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Most of the well-recognized phototrophs are autotrophic, also known as photoautotrophs, and can fix carbon. They can be contrasted with chemotrophs that obtain their energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. Photoautotrophs are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances usi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by scientists Henri Becquerel and Marie Skłodowska-Curie, while working with phosphorescent materials. These materials glow in the dark after exposure to light, and Becquerel suspected that the glow produced in cathode ray tubes by X-rays might be associated with phosphorescence. He... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
is a common Lewis-acid catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions, both acylations and alkylations. Important products are detergents and ethylbenzene. These types of reactions are the major use for aluminium chloride, for example, in the preparation of anthraquinone (used in the dyestuffs industry) from benzene and phosgen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of antioxidants to prevent some diseases is controversial. In a high-risk group like smokers, high doses of beta carotene increased the rate of lung cancer since high doses of beta-carotene in conjunction of high oxygen tension due to smoking results in a pro-oxidant effect and an antioxidant effect when oxygen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pulsed SILAC (pSILAC) is a variation of the SILAC method where the labelled amino acids are added to the growth medium for only a short period of time. This allows monitoring differences in de novo protein production rather than raw concentration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Mountain Pass deposit is in a 1.4 billion-year-old Precambrian carbonatite intruded into gneiss. It contains 8% to 12% rare-earth oxides, mostly contained in the mineral bastnäsite. Gangue minerals include calcite, barite, and dolomite. It is regarded as a world-class rare-earth mineral deposit. The metals that can... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Occupational exposure to PFASs occurs in numerous industries due to the widespread use of the chemicals in products and as an element of industrial process streams. PFASs are used in more than 200 different ways in industries as diverse as electronics and equipment manufacturing, plastic and rubber production, food and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A coin assayer is often assigned to each mint or assay office to determine and assure that all coins produced at the mint have the correct content or purity of each metal specified, usually by law, to be contained in them. This was particularly important when gold and silver coins were produced for circulation and used... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xenin promotes beta-cell survival and xenin has been evaluated in animal models of obesity and diabetes where it has demonstrated an antidiabetic potential. In humans, co-administration of xenin-25 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) reduces postprandial glycemia by delaying gastric emptying. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Practical applications of the respiratory quotient can be found in severe cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in which patients spend a significant amount of energy on respiratory effort. By increasing the proportion of fats in the diet, the respiratory quotient is driven down, causing a relative decrease i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many human tumors occur because of dysregulation of mTOR signaling, and can confer higher susceptibility to inhibitors of mTOR. Deregulations of multiple elements of the mTOR pathway, like PI3K amplification/mutation, PTEN loss of function, AKT overexpression, and S6K1, 4EBP1, and eIF4E overexpression have been related... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reduction of hydroxylamine by e(aq) has also been suggested to produce the amino radical in the following reaction.
The reactivity of the amino radical in this reaction is expected to be pH dependent and should occur in the region of pH 3–7. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aluminium hydroxide finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications. It is selected for these applications because it is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties. Magnesium hydroxide and mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are used similarly. It decomposes at ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Insulin is synthesized and secreted in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Once insulin is synthesized, the beta cells are ready to release it in two different phases. As for the first phase, insulin release is triggered rapidly when the blood glucose level is increased. The second phase is a slow release of ne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycoproteins have distinct Oligosaccharide structures which have significant effects on many of their properties, affecting critical functions such as antigenicity, solubility, and resistance to proteases. Glycoproteins are relevant as cell-surface receptors, cell-adhesion molecules, immunoglobulins, and tumor antigen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a genes DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the genes DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA). Second, that mRNA is translated to protein. RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated into protei... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Salters School of Chemistry is a branch of Christs Hospital that teaches mainly chemistry to all Christs Hospital pupils. It was founded by Samuel Porter and the Worshipful Company of Salters (one of the livery company that sponsors children to study at CH) in 1993. It is currently Christs Hospitals Chemistry Dep... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flucloxacillin, also known as floxacillin, is an antibiotic used to treat skin infections, external ear infections, infections of leg ulcers, diabetic foot infections, and infection of bone. It may be used together with other medications to treat pneumonia, and endocarditis. It may also be used prior to surgery to prev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) phase diagram is often used when heat treating steel. These diagrams are used to represent which types of phase changes will occur in a material as it is cooled at different rates. These diagrams are often more useful than time-temperature-transformation diagrams because it is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The uranium is then stripped from the DEHPA/kerosene solution with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or carbonate solutions. Sodium carbonate solutions effectively strip uranium from the organic layer, but the sodium salt of DEHPA is somewhat soluble in water, which can lead to loss of the extractant. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The screw axis is noted by a number, n, where the angle of rotation is . The degree of translation is then added as a subscript showing how far along the axis the translation is, as a portion of the parallel lattice vector. For example, 2 is a 180° (twofold) rotation followed by a translation of of the lattice vector... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Flory–Fox equation serves the purpose of providing a model for how glass transition temperature changes over a given molecular weight range. Another method to modify the glass transition temperature is to add a small amount of low molecular weight diluent, commonly known as a plasticizer, to the polymer. The pres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Born in Ararat, Victoria, Sarfati moved with his family to New Zealand as a child, where he became a dual Australian and New Zealand citizen. He attended Wellington College in New Zealand, later graduating from Victoria University of Wellington with a BSc (Hons.) in chemistry, and a PhD in the same subject for a thesis... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photosystem II light-harvesting proteins are the intrinsic transmembrane proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB) occurring in the reaction centre of photosystem II (PSII). These polypeptides bind to chlorophyll a and β-Carotene and pass the excitation energy on to the reaction centre.
This family also includes the iron-st... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Manufacturers of bulk tape provided extremely detailed technical descriptions of their product, with numerous charts and dozens of numeric parameters. From the end user viewpoint, the most important electromagnetic properties of the tape are:
* Maximum output levels, usually specified in dB relative to the nominal zero... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a zeta-potential titration, the Zeta potential is the indicator. Measurement of the zeta potential can be performed using microelectrophoresis, or electrophoretic light scattering, or electroacoustic phenomena. The last method makes possible to perform titrations in concentrated systems, with no dilution. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At present the IPF employs about 480 people. Scientists (chemists, physicists, biologists) and engineers work closely together. About 100 guest scientists from all over the world come every year for some weeks or months to work at the IPF. The institute supports young researchers, e.g. in establishing independent rese... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The zilch is often described in terms of the zilch tensor, . The latter can be expressed using the dual electromagnetic tensor as
The zilch tensor is symmetric under the exchange of its first two indices, and , while it is also traceless with respect to any two indices, as well as divergence-free with respect to any ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Gibbsian ensemble idealizes the notion of repeating an experiment again and again on different systems, not again and again on the same system. So long-term time averages and the ergodic hypothesis, despite the intense interest in them in the first part of the twentieth century, strictly speaking are not relevant t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The precursor to RREMS was the Radioactive Incident Monitoring Network (RIMNET), established in 1988 as a response to the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. RIMNET was managed by the Met Office and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
RIMNET data was collected at a central computer based in a DEFRA building in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jander was born in Altdöbern, Oberspreewald-Lausitz. Jander studied in Technical University of Munich, and at University of Berlin where he received his Ph.D for work with Arthur Rosenheim in 1917. He joined Richard Zsigmondy at the University of Göttingen. He became professor in 1925 and after a two-year period being... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chelation therapy is a form of medical treatment in which a chelating ligand is used to selectively remove a metal from the body. When the metal exists as a divalent ion, such as with lead, Pb or mercury, Hg selectivity against calcium, Ca and magnesium, Mg, is essential in order that the treatment does not remove esse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1958, research for project SUNSHINE was brought to Belgium. Scientists started doing tests that were slightly different than those done previously in the United States and Europe by analyzing soils in agricultural regions instead of human bones. They headed in two main directions: environmental surveys and experime... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A combination of different types of constructed wetlands is possible to use the specific advantages of each system. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* The reaction 2 H + O → 2 HO provides an example of chain branching. The propagation is a sequence of two steps whose net effect is to replace an H atom by another H atom plus two OH radicals. This leads to an explosion under certain conditions of temperature and pressure.
