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Gene regulatory networks are generally thought to be made up of a few highly connected nodes (hubs) and many poorly connected nodes nested within a hierarchical regulatory regime. Thus gene regulatory networks approximate a hierarchical scale free network topology. This is consistent with the view that most genes have ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common nuclear fission process is "binary fission." It produces two charged asymmetrical fission products with maximally probable charged product at 95±15 and 135±15 u atomic mass. However, in this conventional fission of large nuclei, the binary process happens merely because it is the most energetically prob... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mg and Mn are critical cofactors in the integration phase. Inactivating these cofactors (e.g. through chelation) causes functional impairment of IN. This concept gives researchers the opportunity to design and develop highly efficient IN inhibitors (INIs). In fact, all small molecule HIV-1 INIs that are now being rese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes () from alkenes (). This chemical reaction entails the net addition of a formyl group () and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond. This process has undergone continuous ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry and materials science, ultrahydrophobic (or superhydrophobic) surfaces are highly hydrophobic, i.e., extremely difficult to wet. The contact angles of a water droplet on an ultrahydrophobic material exceed 150°. This is also referred to as the lotus effect, after the superhydrophobic leaves of the lotus pl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sphingosine is synthesized from palmitoyl CoA and serine in a condensation required to yield dihydrosphingosine.
Dehydrosphingosine is then reduced by NADPH to dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine), acylated to dihydroceramide finally oxidized by FAD to ceramide. Sphingosine is then solely formed via degradation of sphingol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Waste heat can be forced to heat incoming fluids and objects before being highly heated. For instance outgoing water can give its waste heat to incoming water in a heat exchanger before heating in homes or power plants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoinhibition follows simple first-order kinetics if measured from a lincomycin-treated leaf, cyanobacterial or algal cells, or isolated thylakoid membranes in which concurrent repair does not disturb the kinetics. Data from the group of W. S. Chow indicate that in leaves of pepper (Capsicum annuum), the first-order ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An example of back titration, the Volhard method, named after Jacob Volhard, involves the addition of excess silver nitrate to the analyte; the silver chloride is filtered, and the remaining silver nitrate is titrated against ammonium thiocyanate, with ferric ammonium sulfate as an indicator which forms blood-red [[Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Janot was a French Government Overseas Fellow in 1981 at Churchill College, University of Cambridge. He was also a visiting professor at Sapienza University of Rome. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prairie provinces (mainly Saskatchewan and Manitoba) contain high quantities of calcium and magnesium, often as dolomite, which are readily soluble in the groundwater that contains high concentrations of trapped carbon dioxide from the last glaciation. In these parts of Canada, the total hardness in ppm of calcium carb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Often there is more to the analytical method than just performing a reaction or submitting the analyte to direct analysis. Many analytical methods developed in the laboratory, especially these involving the use of a delicate scientific instrument, require a sample preparation, or a pretreatment of the samples prior to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Société de Chimie Industrielle (American Section) is an independent learned society inspired by the creation of the Société de Chimie Industrielle in Paris in 1917. The American Section was formed on January 18, 1918, and held its first meeting on April 4, 1918.
The Société de Chimie Industrielle (American Section... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melzer's is used by exposing fungal tissue or cells to the reagent, typically in a microscope slide preparation, and looking for any of three color reactions:
* Amyloid or Melzer's-positive reaction, in which the material reacts blue to black.
* Pseudoamyloid or dextrinoid reaction, in which the material reacts brown t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many specialized methods have been developed for forming unsymmetrical disulfides. Reagents that deliver the equivalent of "" react with thiols to give asymmetrical disulfides:
where is the phthalimido group.
Bunte salts, derivatives of the type are also used to generate unsymmetrical disulfides: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Three-letter abbreviations are used to describe phenotypes in bacteria including E. coli.
Examples include:
* Lac (the ability to use lactose),
* His (the ability to synthesize the amino acid histidine)
* Mot (swimming motility)
* Sm (resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin)
In the case of Lac, wild type cells are La... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Linear material constitutive relations in physics can be expressed in the form
where are two vectors representing physical quantities and is a second-order material tensor. In matrix form,
Examples of physical problems that fit the above template are listed in the table below.
