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The lac gene and its derivatives are amenable to use as a reporter gene in a number of bacterial-based selection techniques such as two hybrid analysis, in which the successful binding of a transcriptional activator to a specific promoter sequence must be determined. In LB plates containing X-gal, the colour change fro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Primary (direct) immunofluorescence (DIF) uses a single antibody, conjugated to a fluorophore. The antibody recognizes the target molecule (antigen) and binds to a specific region, called the epitope. The attached fluorophore can be detected via fluorescent microscopy, which, depending on the type of fluorophore, will ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aluminum hydrides (AlH) such as lithium aluminum hydride can reduce diphosphene to give stable diphosphanes: (with Ar=2,4,6-BuCH) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with other transposable elements, the host organism keeps a heavy check on LINE1 to prevent it from becoming overly active. In the primitive eukaryote Entamoeba histolytica, ORF2 is massively expressed in antisense, resulting in no detectable amounts of its protein product. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A solution of 1.485 g 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate is added to a solution of 695 mg FeSO·7HO in distilled water, and the resulting red solution is diluted to 100 mL. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon uptake by plants typically discriminates against the light Si isotope, forming Si-enriched plants (δSi of 0–6‰). The reason for this relatively large isotopic fractionation remains unclear, mainly because the mechanisms of Si uptake by plants are yet to be understood. Silicon in plants can be found in the xylem... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Temperate climates have a high radiative cooling potential and higher average population densities when compared to desert climates, which may increase willingness to apply PDRCs in these zones. This is because these climatic zones tend to be "transitional" zones between dry and humid climates. High population areas in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Epstein's coefficient of difference is based on the differences in polarity and size between replaced pairs of amino acids. This index that distincts the direction of exchange between amino acids, described by 2 equations:
when smaller hydrophobic residue is replaced by larger hydrophobic or polar residue
when polar r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
From 2001 to 2007, nickel prices rose from an average of US$5945 to US$37,216. Nickel is a key constituent of 316L stainless steel. This, combined with increases in some of the other constituents of the 316L alloy, prompted Xstrata Technology (by then the marketing organisation for the Isa Process technology) to seek a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For molecules in the gas phase, the principal effects are Doppler and pressure broadening. This applies to rotational spectroscopy, rotational-vibrational spectroscopy and vibronic spectroscopy.
For molecules in the liquid state or in solution, collision and proximity broadening predominate and lines are much broader t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SBPase is a homodimeric protein, meaning that it is made up of two identical subunits. The size of this protein varies between species, but is about 92,000 Da (two 46,000 Da subunits) in cucumber plant leaves. The key functional domain controlling SBPase function involves a disulfide bond between two cysteine residue... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To a stirred mixture of 13.5 mL (4.09 mmol) of a 0.303 N standard solution of silylated N-acetylguanine in 1,2-dichloroethane and 1.86 g (3.7 mmol) of benzoate-protected 1-acetoxy ribose in 35 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane was added 6.32 mL (4.46 mmol) of a 0.705 N standard solution of TMSOTf in 1,2-dichloroethane. The reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkenes engage in an acid catalyzed hydration reaction using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst that gives usually secondary or tertiary alcohols. Formation of a secondary alcohol via alkene reduction and hydration is shown on the right:
The hydroboration-oxidation and oxymercuration-reduction of alkenes are more... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The distinctive feature of the Grignard reagents is their formation from the organic halide and magnesium metal. Most other group II organic compounds are generated by salt metathesis, which limits their accessibility. The formation of the Grignard reagents has received intense scrutiny. It proceeds by a SET process.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While a single subject/animal is perfused with multiple concentrations during the no-net-flux method, multiple subjects are perfused with a single concentration during the dynamic no-net-flux (DNNF) method. Data from the different subjects/animals is then combined at each time point for regression analysis allowing det... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since the industrial revolution 30% of the anthropogenic CO has been absorbed by the oceans, resulting in ocean acidification, which is a threat to calcifying alga. As a result, there has been profound interest in these calcifying algae, boosted by their major role in the global carbon cycle. Globally, coccolithophores... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to replicate, viruses introduce their genetic material into the host cell, tricking the hosts cellular machinery into using it as blueprints for viral proteins. Retroviruses go a stage further by having their genetic material copied into the nuclear genome of the host cell. Scientists exploit this by substitut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inorganic compounds exhibit a range of bonding properties. Some are ionic compounds, consisting of very simple cations and anions joined by ionic bonding. Examples of salts (which are ionic compounds) are magnesium chloride MgCl, which consists of magnesium cations Mg and chloride anions Cl; or sodium hydroxide NaOH, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When a water droplet is on a surface that is not flat and the surface topographical features lead to a surface area that is larger than that of a perfectly flat version of the same surface, the Wenzel model is a more accurate predictor of the wettability of this surface. Wenzel's model is described by the following equ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Instrumental analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that investigates analytes using scientific instruments. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Indo-1 is a popular calcium indicator similar to Fura-2. In contrast to Fura-2, Indo-1 has a dual emissions peak. The main emission peak in calcium-free solution is 475 nm while in the presence of calcium the emission is shifted to 400 nm. It is widely used in flow cytometry.