** H• + O → •OH + •O•
** •O• + H → •OH + H•
*... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The precursor to acetic acid is the thioester acetyl CoA. The key aspects of the acetogenic pathway are several reactions that include the reduction of carbon dioxide () to carbon monoxide (CO) and the attachment of CO to a methyl group (–CH). The first process is catalyzed by enzymes called carbon monoxide dehydrogena... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Loading: The first amino acid is activated with ATP as a mixed acyl-phosphoric acid anhydride with AMP by the A-domain and loaded onto the serine-attached 4-phospho-pantethine (4PP) sidechain of the PCP-domain catalyzed by the PCP-domain (thiolation).
* Some A domains require interaction with MbtH-like proteins for t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Regulation of CYP7A1 occurs at several levels including synthesis. Bile acids, steroid hormones, inflammatory cytokines, insulin, and growth factors inhibit CYP7A1 transcription through the 5′-upstream region of the promoter. The average life of this enzyme is between two and three hours. Activity can be regulated by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Nanocoulombmeter in combination with a Faraday cup can be used
to detect and measure the beams emitted from ion guns. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In mathematics and physics, a soliton is a nonlinear, self-reinforcing, localized wave packet that is strongly stable, in that it preserves its shape while propagating freely, at constant velocity, and recovers it even after collisions with other such localized wave packets. Its remarkable stability can be traced to a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is a need for new methods of C radiosynthesis because current methods are largely limited to methylation. The Vasdev lab has co-developed new techniques of CO fixation that are suitable for human use with diverse precursors synthesized by labeling at the carbonyl group (rather than the common methyl group). This ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein that exhibits green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range. The label GFP traditionally refers to the protein first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and is sometimes called avGFP. However, GFPs have been found in other organisms... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Van 't Hoff relation is particularly useful for the determination of the micellization enthalpy of surfactants from the temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentration (CMC):
However, the relation loses its validity when the aggregation number is also temperature-dependent, and the following relation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biologically synthesized organofluorines are few in number, although some are widely produced. The most common example is fluoroacetate, with an active poison molecule identical to commercial "1080". It is used as a defense against herbivores by at least 40 green plants in Australia, Brazil, and Africa; other biologica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, Beltrami flows are flows in which the vorticity vector and the velocity vector are parallel to each other. In other words, Beltrami flow is a flow in which the Lamb vector is zero. It is named after the Italian mathematician Eugenio Beltrami due to his derivation of the Beltrami vector field, while... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NAIL-MS (short for nucleic acid isotope labeling coupled mass spectrometry) is a technique based on mass spectrometry used for the investigation of nucleic acids and its modifications. It enables a variety of experiment designs to study the underlying mechanism of RNA biology in vivo. For example, the dynamic behaviour... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. If accurate DNA repair is deficient, DNA damages tend to accumulate. Unrepaired DNA damage can increase mutational errors during DNA replication due to error-prone translesion synthesis. DNA damage can also increase epigenetic alterations due to errors du... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ECPM is a hub for scientific research. Five laboratories associated with the CNRS form the ECPM's research federation. The fields of research are varied: materials, catalysis, polymers, organic synthesis, analysis of biomolecules. The laboratories collaborate with industries and major European research organization... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins. The term also refers to the hypothesis that posits the existence of this stage.
