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Another type of environmental contaminant can be found in the form of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), specifically when they come in contact with organic agriculture. This sort of contamination can result in the decertification of a farm. This sort of contamination can at times be difficult to control, necessita... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another way of deriving the Gibbs-Duhem equation can be found by taking the extensivity of energy into account. Extensivity implies that
where denotes all extensive variables of the internal energy . The internal energy is thus a first-order homogenous function. Applying Euler's homogeneous function theorem, one finds... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although there is significant insight as to how OPVs work, it is still difficult to relate the devices functionality to local film structures. This difficulty may be attributed to the minimal current generation at a given point within OPVs. Through pc-AFM, OPV devices can be probed at nano-scale level and can help to i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tire derived fuel is usually consumed in the form of shredded or chipped material with most of the metal wire from the tire's steel belts removed. The analytical properties of this refined material are published in TDF Produced From Scrap Tires with 96+% Wire Removed.
Tires are typically composed of about 1 to 1.5% Zin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CooA is a heme-containing transcription factor that responds to the presence of carbon monoxide. This protein forms homodimers and is a homolog of cAMP receptor protein. CooA regulates the expression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO. The most well-studied CooA homolo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In environments where nuclear safety and radiation protection are required, radioactive contamination is a concern. Radioactive substances can appear on surfaces, or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable, and processes can give rise to their prese... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Chester (closed 24 August 1962)
* Dublin (1801-1922 part of UK system – see Dublin Assay Office)
* Exeter (closed 1883)
* Glasgow (closed 31 March 1964)
* Newcastle (closed 1884)
* Norwich (closed 1702)
* York (closed 1857) | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Over-activation of mTOR signaling significantly contributes to the initiation and development of tumors and mTOR activity was found to be deregulated in many types of cancer including breast, prostate, lung, melanoma, bladder, brain, and renal carcinomas. Reasons for constitutive activation are several. Among the most ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dioxygen complexes are the precursors to other families of oxygenic ligands. Metal oxo compounds arise from the cleavage of the O–O bond after complexation. Hydroperoxo complexes are generated in the course of the reduction of dioxygen by metals. The reduction of O by metal catalysts is a key half-reaction in fuel cel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spliceosomal splicing and self-splicing involve a two-step biochemical process. Both steps involve transesterification reactions that occur between RNA nucleotides. tRNA splicing, however, is an exception and does not occur by transesterification.
Spliceosomal and self-splicing transesterification reactions occur via... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
DNA twist defects are when the addition of one or a few base pairs from one DNA segment are transferred to the next segment resulting in a change of the DNA twist. This will not only change the twist of the DNA but it will also change the length. This twist defect eventually moves around the nucleosome through the tran... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Compounds containing 2 geminal phosphonate groups are known as bisphosphonates. They were first synthesized in 1897 by Von Baeyer and Hofmann and now form the basis for an important class of drugs, used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases. Examples include HEDP (etidronic acid or Didronel), which is prepared fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To describe the Hund's coupling cases, we use the following angular momenta (where boldface letters indicate vector quantities):
*, the electronic orbital angular momentum
*, the electronic spin angular momentum
*, the total electronic angular momentum
*, the rotational angular momentum of the nuclei
*, the total angul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lead contamination in drinking water can be from leaching of lead that was used in old water mains, service lines, pipe joints, plumbing fittings and fixtures. According to WHO, the most significant contributor of lead in water in many countries is the lead service line. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most of the ACE inhibitors on the market today are non-selective towards the two active sites of ACE because their binding to the enzyme is based mostly on the strong fundamental interaction between the zinc atom in the enzyme and the strong chelating group on the inhibitor. The resolution of the 3D structure of germin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fischer–Tropsch plants associated with biomass or coal or related solid feedstocks (sources of carbon) must first convert the solid fuel into gases. These gases include CO, H, and alkanes. This conversion is called gasification. Synthesis gas ("syngas") is obtained from biomass/coal gasification is a mixture of hydro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To answer this question one should know the different and important functions of glycans. The following are some of those functions:
*Glycoproteins and Glycolipids found on the cell surface play a critical role in bacterial and viral recognition.