The penta potassium salt is commercially a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plant transformation vectors are plasmids that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of transgenic plants. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are T-DNA binary vectors and are often replicated in both E. coli, a common lab bacterium, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant-virulent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fractional oxidation states are often used to represent the average oxidation state of several atoms of the same element in a structure. For example, the formula of magnetite is , implying an average oxidation state for iron of +. However, this average value may not be representative if the atoms are not equivalent. In... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A concentration of hydrogen gas is used such that it is just below the minimum required for ignition. A rubidium or cesium bead, which is mounted over the nozzle, ignites the hydrogen (by acting catalytically), and forms a cold plasma. Excitation of the alkali metal results in ejection of electrons, which in turn are d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coelenterazine can be crystallized into orange-yellow crystals. The molecule absorbs light in the ultraviolet and visible spectrum, with peak absorption at 435 nm in methanol, giving the molecule a yellow color. The molecule spontaneously oxidizes in aerobic conditions or in some organic solvents such as dimethylformam... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two proteins are crucial for interacting ethylene with the receptors, namely constitutive triple response 1 (CTR1) and ethylene insensitive 2 (EIN2). CTR1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that functions as a negative regulator of ethylene signalling. It is a member of the signaling protein mitogen-activated protein... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Herman van Bekkum (26 September 1932 – 30 November 2020) was a Dutch organic chemist. He was professor of Catalysis in Organic Chemistry between 1971 and 1998 at Delft University of Technology. He served as rector magnificus of the university between 1975 and 1976. He was an expert in the field of carbohydrate chemistr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of an analytical instrument that utilizes the reduction-oxidation (redox) chemistry of oxygen in the presence of dissimilar metal electrodes was introduced during the 1950s. This redox electrode (also known as dissolved oxygen sensor) utilized an oxygen-permeable membrane to allow the diffusion of the g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The curve describing the relationship between the coefficient of friction and sliding speed of the clutch in manual transmission automobiles on a graph is known as a rooster tail characteristic. Formations can occur when a car's motor revs up over puddles, loose soil, or mud. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecules synthesized in the cell bodies of neurons must be conveyed outward to the distal synapses. This is accomplished via fast anterograde transport. It has been found that APP can mediate interaction between cargo and kinesin and thus facilitate this transport. Specifically, a short peptide 15-amino-acid sequence ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to IUPAC, the functionality of a monomer is defined as the number of bonds that a monomers repeating unit forms in a polymer with other monomers. Thus in the case of a functionality of f = 2 a linear polymer is formed by polymerizing (a thermoplastic). Monomers with a functionality f' ≥ 3 lead to a branching ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The complex is commercially available but can also be generated by the dissolution of diborane in THF. Alternatively, it can be prepared by the oxidation of sodium borohydride with iodine in THF.
