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Lev T. Perelman, principal scientist at MIT, and Vadim Backman, graduate student in Harvard- MIT Health Sciences and Technology program introduced LSS in 1998. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The production of BCF and similar chlorofluorocarbons has been banned in most countries since January 1, 1994 as part of the Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances. Halon 1211 is also a potent greenhouse gas with a 100-year global warming potential 2,070 times that of carbon dioxide and an atmospheric lifetime... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conversion of malate to pyruvate and lactate is catalyzed by
*NAD(P) dependent malate decarboxylase (malic enzyme; EC 1.1.1.39 and 1.1.1.40) and
*lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27)
according to the following equations:
*malate + NAD(P)→ pyruvate + NAD(P)H + H + CO
*pyruvate + NADH + H → lactate + NAD | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first large scale British civil defence issue was the Geiger–Müller counter Meter, Contamination, No. 1 set — stock number "5CG0012", of 1953. It had 0–10 mR/hour range with external probe and headphones. This was designed to use two 150 volt batteries, although later they were fitted with a vibrator power pack whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fuel costs: about 0.8 to 2.0 USD/L plus deposit for IBC container. For middle scale amounts of hydrogen (bundle of gas cylinders) price for 0.13 kg of fossile hydrogen is usually about 5 to 12 USD plus rental fee for the cylinders. The significantly higher price for hydrogen compared to methanol is amongst others cau... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Micrometeorites have been collected from deep-sea sediments, sedimentary rocks and polar sediments. They were previously collected primarily from polar snow and ice because of their low concentrations on the Earth's surface, but in 2016 a method to extract micrometeorites in urban environments was discovered. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The synthesis of nanocomposite hydrogels is a process that requires specific material and method. These polymers need to be made up of equally spaced out, 30 nm in diameter, clay platelets that can swell and exfoliate in the presence of water. The platelets act as cross-links to modify molecular functions to enable the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recent work has demonstrated that the scope of "soft" nucleophiles can be expanded to include some pronucleophiles that have much higher than ~ 25. Some of these "soft" nucleophiles have ranging all the way to 32, and even more basic pronucleophiles (~44) have been shown to act as soft nucleophiles with the addition ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxophilic reagents are often used to extract or exchange oxygen centers in organic substrates, especially carbonyls (esters, ketones, amides) and epoxides. The highly oxophilic reagent generated from tungsten hexachloride and butyl lithium is useful for the deoxygenation of epoxides. Such conversions are sometimes valu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some enzymes can carry out thousands of chemical reactions each second. However, RuBisCO is slow, fixing only 3-10 carbon dioxide molecules each second per molecule of enzyme. The reaction catalyzed by RuBisCO is, thus, the primary rate-limiting factor of the Calvin cycle during the day. Nevertheless, under most condit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microscopic algae that can tolerate extremely cold temperatures can survive in snow, ice, and very cold seawater. On snow, cold-tolerant algae can bloom on the snow surface covering land, glaciers, or sea ice when there is sufficient light. These snow algae darken the surface of the snow and can contribute to snow melt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is extremely difficult to generalize at what pressures or temperatures the deviation from the ideal gas becomes important. As a rule of thumb, the ideal gas law is reasonably accurate up to a pressure of about 2 atm, and even higher for small non-associating molecules. For example, methyl chloride, a highly polar m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1990s, the Niihama copper refinery, owned by Sumitomo Metal Mining Company Limited (“Sumitomo”), treated copper anode slimes generated in-house, together with anode slimes from Sumitomo’s Toyo refinery and lead refinery slime from the Harima Imperial Smelting Process smelter. A total of 1200 tonnes per year (“t/... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wu Yundong () is a Chinese chemist. He is a theoretical organic chemist based in the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and holds a concurrent position in Peking University. He was born 10 May 1957 in Liyang, Jiangsu, China. He graduated with a BS from Lanzhou University in 1982 and received his PhD in 1986... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of copper had become very apparent to civilizations, such as its properties of elasticity and plasticity that allow it to be hammered into useful shapes, along with its ability to be melted and poured into intricate shapes. Although, the advantages of copper were many, the material was too soft to find large sc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Nanodragster, dubbed the worlds smallest hot rod, is a molecular nanocar. The design improves on previous nanocar designs and is a step towards creating molecular machines. The name comes from the nanocars resemblance to a dragster, as its staggered wheel fitment has a shorter axle with smaller wheels in the front ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First results to these problems were obtained by Leonard Adleman.
