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If a drug has already been identified for a target, that target is by definition druggable. If no known drugs bind to a target, then druggability is implied or predicted using different methods that rely on evolutionary relationships, 3D-structural properties or other descriptors. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is an anaerobic respiration process, marine microorganisms capable of performing DNRA are most commonly found in environments low in O, such as oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the water column, or sediments with steep O gradients.
DNRA has been documented in prokaryotes inh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The capacity of some compounds to change in function of the pH was known since the sixteenth century. This effect was even known before the development of acid-base theory. Those are found in a wide range of plants like roses, cornflowers, primroses and violets. Robert Boyle was the first person to describe this effect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. The RNA world hypothesis holds that in the primordial soup there existed free-floating pyrimidine and purine ribonucleotides, the fundamen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The colloidal probe technique is commonly used to measure interaction forces acting between colloidal particles and/or planar surfaces in air or in solution. This technique relies on the use of an atomic force microscope (AFM). However, instead of a cantilever with a sharp AFM tip, one uses the colloidal probe. The col... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other methods available for the preparation of 2,3-epoxy alcohols have the advantage that they do not begin with an existing 2,3-epoxy alcohol; however, they tend to involve more steps than epoxide migration. Asymmetric dihydroxylation may be used to synthesize epoxy alcohols with high stereoselectivity, and some of th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1990s, India stopped its research in cold fusion at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre because of the lack of consensus among mainstream scientists and the US denunciation of the research. Yet, in 2008, the National Institute of Advanced Studies recommended that the Indian government revive this research. Project... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ability of Lewis acids to coordinate to transition metals as σ-acceptor ligands was recognized as early as in the 1970s, but the so-called Z-type ligands remained curiosities until the early 2000s. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in this area, especially via the incorporation of Lewis acid ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A somatomedin receptor is a receptor which binds the somatomedins (IGFs). Somatomedin is abbreviated to IGF, in reference to insulin-like growth factor.
There are two types:
* Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)
* Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF-2R) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microbial protein (MP) can be created with micro-algae, bacteria, yeasts and microfungi (mycoprotein).
Examples of already available (commercialized) MP products include:
* Quorn
* Solein by Solar Foods
It can substitute meat and feed, mitigating environmental impacts of meat and other animal-based products. It could a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Electrolysis of water for hydrogen production combined with solar photovoltaics using alkaline, PEM, and SOEC electrolyzers; This basic use of solar light generated electric power to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen has proven a little bit more efficient than for example hydrogen capture by steam reforming. Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hari Punja, OF, OBE (born 1936) is an Indo-Fijian businessman and Chairman of Hari Punja Group of Companies. Hari Punja and Sons Limited is a very diversified (and probably the largest) company in Fiji.
Hari Punja was born in
Fiji and received his education in Fiji and Australia. He trained as a chemical engineer. Pun... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When only the static magnetic field (B) is turned on, the spin will precess around it with Larmor frequency ν and the corresponding angular frequency is ω.
According to mechanics, the equation of motion of the spin J is:
where μ is the magnetic moment.
g is g-factor, which is dimensionless and reflecting the environmen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Apart from being as a general tumor suppressor gene, p53 also plays an important part in regulating of metabolism. p53 activates hexokinase 2 (HK2) that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) which enters glycolysis to produce ATP, or enters the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). It therefore, supports macromolecu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction occurring between double bonds and ozone is known as ozonolysis when one molecule of the gas reacts with the double bond:
The immediate result is formation of an ozonide, which then decomposes rapidly so that the double bond is cleaved. This is the critical step in chain breakage when polymers are attacked... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Compounds that contain sulfur exhibit unique chemistry due to sulfur's ability to form more bonds than oxygen, its lighter analogue on the periodic table. Substitutive nomenclature (marked as prefix in table) is preferred over functional class nomenclature (marked as suffix in table) for sulfides, disulfides, sulfoxide... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Legonmycin is a compound that belongs to the pyrrolizidine backbone of naturally occurring alkaloids. Discovered by a joint team of researchers from University of Ghana, University of Aberdeen and Wuhan University, the compound was isolated from microorganisms at Legon (a suburb of Accra), and occurs in two forms; Leg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During enzyme catalytic reaction, the substrate and active site are brought together in a close proximity. This approach has various purposes. Firstly, when substrates bind within the active site the effective concentration of it significantly increases than in solution. This means the number of substrate molecules inv... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is a negative correlation between the frequency of mimics and the "survivability" of both species involved. This implies that it is reproductively beneficial for both species if the models outnumber the mimics; this increases the negative interactions between predator and prey. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many optical applications of fused quartz exploit its wide transparency range, which can extend well into the ultraviolet and into the near-mid infrared. Fused quartz is the key starting material for optical fiber, used for telecommunications.