Using in the matrix implies that . U... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hazards in the arts have been an issue for artists for centuries, even though the toxicity of their tools, methods, and materials was not always adequately realized. Lead and cadmium, among other toxic elements, were often incorporated into the names of artist's oil paints and pigments, for example, "lead white" and "c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because the intensity of nuclear magnetic resonance signals and, hence, the sensitivity of the technique depends on the strength of the magnetic field, the technique has also advanced over the decades with the development of more powerful magnets. Advances made in audio-visual technology have also improved the signal-g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The moisture sorption properties of food products are recognized as critical factors in determining their storage, stability, processing and application performance. DVS is also used to measure moisture and flavor diffusion properties for packaging and barrier applications. Further, moisture sorption plays critical ro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
sEH is widely expressed in mammalian cells as a cytosolic enzyme where it primarily serves the function of converting epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EPAs), and epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (DPAs) to their corresponding diols, thereby limiting or ending their cell signaling actions; in thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The combinatorial complexity of signaling systems involving multi-state proteins poses two kinds of problems. The first problem is concerned with how such a system can be specified; i.e. how a modeler can specify all complexes, all changes those complexes undergo and all parameters and conditions governing those change... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three different variations of seipin's amino acid sequence:
* a N → S change in position 88, does not affect protein subcellular location.
* a S → L change in position 90, does not affect the function in lipid storage.
* a A → P change in position 212 that increases localization to nuclear envelope.
All seip... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most significant adverse reactions (≥2%) reported in clinical trials were diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, upper respiratory tract infection, vomiting, and flatulence.
Serious side effects are rare but may include allergic reactions, severe stomach pain, or persistent diarrhea. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eukaryotes have a much larger genome and thus have different methods of gene regulation than in prokaryotes. All cells in a eukaryotic organism have the same DNA but are specified through differential gene expression, a phenomenon known as genetic totipotency. However, in order for a cell to express the genes for prope... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NBR2 is a gene best known for its location near the breast cancer associated gene BRCA1. Like BRCA1, NBR2 has been a subject of research, but links to breast cancer are currently inconclusive.
NBR2 recently was identified as a glucose starvation-induced long non-coding RNA. NBR2 interacts with AMP-activated protein kin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Administered to patients whose pituitary glands generate insufficient quantities to support normal growth and development. Before recombinant HGH became available, HGH for therapeutic use was obtained from pituitary glands of cadavers. This unsafe practice led to some patients developing Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Reco... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetofection attempts to unite the advantages of biochemical (cationic lipids or polymers) and physical (electroporation, gene gun) transfection methods. It allows for local delivery with high transfection efficiency, faster incubation time, and biocompatibility. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Much of the current interest in oil exploration in the Arctic regions is directed towards the Azolla deposits . The burial of large amounts of organic material provides the source rock for oil, so given the right thermal history, the preserved Azolla blooms might have been converted to oil or gas. In 2008 a research ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A therapy or medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a medical diagnosis. Both words, treatment and therapy, are often abbreviated tx, Tx, or T.
As a rule, each therapy has indications and contraindications. There are many different types of therapy. Not all therapies are... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thioesters are common intermediates in many biosynthetic reactions, including the formation and degradation of fatty acids and mevalonate, precursor to steroids. Examples include malonyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, cinnamoyl-CoA, and acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesters. Acetogenesis proceeds via the format... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of reasons for a Phase I study to be performed exist, the most common being:
* Purchase of real property by a person or entity not previously on title.
* Contemplation by a new lender to provide a loan on the subject real estate.
* Partnership buyout or principal redistribution of ownership.