The complex can reduce carboxylic acids to alcohols and is a common route for the reduction of amino acids to amino alcohols... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word "titration" descends from the French word titrer (1543), meaning the proportion of gold or silver in coins or in works of gold or silver; i.e., a measure of fineness or purity. Tiltre became titre, which thus came to mean the "fineness of alloyed gold", and then the "concentration of a substance in a given sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Bunsen reaction is a chemical reaction that describes water, sulfur dioxide, and iodine reacting to form sulfuric acid and hydrogen iodide:
: 2HO + SO + I → HSO + 2HI
This reaction is the first step in the sulfur-iodine cycle to produce hydrogen. The products separate into two aqueous layers, with the sulfuric acid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For instance, plutonium can be reprocessed into mixed oxide fuels and transmuted in standard reactors. However, this is limited by the accumulation of plutonium-240 in spent MOX fuel, which is neither particularly fertile (transmutation to fissile plutonium-241 does occur, but at lower rates than production of more plu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The zinc–bromine flow battery (Zn-Br2) is the oldest flow battery chemistry, with John Doyle's patent US224404 filed on September 29, 1879. Zn-Br2 batteries have relatively high specific energy, and they were demonstrated as power sources for electric cars in the 1970s.
Walther Kangro, an Estonian chemist working in Ge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key component of organic compounds such as – proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compound... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The binding of ligands (drug) to receptors is governed by the law of mass action which relates the large-scale status to the rate of numerous molecular processes. The rates of formation and un-formation can be used to determine the equilibrium concentration of bound receptors. The equilibrium dissociation constant is d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Expression vector in an expression host is now the usual method used in laboratories to produce proteins for research. Most proteins are produced in E. coli, but for glycosylated proteins and those with disulphide bonds, yeast, baculovirus and mammalian systems may be used. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urea in concentrations up to 10 M is a powerful protein denaturant as it disrupts the noncovalent bonds in the proteins. This property can be exploited to increase the solubility of some proteins. A mixture of urea and choline chloride is used as a deep eutectic solvent (DES), a substance similar to ionic liquid. When ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A neuromuscular non-depolarizing agent is a form of neuromuscular blocker that does not depolarize the motor end plate.
The quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants belong to this class. Quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants are quaternary ammonium salts used as drugs for muscle relaxation, most commonly in anesthesia. It i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Krische allylation involves the enantioselective iridium-catalyzed addition of an allyl group to an aldehyde or an alcohol, resulting in the formation of a secondary homoallylic alcohol. The mechanism of the Krische allylation involves primary alcohol dehydrogenation or, when using aldehyde reactants, hydrogen tran... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A nitroalkene, or nitro olefin, is a functional group combining the functionality of its constituent parts, an alkene and nitro group, while displaying its own chemical properties through alkene activation, making the functional group useful in specialty reactions such as the Michael reaction or Diels-Alder additions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the human, the uterine lining (endometrium) needs to be appropriately prepared so that the embryo can implant. In a natural cycle the embryo transfer takes place in the luteal phase at a time where the lining is appropriately undeveloped in relation to the status of the present Luteinizing Hormone. In a stimulated o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The -(+)-tartaric acid isomer of tartaric acid is industrially produced in the largest amounts. It is obtained from lees, a solid byproduct of fermentations. The former byproducts mostly consist of potassium bitartrate (KHCHO). This potassium salt is converted to calcium tartrate (CaCHO) upon treatment with calcium hyd... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Also from this process came results for several special cases of two stream solutions for plane parallel layers.
For the case of zero absorption, .
For the case of infinitesimal layers, , and the ART function gives results approaching equivalence to the remission function.