Because of its strength and high melting point (compared to ordinary glass),... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Interferome is managed by a team at Monash University :Monash Institute of Medical Research and the University of Cambridge | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two adjacent structural units in a polymer molecule constitute a diad. Diads overlap: each structural unit is considered part of two diads, one diad with each neighbor. If a diad consists of two identically oriented units, the diad is called a meso diad (abbreviated m) as in a meso compound. If a diad consists of unit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
H-2 and H-6 in any 1,4-heterodisubstituted benzene are related by a mirror plane of symmetry passing through C-1 and C-4. They are therefore chemically equivalent (and magnetically equivalent by the chemical shift criterion) but, because they have different spatial and connectivity relations to H-3 (with 3-bond vs. 5-b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferritin is a hollow globular protein of mass 474 kDa and comprising 24 subunits. Typically it has internal and external diameters of about 8 and 12 nm, respectively. The nature of these subunits varies by class of organism:
* In vertebrates, the subunits are of two types, light (L) and heavy (H), which have apparent ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Androsterone sulfate, also known as 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 3α-sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and one of the major urinary metabolites of androgens. It is a steroid sulfate which is formed from sulfation of androsterone by the steroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1 and can be desulfated back in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The movement of so many chloroplast genes to the nucleus means that many chloroplast proteins that were supposed to be translated in the chloroplast are now synthesized in the cytoplasm. This means that these proteins must be directed back to the chloroplast, and imported through at least two chloroplast membranes.
Cur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Dahms pathway starts as the Weimberg pathway but the 2-keto-3 deoxy-xylonate is split by an aldolase to pyruvate and glycolaldehyde. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The individual hearths are lined with refractory brick, and the rabble arms are typically a force-cooled metal alloy. The entire structure is enclosed in a cylindrical brick-lined steel shell. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Macromolecular Interpenetration theory, also known as the diffusion theory, states that the mucoadhesive molecules and mucus glycoproteins mutually interact by means of interpenetration of their chains and the forming of secondary semi-permanent adhesive bonds. It is necessary that the mucoadhesive device has featu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lysine is a proteinaceous diamino acid (i.e. a component of proteins), and is accordingly coded by codons of the genetic material. In the pH range found inside living cells, both the amino groups are protonated, and they can be classified therefore as cationic amino acids.
Ornithine is a non-proteinaceous diamino acid.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Latent heat storage can be achieved through changes in the state of matter from liquid→solid, solid→liquid, solid→gas and liquid→gas. However, only solid→liquid and liquid→solid phase changes are practical for PCMs. Although liquid–gas transitions have a higher heat of transformation than solid–liquid transitions, liq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The journal publishes original research papers that include developments in analytical techniques, studies of geological-environmental reference materials, advances in statistical analysis of geoanalytical data, as well as data compilations, contributions to the characterisation of reference materials, as well as revie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In this biological process, which is a redox comproportionation reaction, nitrite and ammonium ions are converted directly into a diatomic molecule of nitrogen and water.
: (ΔG° = ).
Globally, this process may be responsible for 30–50% of the gas produced in the oceans. It is thus a major sink for fixed nitrogen and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thrombin is in the serine protease family. It has 3 binding domains in which thrombin-inhibition drugs bind to. Those proteases have a deep narrow gap as an active binding site that consists of two β-barrel subdomains that make up the surface gap which binds substrate peptides. The surface in the gap seems to have limi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wet granulation is a process of using a liquid binder to lightly agglomerate the powder mixture. The amount of liquid has to be properly controlled, as over-wetting will cause the granules to be too hard and under-wetting will cause them to be too soft and friable. Aqueous solutions have the advantage of being safer t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TOXMAP was a geographic information system (GIS) from the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that was deprecated on December 16, 2019. The application used maps of the United States to help users explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Confusion arises from the different meanings of the term "disulfide". Molybdenum disulfide (MoS) consists of separated sulfide centers, in association with molybdenum in the formal +4 oxidation state (that is, Mo and two S). Iron disulfide (pyrite, FeS) on the other hand consists of , or S–S dianion, in association wit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The oxidation of propionyl-CoA to form pyruvate is influenced by its necessity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accumulation of propionyl-CoA can lead to toxic effects. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it has been suggested that the metabolism of propionyl-CoA is involved in cell wall biogenesis. A lack of such catabolism ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organic compounds featuring two or more 2- and 3-aminocarboxylate groups are ligands of extensive use in nature, industry, and research. Famous examples include EDTA and NTA. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Si-V center is a single-hole (spin-1/2) system with ground and excited electronic states located within the diamond bandgap. The ground and excited electronic states have two orbital states split by spin–orbit coupling. Each of these spin–orbit states is doubly degenerate by spin, and this splitting can be affected... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molar refractivity, , is a measure of the total polarizability of a mole of a substance and is dependent on the temperature, the index of refraction, and the pressure.