* Application to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Addition of tricyclohexylphosphine to the carbene complex (PPh)(Cl)Ru=C(CHCOMe) results in olefin extrusion and yields an air stable anionic carbido complex. This species displaces a dimethyl sulfide ligand from PdCl(SMe) to give the μ-carbido bimetallic complex (PCy)ClRu≡C-PdCl(SMe). Spark towards a novel type of bond... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By using a rotating mirror, a high-speed camera and correcting for geometric changes, PIV can be performed nearly instantly on a set of planes throughout the flow field. Fluid properties between the planes can then be interpolated. Thus, a quasi-volumetric analysis can be performed on a target volume. Scanning PIV c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The development of the Isa Process tank house technology had its beginning in the zinc industry. During the mid-1970s, MIM Holdings Limited (“MIM”) was considering building a zinc refinery in Townsville to treat the zinc concentrate produced by its Mount Isa operations. As a result, MIM staff visited the zinc smelters ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Semicarbazide is frequently reacted with aldehydes and ketones to produce semicarbazones via a condensation reaction. This is an example of imine formation resulting from the reaction of a primary amine with a carbonyl group. The reaction is useful because semicarbazones, like oximes and 2,4-DNPs, typically have high... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
JIC fittings, defined by the SAE J514 and MIL-DTL-18866 standards, are a type of flare fitting machined with a 37-degree flare seating surface. JIC (Joint Industry Council) fittings are widely used in fuel delivery and fluid power applications, especially where high pressure (up to ) is involved. The SAE J514 standar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
-A simple example of the Evelyn effect is the sophomore level chemistry lab experiment involving two popular examples that are listed below.
a) Dehydration of 4-methylcyclohexanol
b) Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol
c) Mechanism for the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first article relating to continuous flow peptide synthesis was published in 1986, but due to technical limitations, it was not until the early 2010's when more academic groups started using continuous flow for the rapid synthesis of peptides. The advantages of continuous flow over traditional batch methods is the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the ocean where salinity is important, or in fresh water lakes near freezing, where density is not a linear function of temperature:where , the potential density, depends on both temperature and salinity. An example of Brunt–Väisälä oscillation in a density stratified liquid can be observed in the Magic Cork movie [... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Power plants can use an air-cooled condenser, traditionally in areas with a limited or expensive water supply. Air-cooled condensers serve the same purpose as a cooling tower (heat dissipation) without using water. They consume additional auxiliary power and thus may have a higher carbon footprint compared to a traditi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A prescription drug (Cystadane) containing betaine has limited use for oral treatment of genetic homocystinuria to lower levels of homocysteine in circulating blood. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dr Robin Brown has been the company's chairman since July 2018; he has a PhD in molecular biology and has worked in venture capital at Advent Healthcare. The company has no shareholders.
Previously, Professor Graham Boulnois was chairman from January 2016; he was head of research from 1992 to 2000 at Zeneca Pharmaceuti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acid sulfate soils are naturally occurring soils, sediments or organic substrates (e.g. peat) that are formed under waterlogged conditions. These soils contain iron sulfide minerals (predominantly as the mineral pyrite) and/or their oxidation products. In an undisturbed state below the water table, acid sulfate soils a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In phytoextraction (also phytoaccumulation, phytosequesteration or phytoabsorption) plants carry radioactive waste from the root system to the vascular tissue and become concentrated in the biomass of shoots. It is a technique that removes radionuclides without destroying the soil structure, with minimal impact on soil... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The subgroups discussed so far are not only infinite, they are also continuous (Lie groups). Any subgroup containing at least one non-zero translation must be infinite, but subgroups of the orthogonal group can be finite. For example, the symmetries of a regular pentagon consist of rotations by integer multiples of 72°... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the presence of excess of triphenylphosphine, RuCl(PPh) binds a fourth phosphine to give black RuCl(PPh). The triphenylphosphine ligands in both the tris(phosphine) and tetrakis(phosphine) complexes are readily substituted by other ligands. The tetrakis(phosphine) complex is a precursor to the Grubbs catalysts.