* In 1994: Solving a Hamiltonian path in a graph with 7 summits.
* In 2002: Solving a NP-complete problem as well as a 3-SAT problem with 20 variables. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pan Britannica Industries Ltd (PBI) was a household and agrochemical formulation company incorporated in 1932 and based at Britannica House, Stewardstone Road, Waltham Abbey and with a distribution presence in Wisbech in Cambridgeshire. PBI was, in common with many other UK household names, both a manufacturer and mar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physical chemistry, the Evans–Polanyi principle (also referred to as the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle, Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi principle, or Evans–Polanyi–Semenov principle) observes that the difference in activation energy between two reactions of the same family is proportional to the difference of their enthalpy o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During DNA damage or cellular stress PARPs are activated, leading to an increase in the amount of poly(ADP-ribose) and a decrease in the amount of NAD. For over a decade it was thought that PARP1 was the only poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase in mammalian cells, therefore this enzyme has been the most studied. Caspases are a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen darkening is a physical degradation of the optical properties of glass. Free hydrogen atoms are able to bind to the SiO silica glass compound forming hydroxyl (OH)—a chemical compound that interferes with the passage of light through the glass.
The problem is particularly relevant to fiber-optic cables—particu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this region, the dominant deformation mechanism is power law creep, such that the strain rate goes as the stress raised to a stress exponent n. This region is dominated by dislocation creep. The value of this stress exponent is dependent upon the material and the microstructure. If deformation is occurring by slip,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The amount of useful work which may be extracted from a thermodynamic system is determined by the second law of thermodynamics. Under many practical situations this can be represented by the thermodynamic availability, or Exergy, function. Two important cases are: in thermodynamic systems where the temperature and vo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following list of glass database contents is not complete, and it may not be up to date. For full features see the references section below. All databases contain citations to the original data sources and the chemical composition of the glasses or ceramics.
*SciGlass: Viscosity, density, mechanical properties, opt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CDP recognizes companies with high-quality disclosure in its annual scoring process, with top companies making it onto CDP's so-called A-list.
Scores are calculated according to a standardized method which measures whether and how well a company responds to each question. A company goes through four main steps, startin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Boord olefin synthesis is an organic reaction forming alkenes from ethers carrying a halogen atom 2 carbons removed from the oxygen atom (β-halo-ethers) using a metal such as magnesium or zinc. The reaction, discovered by Cecil E. Boord in 1930 is a classic named reaction with high yields and broad scope.
The r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dilution in welding terms is defined as the weight of the base metal melted divided by the total weight of the weld metal. For example, if we have a dilution of 0.40, the fraction of the weld metal that came from the consumable electrode is 0.60. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Flash smelting () is a smelting process for sulfur-containing ores including chalcopyrite. The process was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at the Harjavalta plant in 1949 for smelting copper ore. It has also been adapted for nickel and lead production.
A second flash smelting system was developed by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ocean surface habitats sit at the interface between the ocean and the atmosphere. The biofilm-like habitat at the surface of the ocean harbours surface-dwelling microorganisms, commonly referred to as neuston. This vast air–water interface sits at the intersection of major air–water exchange processes spanning more tha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Newly built coal-fired power plants can be made to immediately use gasification of the coal prior to combustion. This makes it much easier to separate off the from the exhaust fumes, making the process cheaper. This gasification process is done in new coal-burning power plants such as the coal-burning power plant at T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radionuclides are used in two major ways: either for their radiation alone (irradiation, nuclear batteries) or for the combination of chemical properties and their radiation (tracers, biopharmaceuticals).