Alexander Rich first proposed the concept of the RNA world in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Freshwaters are surprisingly difficult to sample because they are rarely homogeneous and their quality varies during the day and during the year. In addition the most representative sampling locations are often at a distance from the shore or bank increasing the logistic complexity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Estimates in 2023 found that the current carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere may be the highest it has been in the last 14 million years. However the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report estimated similar levels 3 to 3.3 million years ago in the mid-Pliocene warm period. This period can be a proxy for likely climate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following equation can be used to correct a measured pollutant concentration in an emitted gas (containing a measured CO content) to an equivalent pollutant concentration in an emitted gas containing a specified reference amount of CO:
Thus, a measured particulates concentration of 0.1 grain per dscf in a gas that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A typical run-around coil system comprises two or more multi-row finned tube coils connected to each other by a pumped pipework circuit. The pipework is charged with a heat exchange fluid, normally water, which picks up heat from the exhaust air coil and gives up heat to the supply air coil before returning again. Thu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the United States in 1964, the Federal Trade Commission proscribed the use of the word leakproof or the phrase "guaranteed leakproof" in advertisements for or on the packages of dry-cell batteries, as they had determined that no manufacturer had yet developed a battery that was truly impervious to leaking. The FTC r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zinc chloride is a common reagent in the laboratory useful Lewis acid in organic chemistry.
Molten zinc chloride catalyses the conversion of methanol to hexamethylbenzene:
Other examples include catalyzing (A) the Fischer indole synthesis, and also (B) Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions involving activated aromatic rin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the major differences between p-block-element-centered porphyrins and transition-metal-centered porphyrins is the far smaller size of the interstitial atom, especially in the case of the first-row p-block. Other than protons, the next smallest atom known to bind to the central N pocket is lithium. The first two ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Particularly for older samples, it may be useful to enrich the amount of in the sample before testing. This can be done with a thermal diffusion column. The process takes about a month and requires a sample about ten times as large as would be needed otherwise, but it allows more precise measurement of the / ratio in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The virion is a flexible filament (worm-like chain) about 6 nm in diameter and 900 nm long. Several thousand copies of a small (50 amino-acid residues) elongated alpha-helical major coat protein subunit (the product of gene 8, or p8) in an overlapping shingle-like array form a hollow cylinder enclosing the circular sin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mud cake (also mudcake) is the layer of particulates from drill mud coating (caking) the inside of a borehole after the suspension medium has seeped through a porous geological formation. Similar to filter cake.
Mud cake provides a physical barrier to prevent further penetration and loss of drilling fluid, as well a la... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Q-vectors are used in atmospheric dynamics to understand physical processes such as vertical motion and frontogenesis. Q-vectors are not physical quantities that can be measured in the atmosphere but are derived from the quasi-geostrophic equations and can be used in the previous diagnostic situations. On meteorologica... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metabolism and homeostasis of fatty acid synthase is transcriptionally regulated by Upstream Stimulatory Factors (USF1 and USF2) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) in response to feeding/insulin in living animals.
Although liver X receptors (LXRs) modulate the expression of sterol regulatory el... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mercury(I) oxide, also known as mercurous oxide, is an inorganic metal oxide with the chemical formula HgO.
It is a brown/black powder, insoluble in water but soluble in nitric acid. With hydrochloric acid, it reacts to form calomel, HgCl. Mercury(I) oxide is toxic but without taste or smell. It is chemically unstable ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On 20 October 1818, Davy was created a baronet; this was the first such honour conferred on a man of science in Britain. It was followed a year later with the presidency of the Royal Society. The Society was in transition from a club for gentlemen interested in natural philosophy, connected with the political and socia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aluminium chloride is manufactured on a large scale by the exothermic reaction of aluminium metal with chlorine or hydrogen chloride at temperatures between .
Aluminium chloride may be formed via a single displacement reaction between copper(II) chloride and aluminium.