Dich... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A typical example of a conserved moiety in biochemistry is the Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) subgroup that remains unchanged when it is phosphorylated to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and then dephosphorylated back to ADP forming a conserved cycle. Moiety-conserved cycles in nature exhibit unique network control fe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prp24 has a human homolog, SART3. SART3 is a tumor rejection antigen (SART3 stands for "squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells, gene 3). The RRMs 1 and 2 in yeast are similar to RRMs in human SART3. The C-terminal domain is also highly conserved from yeast to humans. This protein, like Prp24, interacts ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
, GOSAT-GW, the successor of GOSAT-2 and GCOM-W "Shizuku", is under development for launch in JFY2024 on the last flight of the H-IIA launch vehicle. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is possible to build a computer simulation of a linear biochemical pathway. This can be done by building a simple model that describes each intermediate through a differential equation. The differential equations can be written by invoking mass conservation. For example, for the linear pathway:
where and are fixed... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The criterion for aromaticity has evolved as new developments and insights continue to contribute to our understanding of these remarkably stable organic molecules. The required characteristics of these molecules has thus remained the subject of some controversy. Classically, aromatic compounds were defined as planar m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1933 Strassmann resigned from the Society of German Chemists when it became part of a Nazi-controlled public corporation. He was blacklisted by the Nazi regime. As a result, he could not work in the chemical industry nor could he receive his habilitation as required to be an independent researcher in Germany at the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a chiral derivatizing agent, it reacts with an alcohol or amine of unknown stereochemistry to form an ester or amide. The absolute configuration of the ester or amide is then determined by proton and/or F NMR spectroscopy.
Mosher's acid chloride, the acid chloride form, is sometimes used because it has better reacti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When blood glucose levels are too low, the pancreas is signaled to release glucagon, which has essentially the opposite effect of insulin and therefore opposes the reduction of glucose in the blood. Glucagon is delivered directly to the liver, where it connects to the glucagon receptors on the membranes of the liver ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a technique that allows detection of single base mutations without the need for PCR or gel electrophoresis. Short (20–25 nucleotides in length), labeled probes are exposed to the non-fragmented target DNA, hybridization occurs with high specificity due to the short length of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle () - different views showing details of histone folding and organization. Histones , , , and are coloured. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mars is differentiated, which—for a terrestrial planet—implies that it has a central core made up of high density matter (mainly metallic iron and nickel) surrounded by a less dense, silicate mantle and crust. Like Earth, Mars appears to have a molten iron core, or at least a molten outer core. However, there does not ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first refinements of copper alloys by a converter took place in Ducktown, Tennessee where A. Raht worked on a partial refinement of the matte from 1866 to 1875. In 1867, the Russians Jossa and Latelin tried to experimentally verify the studies of Semenikow. In 1870, they stopped their experiments after only having... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Self-assembly of nanoscale structures from functional nanoparticles has provided a powerful path to developing small and powerful electronic components. Nanoscale objects have always been difficult to manipulate because they cannot be characterized by molecular techniques and they are too small to observe optically. Bu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term intermetallic is used to describe compounds involving two or more metals such as the cyclopentadienyl complex CpNiZn. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selective laser melting (also known as powder bed fusion) is an additive manufacturing procedure used to create intricately detailed forms from a CAD file. A shape is designed and then converted into slices. These slices are sent to a laser writer to print the final product. In brief, a bed of metal powder is prepared,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many scenarios in the real world are affected by thermal degradation. One of the things affected is fingerprints. When anyone touches something, there is residue left from the fingers. If fingers are sweaty, or contain more oils, the residue contains many chemicals. De Paoli and her collogues conducted a study testing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common of these uses a group contribution method and is termed cLogP. It has been shown that the log P of a compound can be determined by the sum of its non-overlapping molecular fragments (defined as one or more atoms covalently bound to each other within the molecule). Fragmentary log P values have been dete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pharmacogenomics was first recognized by Pythagoras around 510 BC when he made a connection between the dangers of fava bean ingestion with hemolytic anemia and oxidative stress. In the 1950s, this identification was validated and attributed to deficiency of G6PD and is called favism. Although the first official public... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) is an application of hydrodynamic stability that can be seen in nature. It occurs when there are two fluids flowing at different velocities. The difference in velocity of the fluids causes a shear velocity at the interface of the two layers. The shear velocity of one fluid moving ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some common radionuclides that decay solely by electron capture include:
For a full list, see the table of nuclides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Vuilleumier cycle was patented by a Swiss-American engineer named Rudolph Vuilleumier in 1918. The purpose of Vuilleumier's machine was to create a heat pump that would use heat at high temperature as energy input. The Vuilleumier cycle...The Vuilleumier cycle is a thermodynamic cycle with applications in low-tempe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The reactor operates by converting organic analytes after GC separation into methane before detection by FID. The oxidation and reduction reactions occur sequentially, wherein the organic compound is first combusted into molecules of carbon dioxide, which are subsequently reduced to methane molecules. The following rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The metals involved in a bimetallic strip can vary in composition so long as their thermal expansion coefficients differ. The metal of lower thermal expansion coefficient is sometimes called the passive metal, while the other is called the active metal. Copper, steel, brass, iron, and nickel are commonly used metals in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 2Fe–2S: AOX1; FDX1; FDX2; NDUFS1; SDHB; XDH;
* 4Fe–4S: ABCE1; DPYD; NDUFS8; | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In astrophysics, particularly the study of accretion disks, the epicyclic frequency is the frequency at which a radially displaced fluid parcel will oscillate. It can be referred to as a "Rayleigh discriminant". When considering an astrophysical disc with differential rotation , the epicyclic frequency is given by
: ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intermetallic particles often form during solidification of metallic alloys, and can be used as a dispersion strengthening mechanism. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Methylation of rRNA upholds structural rigidity by blocking base pair stacking and surrounds the 2’-OH group to block hydrolysis. It occurs at specific parts of eukaryotic rRNA. The template for methylation consists of 10-21 nucleotides. 2-O-methylation of the ribose sugar is one of the most common rRNA modifications. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transcription begins with the RNA polymerase and one or more general transcription factors binding to a DNA promoter sequence to form an RNA polymerase-promoter closed complex. In the closed complex, the promoter DNA is still fully double-stranded.
RNA polymerase, assisted by one or more general transcription factors, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Margules activity model is a simple thermodynamic model for the excess Gibbs free energy of a liquid mixture introduced in 1895 by Max Margules. After Lewis had introduced the concept of the activity coefficient, the model could be used to derive an expression for the activity coefficients of a compound i in a l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thaumasite is a calcium silicate mineral, containing Si atoms in unusual octahedral configuration, with chemical formula CaSi(OH)(CO)(SO)·12HO, also sometimes more simply written as CaSiO·CaCO·CaSO·15HO.
Thaumasite is formed under special conditions in the presence of sulfate ions in concrete containing, or exposed to,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reciprocal lattice to a BCC lattice is the FCC lattice, with a cube side of .
It can be proven that only the Bravais lattices which have 90 degrees between (cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic) have primitive translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice, , parallel to their real-space vectors. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most atoms in a nanocluster are surface atoms. Thus, it is expected that the magnetic moment of an atom in a cluster will be larger than that of one in a bulk material. Lower coordination, lower dimensionality, and increasing interatomic distance in metal clusters contribute to enhancement of the magnetic moment in nan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Potassium permanganate (KMnO) is a dark violet colored powder. Its reaction with glycerol (commonly known as glycerin or glycerine) (CH(OH)) is highly exothermic, resulting rapidly in a flame, along with the formation of carbon dioxide and water vapour:
14 KMnO(s) + 4 CH(OH)(l) → 7 KCO(s) + 7 MnO(s) + 5 CO(g) + 16 HO(g... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Applying an organic solvent such as toluene onto a balloons surface can pop it, since the solvent can partially dissolve the material making up the balloons surface.