* In biology, radionuclides of carbon can serve as radioactive tracers because they are chemically very similar to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The definitions of the thermodynamic potentials may be differentiated and, along with the first and second laws of thermodynamics, a set of differential equations known as the fundamental equations follow. (Actually they are all expressions of the same fundamental thermodynamic relation, but are expressed in different ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Favipiravir has been approved to treat influenza in Japan. It is, however, only indicated for novel influenza (strains that cause more severe disease) rather than seasonal influenza. As of 2020, the probability of resistance developing appears low. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A thermal loop is a movement of air driven by warm air rising at one end of the loop, and cool air descending at the other end, creating a constantly moving loop of air. They can be used to precisely control the temperature of a specific area. Thermal loops also occur in liquids.
Thermal loops are size-independent; tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first industrial applications - mainly for water, soil extracts and fertilizer - used the same hardware and techniques as clinical methods, but from the mid-1970s special techniques and modules were developed so that by 1990 it was possible to perform solvent extraction, distillation, on-line filtration and UV dige... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, eukaryotic cells sense the presence of chemotactic stimuli through the use of 7-transmembrane (or serpentine) heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors, a class representing a significant portion of the genome. Some members of this gene superfamily are used in eyesight (rhodopsins) as well as in olfaction ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is disputed that Wöhlers synthesis sparked the downfall of the theory of vitalism, which states that organic matter possessed a certain vital force' common to all living things. Prior to the Wöhler synthesis, the work of John Dalton and Jöns Jacob Berzelius had already convinced chemists that organic and inorganic m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An epitaxial layer can be doped during deposition by adding impurities to the source gas, such as arsine, phosphine, or diborane. Dopants in the source gas, liberated by evaporation or wet etching of the surface, may also diffuse into the epitaxial layer and cause autodoping. The concentration of impurity in the gas ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whereas the initial experimental demonstration of hyper-Rayleigh scattering optical activity was observed at the second harmonic of the illumination frequency of light, the effect is general and can be observed at higher harmonics. The first demonstration of hyper-Rayleigh scattering optical activity at the third harmo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ziryab is said to have improved the Oud (or Laúd) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the Aristotelian humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul. He is said to have created a unique and influentia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since ethanol boils at a much lower temperature than water, simple distillation can separate ethanol from water by applying heat to the mixture. Historically, a copper vessel was used for this purpose, since copper removes undesirable sulfur-based compounds from the alcohol. However, many modern stills are made of st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Wilfley Table was conceived by Arthur Wilfley, a mining engineer based in Kokomo, Colorado in the United States. As a silver mine operator, Wilfley spent many years refining his separation table design in order to make the extraction of silver more economic. Rather than using heating processes (smelting) to concent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
() 0.5 M HClO | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfur isotopes of sediments are often measured for studying environments in the Earth's past (Paleoenvironment). Disproportionation of sulfur intermediates, being one of the processes affecting sulfur isotopes of sediments, has drawn attention from geoscientists for studying the redox conditions in the oceans in the p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfuric acid produced by microorganisms will interact with the surface of the structure material. For ordinary Portland cement, it reacts with the calcium hydroxide in concrete to form calcium sulfate. This change simultaneously destroys the polymeric nature of calcium hydroxide and substitutes a larger molecule into ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Caspian Sea is at its South Caspian Basin, like the Black Sea, a remnant of the ancient Paratethys Sea. Its seafloor is, therefore, a standard oceanic basalt and not a continental granite body. It is estimated to be about 30 million years old, and became landlocked in the Late Miocene, about 5.5 million years ago, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Starting in the mid-late 2010s, many pieces of US climate and environment policy have sought to make use of the climate change mitigation potential of carbon sequestration. Many of these policies involve either conservation of carbon sink ecosystems, such as forests and wetlands, or encouraging agricultural and land us... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has a significant role in addiction. In the nucleus accumbens of mice, repeated cocaine exposure resulted in reduced TET1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and reduced TET1 protein expression. Similarly, there was a ~40% decrease in TET1 mRNA in the NAc of human cocaine addicts examined postmortem.