The molar refractivity is defined as
where is the Avogadro constant and is the mean polarizability of a molecule.
Substituting the molar refractivity ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Currently, it is highly unlikely that the presence of unexpected or even unknown GMOs will be detected, since either the DNA sequence of the transgene or its product, the protein, must be known for detection. In addition, even testing for known GMOs is time-consuming and costly, as current reliable detection methods ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Silver ions have been shown to have potent antibacterial activity, and have been shown to affect the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This is due to their ability to form ligand complexes with proteins or enzymes in bacterial cells. Due to this unique property, these nanofoams create excellent air fi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many different pharmaceutical drugs that can produce adverse effects after biotransformation, interaction with alternate targets, or through drug-drug interactions. All pharmaceuticals can be toxic, depending on the dose. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a carbodiimide (systematic IUPAC name: methanediimine) is a functional group with the formula RN=C=NR. On Earth they are exclusively synthetic, but in interstellar space the parent compound HN=C=NH has been detected by its maser emissions.
A well known carbodiimide is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, whi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The previous derivations assumed that there is only one species, A, adsorbing onto the surface. This section considers the case when there are two distinct adsorbates present in the system. Consider two species A and B that compete for the same adsorption sites. The following hypotheses are made here:
# All the sites a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drosha shares striking structural similarity with the downstream ribonuclease Dicer, suggesting an evolutionary relationship, though Drosha and related enzymes are found only in animals while Dicer relatives are widely distributed, including among protozoans. Both components of the microprocessor complex are conserved ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nanocrystalline materials can be prepared in several ways. Methods are typically categorized based on the phase of matter the material transitions through before forming the nanocrystalline final product. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fuculose or 6-deoxy-tagatose is a ketohexose deoxy sugar. Fuculose is involved in the process of sugar metabolism. -Fuculose can be formed from -fucose by -fucose isomerase and converted to L-fuculose-1-phosphate by -fuculose kinase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steric effects arise from the spatial arrangement of atoms. When atoms come close together there is generally a rise in the energy of the molecule. Steric effects are nonbonding interactions that influence the shape (conformation) and reactivity of ions and molecules. Steric effects complement electronic effects, whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are numerous mosses or bog habitats in Scotland, many of them situated also in Aberdeenshire, including the Cookney Moss, Leuchar Moss and Red Moss of Netherley nearby. There are also many other shires within Scotland that contain mosses such as Fife, Angus, Morayshire and Lanarkshire. Some of these are lowland b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Block copolymers can "microphase separate" to form periodic nanostructures, such as styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer. The polymer is known as Kraton and is used for shoe soles and adhesives. Owing to the microfine structure, transmission electron microscope or TEM was used to examine the structure. The butadie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Michaelis–Becker reaction is the reaction of a hydrogen phosphonate with a base, followed by a nucleophilic substitution of phosphorus on a haloalkane, to give an alkyl phosphonate. Yields of this reaction are often lower than the corresponding Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis recommends, based on low-quality evidence, that 300 mg of CoQ be offered as a choice for prophylaxis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Testing for gold with acid capitalizes on gold's status as a noble metal, resistant to corrosion, oxidation, or acid. The procedure includes rubbing the gold-colored item on black stone, leaving a visible mark. The mark undergoes scrutiny by applying nitric acid, which dissolves the mark of any item not gold, stainless... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stable isotope ratios can be used to infer the environmental conditions during the formation of sedimentary rock. Using stoichiometry and knowledge of redox pathways, paleogeologists can use isotopes ratios of elements to determine the chemical composition of the water and sediments when burial occurred.