As the void fraction of a layer becomes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thermal conductivity of common solders ranges from 30 to 400 W/(m·K), and the density from 9.25 to 15.00 g/cm. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) is a method to grow semiconductor crystal layers from the melt on solid substrates. This happens at temperatures well below the melting point of the deposited semiconductor. The semiconductor is dissolved in the melt of another material. At conditions that are close to the equilibrium between... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Davy experimented on fragments of the Herculaneum papyri before his departure to Naples in 1818. His early experiments showed hope of success. In his report to the Royal Society Davy writes that:
When a fragment of a brown MS. in which the layers were strongly adhered, was placed in an atmosphere of chlorine, there wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Accelerated solvent extraction has found many applications in the food industry, including in:
* The testing of dietary seafoods for arsenic content
* Extraction of catechins from green tea samples
* Authentication of natural vanilla flavors
* The analysis of terpenoids and sterols in tobacco | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Testing of CIPP installations is required to confirm that the materials used comply with the site and engineering requirements. Since ground and ambient installation conditions as well as crew skills can affect the success or failure of a cure cycle, testing is performed by 3rd party laboratories in normal cases and sh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By doing a force balance on a small volume element in the fully developed flow region in the pipe (Laminar Flow), we get velocity as function of radius only i.e. it does not depend upon the axial distance from the entry point. The velocity as the function of radius comes out to be:
is constant.
By definition of avera... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Retromer is a complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and directly back to the plasma membrane. Mutations in retromer and its associated proteins have been linked to Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases.
Retromer is a het... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this technique siRNA first must be designed against the target gene. Once the siRNA is configured against the gene it has to be effectively delivered through a transfection protocol. Delivery is usually done by cationic liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, and lipid conjugation. This method is advantageous because it c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1913, the German chemist Max Bodenstein first put forth the idea of chemical chain reactions. If two molecules react, not only molecules of the final reaction products are formed, but also some unstable molecules which can further react with the parent molecules with a far larger probability than the initial reactan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pouring mercury onto a horizontal flat sheet of glass results in a puddle that has a perceptible thickness. The puddle will spread out only to the point where it is a little under half a centimetre thick, and no thinner. Again this is due to the action of mercury's strong surface tension. The liquid mass flattens out b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The functional analysis of genes and their coding sequences (open reading frames [ORFs]) typically requires that each ORF be expressed, the encoded protein purified, antibodies produced, phenotypes examined, intracellular localization determined, and interactions with other proteins sought. In a study conducted by the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gough is a cell biologist. She studied cell- and immunobiology, and molecular pathology and toxicology at the University of Leicester, graduating with a BSc in 1993 and an MSc in 1994, respectively. She continued her doctoral studies at the University of Nottingham, earning her PhD in Biomaterials in 1998. Between 1998... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Atrazine has often been blamed for affecting reproductive behavior of aquatic life, but the data do not support this assertion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxyhydrogen will combust when brought to its autoignition temperature. For the stoichiometric mixture in air, at normal atmospheric pressure, autoignition occurs at about 570 °C (1065 °F). The minimum energy required to ignite such a mixture, at lower temperatures, with a spark is about 20 microjoules. At standard t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most common carotenoids include lycopene and the vitamin A precursor β-carotene. In plants, the xanthophyll lutein is the most abundant carotenoid and its role in preventing age-related eye disease is currently under investigation. Lutein and the other carotenoid pigments found in mature leaves are often not obviou... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The early work performed by Katz and Schmitt demonstrated that ephaptic coupling between the two adjacent nerves was insufficient to stimulate an action potential in the resting nerve. Under ideal conditions the maximum depolarization observed was approximately 20% of the threshold stimulus. However, conditions can be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metal whiskering is a crystalline metallurgical phenomenon involving the spontaneous growth of tiny, filiform hairs from a metallic surface. The effect is primarily seen on elemental metals but also occurs with alloys.
The mechanism behind metal whisker growth is not well understood, but seems to be encouraged by compr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RPMs geared for interception of nuclear threats usually incorporate a neutron detection technology. The vast majority of all neutron detectors deployed in RPMs to date relies on He-3 tubes surrounded by neutron moderators. Since the end of 2009, however, the global He-3 supply crisis has made this technology unavaila... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Though to a far lesser extent than estrogen, which is the major mediator of mammary ductal development (via the ERα), progesterone may be involved in ductal development of the mammary glands to some extent as well. PR knockout mice or mice treated with the PR antagonist mifepristone show delayed although otherwise norm... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Standard approaches of this type, using atomic contributions, have been named by those formulating them with a prefix letter: AlogP, XlogP, MlogP, etc. A conventional method for predicting log P through this type of method is to parameterize the distribution coefficient contributions of various atoms to the overall mol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sensitization refers to the precipitation of carbides at grain boundaries in a stainless steel or alloy, causing the steel or alloy to be susceptible to intergranular corrosion or intergranular stress corrosion cracking.