As i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Ark Two Shelter is a nuclear fallout shelter built by Bruce Beach (14 April 1934 – 10 May 2021) in the village of Horning's Mills (north of Toronto, Ontario). The shelter first became habitable in 1980 and has been continuously expanded and improved since then. The shelter is composed of 42 school buses, which wer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is the primary reactant in Yamaguchi esterification. 2,4,6-Trichlorobenzoyl chloride readily reacts with alcohols. This newly formed reagent, when mixed with a stoichiometric amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, cyclizes and forms esters. This reaction creates 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoic acid as a byproduct. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The variation in the Lagrangian with respect to variations in the velocity potential Φ(x,z,t), as well as with respect to the surface elevation , have to be zero. We consider both variations subsequently. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three pairs of main salivary glands and between 800 and 1,000 minor salivary glands, all of which mainly serve the digestive process, and also play an important role in the maintenance of dental health and general mouth lubrication, without which speech would be impossible. The main glands are all exocrine gl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Electrochemical Society was founded in 1902 in Philadelphia, PA. At the beginning, ECS was called the American Electrochemical Society.
The 19th century saw many applications of electricity to chemical processes and chemical understanding. Bridging the gap between electrical engineering and chemistry led people in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* German Physical Society
* Academia Europaea
* Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
* Foreign member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In host–guest chemistry, a carcerand () is a host molecule that completely entraps its guest (which can be an ion, atom or other chemical species) so that it will not escape even at high temperatures. This type of molecule was first described in 1985 by Donald J. Cram and coworkers. The complexes formed by a carcerand ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The School of Chemistry, University of Sydney is a school of the Faculty of Science at the University of Sydney.
Two Nobel Laureates are associated with the School: John Cornforth completed his undergraduate degree in the School, graduating in 1938 with First Class Honours and the University Medal; and Robert Robinson ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This term was introduced by Kelvin in 1904, the year that he published his Baltimore Lecture of 1884. Kelvin used the term homochirality as a relationship between two molecules, i.e. two molecules are homochiral if they have the same chirality. Recently, however, homochiral has been used in the same sense as enantiomer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
StochSim is a particle-based stochastic simulator used mainly to model chemical reactions and other molecular transitions. The algorithm used in StochSim is different from the more widely known Gillespie stochastic algorithm in that it operates on individual entities, not entity pools, making it particle-based rather t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In most countries, a separate definition of VOCs is used with regard to indoor air quality that comprises each organic chemical compound that can be measured as follows: adsorption from air on Tenax TA, thermal desorption, gas chromatographic separation over a 100% nonpolar column (dimethylpolysiloxane). VOC (volatile ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biological cells which form bonds with a substrate and are at the same time subject to a flow can form long thin membrane cylinders called tethers. These tethers connect the adherent area of the substrate to the main body of the cell. Under physiological conditions, neutrophil tethers can extend to several micrometers.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is a simplified special case for the spectroscopic parameters of a sheet. This sheet consists of three plane parallel layers (1:front surface, 2:interior, 3:rear surface) in which the surfaces both have the same remission fraction when illuminated from either direction, regardless of the relative refractive indi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Roof impact sprinkler
* Gutter sprays
* Window spray / deluge
Commercial sprays designed for EWSS are available, but most systems use commonly available irrigation sprinklers/sprays. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clinical trials are only a small part of the research that goes into developing a new treatment. Potential drugs, for example, first have to be discovered, purified, characterized, and tested in labs (in cell and animal studies) before ever undergoing clinical trials. In all, about 1,000 potential drugs are tested befo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, the molar mass distribution (or molecular weight distribution) describes the relationship between the number of moles of each polymer species () and the molar mass () of that species. In linear polymers, the individual polymer chains rarely have exactly the same degree of polymerization and molar ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since scraping applications are important for non-Newtonian fluid (for example, scraping paint, nail polish, cream, butter, honey, etc.,), it is essential to consider this case. The analysis was carried out by J. Riedler and Wilhelm Schneider in 1983 and they were able to obtain self-similar solutions for power-law flu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The [https://www.scotlime.org Scottish Lime Centre Trust] (SLCT) was established in 1994 by a pioneer in the re-introduction of lime in building repairs in Scotland, Pat Gibbons (Mrs Patricia). She was the founder and first Director, an architect with many years experience of building conservation in Scotland. Previous... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Germicidal lamps are used to sterilize workspaces and tools used in biology laboratories and medical facilities. If the quartz envelope transmits shorter wavelengths, such as the 185 nm mercury emission line, they can also be used wherever ozone is desired, for example, in the sanitizing systems of hot tubs and aquariu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NBS can α-brominate carbonyl derivatives via either a radical pathway (as above) or via acid-catalysis. For example, hexanoyl chloride 1 can be brominated in the alpha-position by NBS using acid catalysis.