In the US in 1993, approximately 21,000 tons were ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain (fMRS) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study brain metabolism during brain activation. The data generated by fMRS usually shows spectra of resonances, instead of a brain image, as with MRI. The area under peaks in the spectrum represents relative concentr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Italy a shortage of coal led the steel industry to specialize in the use of hydro-electrical energy, exploiting ideas pioneered by Ernesto Stassano from 1898 (Stassano furnace). Despite periods of innovation (1907–14), growth (1915–18), and consolidation (1918–22), early expectations were only partly realized. Steel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Crystal structures of the resting or ground states of AR1 (3.4 Å resolution), AR2 (1.8 Å resolution) and AR3 (1.07 and 1.3 Å) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. Proteins possess seven transmembrane α-helices and a two-stranded extracellular-facing β-sheet. Retinal is covalently bonded via Schiff base to a ly... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
David Auerbach has described an effect that he observed in samples in glass beakers placed into a liquid cooling bath. In all cases the water supercooled, reaching a temperature of typically before spontaneously freezing. Considerable random variation was observed in the time required for spontaneous freezing to start... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Light scattering spectroscopy has been applied for detection of precancer in many organs including esophagus, colon, urinary bladder, oral cavity, cervix, pancreatic cyst, stomach, skin, and bile duct. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1996, Waters was awarded the Massey Medal of Massey University, in recognition of services to the university and to science. In the 2006 New Year Honours, she was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to chemistry.
Waters was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1999... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term sewage treatment plant (STP) (or sewage treatment works) is nowadays often replaced with the term wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Strictly speaking, the latter is a broader term that can also refer to industrial wastewater treatment.
The terms water recycling center or water reclamation plants are also in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The CFIIm complex is responsible for transcription termination and triggering the disassembly of the elongation complex. It is composed of only two proteins:
*PCF11
*CLP1 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isoserine is a non-proteinogenic α-hydroxy-β-amino acid, and an isomer of serine. Non-proteinogenic amino acids do not form proteins, and are not part of the genetic code of any known organism. Isoserine has only been produced synthetically.
The first documented synthesis of isoserine in a laboratory setting was by Miy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
After amplification with PCR, samples are loaded into a gel (either agarose or polyacrylamide) for gel electrophoresis. The differing sizes created through random amplification will separate along the gel in a repeatable manner depending on the sample source. This creates a distinct DNA fingerprint.
Unlike traditional ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hybridization is one way to determine the sequence of a DNA strand from detecting the changes in the length of a hairpin. When a probe hybridizes to an open hairpin, complete refolding of the hairpin is stalled, and the position of the hybridized probe can be inferred. Thus the sequence of a DNA fragment of interest ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At room temperature, taurates are usually pasty masses, which dissolve well in water and react then neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 7–8). Their toxicity is low (the LD, rat, oral is 7800 mg·kg for cocoyl tauride). They are easily biodegradable, they are not prone to bioaccumulation, but they are harmful to aquatic org... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) experiment:
** The CUORE experiment consists of an array of 988 ultra-cold TeO crystals (for a total mass of 206 kg of ) used as bolometers to detect the emitted beta particles and as the source of the decay. CUORE is located underground at the Laboratori Naz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The grandson of Eastern European Jewish immigrants, Braterman was born and raised in London. He received his Master of Arts and DPhil degrees from Balliol College, Oxford. In 1985 he received a DSc degree.
After postdoctoral research at University College London (adviser Robert Williams), and University of California ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
De-AMPylation is the reverse reaction in which the AMP molecule is detached from the amino acid side of a chain protein.
There are three known mechanisms for this reaction.
The bacterial GS-ATase (GlnE) encodes a bipartite protein with separate N-terminal AMPylation and C-terminal de-AMPylation domains whose activity ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IUPAC 1961 definition of the unified atomic mass unit, with that name and symbol "u", was adopted by the International Bureau for Weights and Measures (BIPM) in 1971 as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
The term is usually used for small molecules. Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A transmetallation involves a ligand transfer to one another such as this:
M is not limited to any main group and/or transition metal. R can be limited to almost any phosphine, aryl, alkyl, halogen, hydrogen and/or carbene.