Sulfur isotope... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and glutaminolysis can also be targeted for cancer treatment, since they are essential for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Ivosidenib and Enasidenib, two FDA-approved cancer treatments, can arrest the TCA cycle of cancer cells by inhibiting isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2001, Gal Bitan, Aleksey Lomakin, and David B. Teplow applied PICUP to study amyloid β-protein (Aβ) oligomerization, which is observed in Alzheimer's disease. PICUP allowed for identifying and quantifying the Aβ oligomers that are metastable because of its ability to rapidly cross-link. Coupling PICUP with sodium do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Metal - Free Synthetic Organic Dyes, Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani, Razieh Moradi, Negar Lashgari, Hendrik G. Kruger, Elsevier 2018, ISBN 9780128156476 | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Butyric acid (; from , meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula . It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Altszyler et al. (2017) have shown that these ultrasensitivity measures can be linked by the following equation:
where denoted the mean value of the variable x over the range [a,b]. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nature can be used to provide important services for communities by protecting them against flooding or excessive heat, or helping to improve air, soil and water quality. When nature is harnessed by people and used as an infrastructural system it is called “green infrastructure”. Many such efforts take as their model p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2005 and again in 2011, the compound was prepared by total synthesis together with the unstrained compound riccardin C. In 2013, several other syntheses were reported for it and a racemic synthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A stereogenic center (or stereocenter) is an atom such that swapping the positions of two ligands (connected groups) on that atom results in a molecule that is stereoisomeric to the original. For example, a common case is a tetrahedral carbon bonded to four distinct groups a, b, c, and d (Cabcd), where swapping any tw... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nucleosides are molecules formed by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose or deoxyribose ring. Examples of these include cytidine (C), uridine (U), adenosine (A), guanosine (G), and thymidine (T).
Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides.
Both DNA and RNA are polymers, con... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Typical genera include:
* Citrobacter are peritrichous facultative anaerobic bacilli between 0.6–6 μm in length. Citrobacter species inhabit intestinal flora without causing harm, but can lead to urinary tract infections, bacteremia, brain abscesses, pneumonia, intra abdominal sepsis, meningitis, and joint infections i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* To increase pulmonary compliance.
* To prevent atelectasis (collapse of the alveoli or atriums) at the end of expiration.
* To facilitate recruitment of collapsed airways.
Alveoli can be compared to gas in water, as the alveoli are wet and surround a central air space. The surface tension acts at the air-water inter... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many different illnesses can cause an increase in metabolic activity as the body combats illness and disease in order to heal itself.
Hypermetabolism is a common symptom of various pathologies. Some of the most prevalent diseases characterized by hypermetabolism are listed below.
* Hyperthyroidism: Manifestation: An ov... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The timeline of physical chemistry lists the sequence of physical chemistry theories and discoveries in chronological order. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chelation therapy is an antidote for poisoning by mercury, arsenic, and lead. Chelating agents convert these metal ions into a chemically and biochemically inert form that can be excreted. Chelation using calcium disodium EDTA has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for serious cases of lead p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkylation is the addition of alkyl groups to molecules, often by alkylating agents such as alkyl halides.
Alkylating antineoplastic agents are a class of compounds that are used to treat cancer. In such case, the term alkyl is used loosely. For example, nitrogen mustards are well-known alkylating agents, but they are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TPV cells have been proposed as auxiliary power conversion devices for capture of otherwise lost heat in other power generation systems, such as steam turbine systems or solar cells. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Not all amino acid replacements have the same effect on function or structure of protein. The magnitude of this process may vary depending on how similar or dissimilar the replaced amino acids are, as well as on their position in the sequence or the structure. Similarity between amino acids can be calculated based on... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To date, ATM techniques have utilized THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) because of historical scarcity of strong THz sources and highly sensitive THz detectors that operate at room temperature. Many samples of interest contain large amounts of water that strongly absorb THz radiation, thus requiring a very strong ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The shutter in the closed position fits within the window casement. This was the prevalent approach in the Colonies from New York and south. An advantage is the additional security because the shutters can not be lifted from the pintles in the closed position. A disadvantage is that the shutters must be matched closely... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Magnetic isotope effects arise when a chemical reaction involves spin-selective processes, such as the radical pair mechanism. The result is that some isotopes react preferentially, depending on their nuclear spin quantum number I. This is in contrast to more familiar mass-dependent isotope effects. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The anion is prepared by treatment of phosphorus pentachloride with tetrachlorocatechol followed by a tertiary amine gives the anion:
:PCl + 3 CCl(OH) → H[P(OCCl)] + 5 HCl
:H[P(OCCl)] + BuN → BuNH [P(OCCl)]
Using a chiral amine, the anion can be readily resolved. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new drugs are discovered.
Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Later chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Montreal Protocol targeted 1,1,1-trichloroethane as one of those compounds responsible for ozone depletion and banned its use beginning in 1996. Since then, its manufacture and use have been phased out throughout most of the world. Its atmospheric presence has declined rapidly due to its relatively short atmospher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
These proteins are synthesized in the cell bodies of the supraoptic and paraventricular regions of the hypothalamus.