The reaction of enolates, enol ethers, or enol acetates with NBS is the preferred method of α-bromination as it is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ultrasensitivity (sigmoidality) of a Goldbeter–Koshland module can be measured by its Hill Coefficient:
where EC90 and EC10 are the input values needed to produce the 10% and 90% of the maximal response, respectively.
In a living cell, Goldbeter–Koshland modules are embedded in a bigger network with upstream and do... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As a post-doctoral researcher she worked with Robert G Griffin at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She joined Columbia University in 1991.
McDermott is a member of the board of trustees for Harvey Mudd College. She is also a member of the Board of the New York Structural Biology Center. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sanitary sewer overflow can occur due to blocked or broken sewer lines, infiltration of excessive stormwater or malfunction of pumps. In these cases untreated sewage is discharged from a sanitary sewer into the environment prior to reaching sewage treatment facilities. To avoid such overflows, maintenance is required. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arginine fingers are also present in Ras GTPases, where they help cleave GTP to turn Ras off. Ras is a GTPase which functions in signal transduction to regulate cell growth and division. In addition to being positively charged, which helps arginine fingers function as a catalyst, the arginine finger in Ras displaces so... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Any polar chromatographic surface can be used for HILIC separations. Even non-polar bonded silicas have been used with extremely high organic solvent composition, thanks to the exposed patches of silica in between the bonded ligands on the support, which can affect the interactions. With that exception, HILIC phases... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Transparent hydrogel fibers can be used as optical fiber, and stimuli-responsive functional groups can be grafted on to create optical sensors. For example, in the research done by Yun et al. the glucose-sensitive phenylboronic acid was grafted onto the polymer network. When the glucose concentration changes, the adsor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two types. One uses semiconductor, or less efficient metal, i.e. thermocouples, working on the principles of the Peltier-Seebeck effect. The other relies on vacuum tubes and the principles of thermionic emission. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Asakura and Oosawa assumed low concentrations of macromolecules. However, at high concentrations of macromolecules, structural correlation effects in the macromolecular liquid become important. Additionally, the repulsive interaction strength strongly increases for large values of (large radius/small radius). In order... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In semiconductor physics the Photo-Dember effect (named after its discoverer H. Dember) consists in the formation of a charge dipole in the vicinity of a semiconductor surface after ultra-fast photo-generation of charge carriers. The dipole forms owing to the difference of mobilities (or diffusion constants) for holes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AMPylation is involved in bacterial homeostasis. The most famous example is AMPylator GS-ATase (GlnE), which contributes in complex regulation of nitrogen metabolism through AMPylation of glutamine synthetase that was introduced in the AMPylation and DeAMPylation parts.
Another example of AMPylators that play a role in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The heating programme to be used depends very much on the form and reactivity of the reactants. In the control of either temperature or atmosphere, nature of the reactant chemicals are considered in detail. A good furnace is used for heat treatment. Pelleting of samples is preferred prior to heating, since it increases... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In most cases Type 1 pitting can be avoided by good working practices. Always use tubes that have been manufactured to BS EN 1057. Tubes greater than 10 mm in diameter made to this standard will always be marked the number of the standard, the nominal size, wall thickness and temper of the tube, the manufacturer’s iden... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plutonium occurs in a variety of allotropes, even at ambient pressure. These allotropes differ widely in crystal structure and density; the α and δ allotropes differ in density by more than 25% at constant pressure. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early studies on donor-acceptor complexes focused on the solvatochromism exhibited by iodine, which often results from I forming adducts with electron donors such as amines and ethers. Dihalogens X (X = Cl, Br, I) and interhalogens XY(X = I; Y = Cl, Br) are Lewis acid species capable of forming a variety of products wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In its earliest manifestations, molecular biology—the name was coined by Warren Weaver of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1938—was an idea of physical and chemical explanations of life, rather than a coherent discipline. Following the advent of the Mendelian-chromosome theory of heredity in the 1910s and the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Deficiency of ETF-QO results in a disorder known as glutaric acidemia type II (also known as MADD for multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency), in which there is an improper buildup of fats and proteins in the body. Complications can involve acidosis or hypoglycemia, with other symptoms such as general weakness, liv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A recently developed technique, acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS), allows the force manipulation of hundreds of single-molecules and single-cells in parallel, providing high experimental throughput. In this technique, a piezo element resonantly excites planar acoustic waves over a microfluidic chip. The generated acous... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Pfeiffer effect is an optical phenomenon whereby the presence of an optically active compound influences the optical rotation of a racemic mixture of a second compound.