cis-1,4-polyisoprene (solid) + organic solvent → cis-1,4-polyisoprene (partly dissolved)
Baby oil can also be applied to water balloons to pop them. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Japan has one assay office, situated at the Saitama branch of Japan Mint in Saitama Prefecture. Japan Mint has assayed and hallmarked from 1929, and the Saitama branch moved from Tokyo in 2016. Japanese hallmarking is optional. Gold, silver and platinum are subject to assay. The articles combined with the golden parts ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The primary concerns to take into consideration when using a CDA in NMR spectroscopy are kinetic resolution, racemization during the derivatization reaction and that the reagent should have 100% optical purity. Kinetic resolution is especially significant when determining optical purity, but it is somewhat negligible w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The natural flows of carbon between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial ecosystems, and sediments are fairly balanced; so carbon levels would be roughly stable without human influence. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. Carbon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of measurement, the base unit in the International System of Units (SI) for amount of substance, a quantity proportional to the number of elementary entities of a substance. One mole contains exactly elementary entities (approximately 602 sextillion or 602 billion times a trillion), wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
H) tritium (T, hydrogen-3, H) fusion reactions are the most common accelerator based (as opposed to radioactive isotopes) neutron sources. In these systems, neutrons are produced by creating ions of deuterium, tritium, or deuterium and tritium and accelerating these into a hydride target loaded with deuterium, or deut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The structure of etheniums ground state was in dispute for many years, but it was eventually agreed to be a non-classical structure, with the two carbon atoms and one of the hydrogen atoms forming a three-center two-electron bond. Calculations have shown that higher homologues, like the propyl and n-'butyl cations als... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A modification of canonical variational transition state theory in which, for energies below the threshold energy, the position of the dividing surface is taken to be that of the microcanonical threshold energy. This forces the contributions to rate constants to be zero if they are below the threshold energy. A comprom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dependence of the diffusion coefficient on temperature for gases can be expressed using Chapman–Enskog theory (predictions accurate on average to about 8%):
where
* D is the diffusion coefficient (cm/s),
* A is approximately (with Boltzmann constant , and Avogadro constant )
* 1 and 2 index the two kinds of molecu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The AR belongs to the steroid receptor subfamily of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Its function is regulated by the binding of androgens, which initiates sequential conformation changes of the receptor that affects receptor-protein and receptor-DNA interactions. Endogenous androgens are mainly testosterone and DHT. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alterations in the pathways leading to the addition of the removal of the mA mark result in impaired gene expression and cellular function, which can lead to disease.
Normal mA levels are altered in a number of cancers. Reduced mA levels due to down regulation of METTL3 and/or METTL14 lead to the activation of a number... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A putative gene is a segment of DNA that is believed to be a gene. Putative genes can share sequence similarities to already characterized genes and thus can be inferred to share a similar function, yet the exact function of putative genes remains unknown. Newly identified sequences are considered putative gene candida... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a sulfonanilide group is a functional group found in certain organosulfur compounds. It possesses the chemical structure , and consists of a sulfonamide group () where one of the two nitrogen substituents (R' or R") is a phenyl group (). It can be viewed as a derivative of aniline (). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The antitubercular agent Ethambutol contains two constitutionally symmetrical stereogenic centers in its structure and exists in three stereoisomeric forms. An enantiomeric pair (S,S)- and (R,R)-ethambutol, along with the achiral stereoisomer called meso-form, it holds a diastereomeric relationship with the optically a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Grignard was drafted into the French military as part of obligatory military service in 1892. Within the two years of his first session of service he rose to the rank of corporal. He was demobilized in 1894 and returned to Lyon to pursue his education. He was awarded a medal of the Legion of Honour and made a Chevalier... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal–organic biohybrids (MOBs) are a family of materials containing a metal component, such as copper, and a biological component, such as the amino acid dimer cystine. One of the MOB families first described was the copper-high aspect ratio structure called CuHARS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmissio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1959, the geneticist Edward B. Lewis computed that children exposed to fallout from nuclear tests may have received very high doses of radioactivity from iodine-131 in cow milk. His estimates prompted the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy to request that the AEC produce a report on the risks of short-lived isotopes. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Newton extensively studied and wrote about the Temple of Solomon, dedicating an entire chapter of The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended to his observations of the temple. Newton's primary source for information was the description of the structure given within 1 Kings of the Hebrew Bible as well as the Book of Eze... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, pentanonide is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with 3-pentanone. It is seen in amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Ramsden emulsion, sometimes named Pickering emulsion, is an emulsion that is stabilized by solid particles (for example colloidal silica) which adsorb onto the interface between the water and oil phases. Typically, the emulsions are either water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions, but other more complex systems such as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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