield the Fe(VI) species. Characterization of the Fe(VI) complex was done by Mossbauer, EXAFS, IR, and DFT calculations. Unlike the ferrate(VI) ion, compound 5 is dia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of laser heating began only 8 years after Charles Weir, of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), made the first diamond anvil cell and Alvin Van Valkenburg, NBS, realized the potential of being able to see the sample while under pressure. William Bassett and his colleague Taro Takahashi focused a lase... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The MyD88-dependent response occurs on dimerization of TLRs, and is used by every TLR except TLR3. Its primary effect is activation of NFκB and Mitogen-activated protein kinase. Ligand binding and conformational change that occurs in the receptor recruits the adaptor protein MyD88, a member of the TIR family. MyD88 the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide is a trace gas that plays an integral part in the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, photosynthesis and oceanic carbon cycle. It is one of several greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of Earth. The current global average concentration of carbon dioxide (CO) in the atmosphere is 421 ppm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a glycosyl group is a univalent free radical or substituent structure obtained by removing the hydroxyl () group from the hemiacetal () group found in the cyclic form of a monosaccharide and, by extension, of a lower oligosaccharide.
Glycosyl also reacts with inorganic acids, such as phosphoric ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Taurates were first obtained by the Schotten-Baumann method which is the reaction of long-chain carboxylic acid chlorides with aqueous solutions of the sodium salt of N-methyltaurine.
The formation of (at least) equimolar amounts of sodium chloride is problematic, as they worsen the properties of surfactant mixtures wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the dressed micelle model, the total Gibbs energy is broken down into several components accounting for the hydrophobic tail, the electrostatic repulsion of the head groups, and the interfacial energy on the surface of the micelle.
where the components of the total Gibbs micellization energy are hydrophobic, electro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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