The disulfide-rich neurophysin protein is suggested to be congruent with the synthesis of insulin in which a precursor molecule of higher molecular weight is proteolytically cleaved and forms disulfide ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
No applications have been identified for ferrocene-containing dendrimers. They exhibit multielectron redox indicating that the ferrocenyl moieties are essentially noninteracting redox centers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Serine octamer cluster in physical chemistry is an unusually stable cluster consisting of eight serine molecules (Ser) implicated in the origin of homochirality. This cluster was first discovered in mass spectrometry experiments. Electrospray ionization of an aerosol of serine in methanol results in a mass spectrum... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mg is the coordinating metal ion in the chlorophyll molecule, and in plants where the ion is in high supply about 6% of the total Mg is bound to chlorophyll. Thylakoid stacking is stabilised by Mg and is important for the efficiency of photosynthesis, allowing phase transitions to occur.
Mg is probably taken up into ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Initially, fifteen companies signed agreements with FRI and grew to 37 by the first stockholder meeting in November 1952. Membership continued to grow to a peak of 94 companies in 1995. Membership declined thereafter to 67 in 2008, primarily due to mergers. At first, nearly all members were U. S. companies; but by 200... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Okorokov effect () or resonant coherent excitation, occurs when heavy ions move in crystals under channeling conditions. V. Okorokov predicted this effect in 1965 and it was first observed by Sheldon Datz in 1978. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Environmental engineering is a professional engineering discipline related to environmental science. It encompasses broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organism... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With diffusion together with a uniform flow with velocity in the lateral direction, the autocorrelation is:
where is the average residence time if there is only a flow (no diffusion). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS) is a subset of the analytical technique known as atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another application is in radiochemistry, where this may refer to isotopic ratios or isotopic abundances. Mathematically, the isotopic abundance is
where N are the number of atoms of the isotope of interest and N is the total number of atoms, while the atomic ratio is
For example, the isotopic ratio of deuterium (D) to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are two important and related classes of reactions in organometallic chemistry. Oxidative addition is a process that increases both the oxidation state and coordination number of a metal centre. Oxidative addition is often a step in catalytic cycles, in conjunction with its ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
miCLIP (Methylation induced crosslinking immunoprecipitation) was used to detect NSUN2 targets, which were found to be mostly non-coding RNAs such as tRNA. An induced mutation of C271A in NSUN2 inhibits release of enzyme from RNA target. This mutation was over-expressed in the cells of interest, and the mutated NSUN2 w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1993, the IUPAC proposed the shorter name "dalton" (with symbol "Da") for the unified atomic mass unit. As with other unit names such as watt and newton, "dalton" is not capitalized in English, but its symbol, "Da", is capitalized. The name was endorsed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from reactions of oxygen with products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. At the inner mitochondrial membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which provides the energy d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Scientists agree that the event that separated myoglobin from hemoglobin occurred after lampreys diverged from jawed vertebrates. This separation of myoglobin and hemoglobin allowed for the different functions of the two molecules to arise and develop: myoglobin has more to do with oxygen storage while hemoglobin is ta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The thylakoid ATP synthase is a CF1FO-ATP synthase similar to the mitochondrial ATPase. It is integrated into the thylakoid membrane with the CF1-part sticking into the stroma. Thus, ATP synthesis occurs on the stromal side of the thylakoids where the ATP is needed for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One aim of the Manhattan Project was increasing the availability of concentrated radioactive and stable isotopes, in particular C, S, P, and deuterium for heavy water. Harold Urey, Nobel laureate physical chemist known for his discovery of deuterium, became its head of isotope separation research while a professor at C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Ekman transport leads to coastal upwelling, which provides the nutrient supply for some of the largest fishing markets on the planet and can impact the stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet by pulling warm deep water onto the continental shelf. Wind in these regimes blows parallel to the coast (such as along the coast... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Butterfly wings possess not only ultra-hydrophobic trait but also directional adhesive characteristics. If the water bead is along the radial outward (RO) direction from the body’s central axis, it rolls off and cleans the dirt away, leading to self-cleaning. On the other hand, if droplets stand against the opposite di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The slow block to polyspermy in the sea urchin is mediated by the PIP secondary messenger system. Activation of the binding receptors activates PLC, which cleaves PIP in the egg plasma membrane, releasing IP into the egg cell cytoplasm. IP diffuses to the ER, where it opens Ca channels. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nitrile ylides can be obtained by the addition of electrophilic carbenes to nitriles, by the photochemical ring opening of azirines and by dehydrochlorination of imidoyl chlorides. The latter is the most reliable method. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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