In this case organoberyllium can form reactions such as: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A disc, also known as a valve member, is a movable obstruction inside the stationary body that adjustably restricts flow through the valve. Although traditionally disc-shaped, discs come in various shapes. Depending on the type of valve, a disc can move linearly inside a valve, or rotate on the stem (as in a butterfly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rotational spectroscopy has primarily been used to investigate fundamental aspects of molecular physics. It is a uniquely precise tool for the determination of molecular structure in gas-phase molecules. It can be used to establish barriers to internal rotation such as that associated with the rotation of the group r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When bonded side-on to a single metal atom, an alkyne serves as a dihapto usually two-electron donor. For early metal complexes, e.g., CpTi(CR), strong π-backbonding into one of the π* antibonding orbitals of the alkyne is indicated. This complex is described as a metallacyclopropene derivative of Ti(IV). For late tra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
With the invention of hollow casting bronze became the most important medium of monumental sculpture, largely because of its strength and lightness, which admitted poses that would not be possible in stone. But the value of the metal in later ages has involved the destruction of nearly all such statues. The few complet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resazurin is prepared by acid-catalyzed condensation between resorcinol and 4-nitrosoresorcinol followed by oxidation of the intermediate with manganese(IV) oxide:
Treatment of the crude reaction product with excess sodium carbonate yields the sodium salt of resazurin, which is typically the commercial form of the dye.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chinese compound combines the common word outside; exterior; external with cinnabar; vermillion; elixir; alchemy. The antonym of is meaning inside; inner; internal, and the term external elixir/alchemy was coined in connection with the complementary term internal elixir/alchemy.
The sinologist and expert... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, a pentagonal bipyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the centre with seven ligands at the corners of a pentagonal bipyramid. A perfect pentagonal bipyramid belongs to the molecular point group D.
The pentagonal bipyramid is a case where bond angles surrounding an atom are not identical (see als... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Atomic Homefront is a 2017 documentary film about the effects of radioactive waste stored in West Lake Landfill in St. Louis County, Missouri, by Rebecca Cammisa and co-produced by James Freydberg and Larissa Bills. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2017, Russia banned imports of beef from New Zealand after finding ractopamine in New Zealand beef. Ractopamine is not registered for use in cattle in New Zealand. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the surroundings of a thermodynamic system, external to it, all the various mechanical and non-mechanical macroscopic forms of work can be converted into each other with no limitation in principle due to the laws of thermodynamics, so that the energy conversion efficiency can approach 100% in some cases; such conver... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another drug delivery system that has shown potential for chemotactic applicability is protocells. In general, protocells are artificial cells that mimic living cells but cannot reproduce and have genetic mutations like living cells do. Moreover, protocells combine the advantages of liposomes with that of mesoporous si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is the standardized method to deal with durability, also known as deem-to-satisfy approach, and provided by current european regulation EN 206. It is required that the designer identifies the environmental exposure conditions and the expected degradation process, assessing the correct exposure class. Once this is de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Large scale use of chloromethane is for the production of dimethyldichlorosilane and related organosilicon compounds. These compounds arise via the direct process. The relevant reactions are (Me = CH):
:x MeCl + Si → MeSiCl, MeSiCl, MeSiCl, MeSiCl, ...
Dimethyldichlorosilane (MeSiCl) is of particular value as a precurs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The determination of solubility is fraught with difficulties. First and foremost is the difficulty in establishing that the system is in equilibrium at the chosen temperature. This is because both precipitation and dissolution reactions may be extremely slow. If the process is very slow solvent evaporation may be an is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A chloridometer is a measuring instrument used to determine the concentration of chloride ions (Cl) in a solution. It uses a process known as coulometric titration or amperostatic coulometry, the accepted electrochemistry reference method to determine the concentration of chloride in biological fluids, including blood ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The CBP of this type, also known as parG is composed of:
* N-terminal NTPase binding domain
* Ribon-Helix-Helix (RHH) domain
For this type, the parS site is called parC. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In molecular spectroscopy, a Jablonski diagram is a diagram that illustrates the electronic states and often the vibrational levels of a molecule, and also the transitions between them. The states are arranged vertically by energy and grouped horizontally by spin multiplicity. Nonradiative transitions are indicated by ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ethene and oxygen are passed co-currently in a reaction tower at about 130 °C and 400 kPa. The catalyst is an aqueous solution of PdCl and CuCl. The acetaldehyde is purified by extractive distillation followed by fractional distillation. Extractive distillation with water removes the lights ends having lower boiling p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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