Racemic mixtures do not rotate plane polarized light, but the equilibrium concentration of the two enantiomers can shift from unity in the presence... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some drugs that contain a catechol group react with phosphomolybdic acid (HPMoO) to give the heteropoly-molybdenum blue colour. Micro quantities of the drugs can be determined. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bufothionine is a sulfur-containing compound which is present in the bufotoxins secreted by the parotoid gland of certain toads of the genera Bufo and Chaunus. This specific compound can be found in the skin of certain species of toad such as the Asiatic Toad, Chaunus arunco, Chaunus crucifer, Chaunus spinulosus, and C... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The primary debate concerning the mechanism of the rearrangement centers on whether it is a concerted (sigmatropic) or stepwise (diradical) process. Mechanistic experiments have shown that trans-divinylcyclopropanes epimerize to the corresponding cis isomers and undergo the rearrangement via what is most likely a conce... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are actually two versions in mathematics of the abstract dual lattice concept, for a given lattice L in a real vector space V, of finite dimension.
The first, which generalises directly the reciprocal lattice construction, uses Fourier analysis. It may be stated simply in terms of Pontryagin duality. The dual gro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carly Stevens is a professor of plant ecology and soil biogeochemistry at University of Lancaster, UK. Her work focuses on how changes in the atmospheric nitrogen cycle affect plant communities, particularly grasslands. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Only natural processes occur in nature. For thermodynamics, a natural process is a transfer between systems that increases the sum of their entropies, and is irreversible. Natural processes may occur spontaneously upon the removal of a constraint, or upon some other thermodynamic operation, or may be triggered in a met... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A cordial is any invigorating and stimulating preparation that is intended for a medicinal purpose. The term derives from an obsolete usage. Various concoctions were formerly created that were believed to be beneficial to ones health, especially for the heart (cor' in Latin).
Some cordials, with their flecks of gold le... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In atomic, molecular, and optical physics, above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a multi-photon effect where an atom is ionized with more than the energetically required number of photons. It was first observed in 1979 by Pierre Agostini and colleagues in xenon gas. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rhee and Pugh introduce ChIP-exo by performing analyses on a small collection of transcription factors: Reb1, Gal4, Phd1, Rap1 in yeast and CTCF in human. Reb1 sites were often found in clusters and these clusters had ~10-fold higher occupancy than expected. Secondary sites in clusters were found ~40 bp from a primary ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Walter McCrone was born in Wilmington, Delaware, but he grew up mostly in New York State. His father was a civil engineer in charge of one of the first DuPont plants to manufacture cellophane. McCrone received a bachelors degree in chemistry from Cornell University in 1938 and a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the context of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the term magnetic inequivalence refers to the distinction between magnetically active nuclear spins by their NMR signals, owing to a difference in either chemical shift (magnetic inequivalence by the chemical shift criterion) or spin-spin coupling (J-coupling) (magnet... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cegelski has authored or co-authored multiple publications that have been cited 100 or more times. As of January 2021, these include:
* "The biology and future prospects of antivirulence therapies," Nature Reviews Microbiology.
* "Morphological plasticity as a bacterial survival strategy," Nature Reviews Microbiology.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Encoded Self-Assembling Chemical (ESAC) libraries rely on the principle that two sublibraries of a size of x members (e.g. 10) containing a constant complementary hybridization domain can yield a combinatorial DNA-duplex library after hybridization with a complexity of x uniformly represented library members (e.g. 10).... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is part of PHEs Radiation Protection Adviser Services. PHE was the UKs first Radiation Protection Adviser Body, under the Ionising Radiations Regulations (IRR) 17 (which came from the International Commission on Radiological Protection). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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