Certain alloys when exposed to a temperature characterized as a sensitizing temperature become part... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benzenediazonium chloride reacts with compounds containing activated double bonds to produce phenylated products. The reaction is called the Meerwein arylation: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The last model involves transcriptional regulation by eRNAs at distant chromosomal locations. Through the differential recruitment of protein complexes, eRNAs can affect the transcriptional competency of specific loci. Evf-2 represents a good example of such trans regulatory eRNA as it can induce the expression of Dlx2... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1951 Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) developed the Teller-Ulam design for a thermonuclear weapon, allowing for the development of multi-megaton yield fusion bombs. Fusion work in the UK was classified after the Klaus Fuchs affair.
In the mid-1950s the theoretical tools used ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The standard Isa Process cathodes have slightly higher electrical resistance than solid-copper hanger bar systems used by the Kidd Process, meaning that there is a higher power cost. However, this cost is offset by greater reliability and predictability in the increase in resistance over time, allowing for maintenance ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrozirconation is a form of hydrometalation. Substrates for hydrozirconation are alkenes and alkynes. With terminal alkynes the terminal vinyl zirconium product is predominantly formed. Secondary reactions are nucleophilic additions, transmetalations, conjugate additions, coupling reactions, carbonylation and haloge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The lifetime of an antibubble on top of a water surface might be prolonged by making the water underneath it vibrate. Such antibubbles have been referred to as "walking bubbles" and have been proposed to be used as a model of quantum mechanical behavior.
Another way to increase the lifetime of antibubbles is by applyin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Induced-charge electrokinetics in physics is the electrically driven fluid flow and particle motion in a liquid electrolyte. Consider a metal particle (which is neutrally charged but electrically conducting) in contact with an aqueous solution in a chamber/channel. If different voltages apply to the end of this chamber... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human intestinal microbiota contribute to the etiology of colorectal cancer via their metabolome. In particular, the conversion of primary bile acids to secondary bile acids as a consequence of bacterial metabolism in the colon promotes carcinogenesis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The American Brass Superfund site is a former industrial site, located in Henry County, Alabama. American Brass Inc. (ABI) operated a brass smelter and foundry facility on the site between 1978 and 1992. Prior to its closure in December 1992, the company had been cited by the United States Environmental Protection Age... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, the faradaic current is the electric current generated by the reduction or oxidation of some chemical substance at an electrode. The net faradaic current is the algebraic sum of all the faradaic currents flowing through an indicator electrode or working electrode. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Every Fokker–Planck equation is equivalent to a path integral. The path integral formulation is an excellent starting point for the application of field theory methods. This is used, for instance, in critical dynamics.
A derivation of the path integral is possible in a similar way as in quantum mechanics. The derivatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TGFβ signaling at the cell membrane results in 2 different intracellular pathways. One of them depends on MED15, while the other is independent of MED15. In both human cells and Caenorhabditis elegans MED15 is involved in lipid homeostasis through the pathway involving SREBPs In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FSP has benefits for when two materials' would be needed to be mixed. “FSP is a short route, solid state processing technique with one-step processing that achieves microstructural refinement densification and homogeneity” (Ma) FSW helps modify materials so that metaling down or changing the material drastically does n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to legend, Puerto Mosquito is named after the Mosquito, the name of one of pirate Roberto Cofresí's ships. The bio bay was proclaimed a National Natural Landmark in 1980. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The journal is indexed in Index Medicus/PubMed/MEDLINE, Index Veterinarius, CAB Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents/Life Sciences, ProQuest, Science Citation Index, and others. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2019 impact factor is 4.060, ranking it 102nd out of 297 journals... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Hypophosphorous acid (or phosphinic acid), (or ), a monoprotic acid (meaning that only one of the hydrogen atoms is acidic). Its salts and esters are called hypophosphites or phosphinates. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transfer of thermal energy through direct contact between a closed system and its surroundings, is by the microscopic thermal motions of particles and their associated inter-molecular potential energies. The microscopic description of such processes are the province of statistical mechanics, not of macroscopic thermody... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The exchange between bulk and coordinated water is of fundamental interest as a measure of the intrinsic kinetic lability of metal ions. This rate is relevant to toxicity, catalysis, magnetic resonance imaging, and other effects. For octahedral mono- and dicationic aquo complexes, these exchange processes occur via a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following formula is used to calculate COD:
where b is the volume of FAS used in the blank sample, s is the volume of FAS in the original sample, and n is the normality of FAS. If milliliters are used consistently for volume measurements, the result of the COD calculation is given in mg/L.
The COD can also be estim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The toric code is a two-dimensional spin-lattice that acts as a quantum error-correcting code. It is defined on a two-dimensional lattice with toric boundary conditions with a spin-1/2 on each link. It can be shown that the ground-state of the standard toric code Hamiltonian is an equal-weight superposition of closed-s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The existence of multiple possible tautomers for individual chemical substances can lead to confusion. For example, samples of 2-pyridone and 2-hydroxypyridine do not exist as separate isolatable materials: the two tautomeric forms are interconvertible and the proportion of each depends on factors such as temperature, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, GGT consists of two polypeptide chains, a heavy and a light subunit, processed from a single chain precursor by an autocatalytic cleavage. The active site of GGT is known to be located in the light subunit.
Co-translational N-glycosylation serves a significant role in the proper autocatal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*, where k is the Boltzmann constant, and Ω denotes the volume of macrostate in the phase space or otherwise called thermodynamic probability.
*, for reversible processes only | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In microorganisms and plants TPP results from coupling of pyrimidine fragment HMP-PP with thiazole fragment HET-P to give thiamine monophosphate, followed by conversion to the pyrophosphate.
Biogenesis of HMP-P and HET-P vary with types of organism. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Few Ru(II) and Os(II) complexes react directly with arenes. Instead, arene complexes of these metals are typically prepared by treatment of M(III) precursors with cyclohexadienes. For example, heating alcohol solutions of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexadiene and ruthenium trichloride gives (benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Addition reactions occur when nucleophiles react with carbonyls. When a nucleophile adds to a simple aldehyde or ketone, the result is a 1,2-addition. When a nucleophile adds to a conjugated carbonyl system, the result is a 1,4-addition. The designations 1,2 and 1,4 are derived from numbering the atoms of the starti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Binary carbonyl clusters consist only of metal and CO. They are the most widely studied and used metal carbonyl clusters. They arise in general by the condensation of unsaturated metal carbonyls. Dissociation of CO from Ru(CO) would give Ru(CO), which could trimerize to Ru(CO). The reaction mechanisms are more complica... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs and NtRTIs) began in the 1980s when the AIDS epidemic hit Western societies. NRTIs inhibit the reverse transcriptase (RT), an enzyme that controls the replication of the genetic material of the human immunodeficiency virus (H... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ASF/SF2 has been shown to have a critical function in heart development, embryogenesis, tissue formation, cell motility, and cell viability in general. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because of the variation of the blade width, angle, and airfoil section along the blade, it is not possible to obtain a simple expression for the thrust, torque, and efficiency of propellers in general. A single element at about two-thirds or three-fourths of the tip radius is, however, fairly representative of the who... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Effluent sewer systems, also called septic tank effluent drainage (STED) or solids-free sewer (SFS) systems, have septic tanks that collect sewage from residences and businesses, and the effluent that comes out of the tank is sent to either a centralized sewage treatment plant or a distributed treatment system for furt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In stable isotope geochemistry, the Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation, also known as the Bigeleisen–Mayer equation or the Urey model, is a model describing the approximate equilibrium isotope fractionation in an isotope exchange reaction. While the equation itself can be written in numerous forms, it is generally presente... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the assumptions of the kinetic theory of ideal gases, one can consider that there are no intermolecular attractions between the molecules, or atoms, of an ideal gas. In other words, its potential energy is zero. Hence, all the energy possessed by the gas is the kinetic energy of the molecules, or atoms, of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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