*They are involved in cellular signaling pathways and modulate cell funct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tactic and stereoselective polymerizations are traditionally catalyzed by metal-organic complexes. Topochemical polymerization provides an additional choice. In addition, by changing the alignment of the monomer within the crystal, the tacticity/stereochemistry of the polymer product could be easily controlled. An intu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because the stereoselectivity of carbocupration is extremely high, the reaction has been applied to the synthesis of pheromones in which the geometric purity of double bonds is critical. One example is the insect pheromone of Cossus cossus, which is synthesized by syn-selective carbocupration of acetylene and alkylatio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term "inclusion" is also used in the context of metallurgy and metals processing. During the melt stage of processing particles such as oxides can enter or form in the liquid metal which are subsequently trapped when the melt solidifies. The term is usually used negatively such as when the particle could act as a f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The phagemid used to transform E. coli cells may be "rescued" from the selected cells by infecting them with VCS-M13 helper phage. The resulting phage particles that are produced contain the single-stranded phagemids and are used to infect XL-1 Blue cells. The double-stranded phagemids are subsequently collected from t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term was coined by Joseph Marius DallaValle in his book Micromeritics: The Technology of Fine Particles (1948). It was derived from the Greek words meaning "small" and meaning "part". The size range which he covered in the book was from 10 to 10 micrometers. Anything smaller than this but bigger than a molecule w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintain... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chitin is one of many naturally occurring polymers. It forms a structural component of many animals, such as exoskeletons. Over time it is bio-degradable in the natural environment. Its breakdown may be catalyzed by enzymes called chitinases, secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi and produced by some pl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several fungi species have radioactive resistance values equal to or greater than more radioresistant bacteria; they perform mycoremediation processes. It was reported that some fungi had the ability of growing into, feeding, generating spores and decomposing pieces of graphite from destroyed reactor No. 4 at the Chern... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TRFLP is one of several molecular methods aimed to generate a fingerprint of an unknown microbial community. Other similar methods include DGGE, TGGE, ARISA, ARDRA, PLFA, etc.
<br>These relatively high throughput methods were developed in order to reduce the cost and effort in analyzing microbial communities using a cl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
# Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, “Prediction of Food Intake” In Feeding Standards for Australian Livestock; Ruminants (CSIRO Publishing, 1990) 261.
# Bentley, David, Hegarty, Rodger and Alford, Andrew, “Managing Livestock Enterprises in Australia’s Extensive Rangelands for Gre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In podsolisation, chelating agents break down clay and release minerals such as iron and aluminium. When iron and aluminium are hydrated they become sesquioxides. The sesquioxides are translocated from the A Horizon, a zone of out-washing, to the B Horizon, a zone of illuviation. Many bases such as calcium and potassiu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recursively partitioning is method that creates a decision tree using qualitative data. Understanding the way rules break classes up with a low error of misclassification while repeating each step until no sensible splits can be found. However, recursive partitioning can have poor prediction ability potentially creatin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Bayesian statistics, relative entropy can be used as a measure of the information gain in moving from a prior distribution to a posterior distribution: . If some new fact is discovered, it can be used to update the posterior distribution for from to a new posterior distribution using Bayes' theorem:
This distrib... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quinaldine red is an indicator that turns from colorless to red between a pH of 1.0–2.2. The image below shows what color quinaldine red would appear as in a given pH.
It is a cationic molecule that undergoes oxidation at different levels of pH. The rate of oxidation of Quinaldine red is in the first order with respect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium dimethylcuprate exists as a dimer in diethyl ether forming an 8-membered ring. Similarly, lithium diphenylcuprate crystallizes as a dimeric etherate, .
If the Li ions is complexed with the crown ether 12-crown-4, the resulting diorganylcuprate anions adopt a linear coordination geometry at copper.
For the highe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Binding affinity carries a huge importance in medicinal chemistry, as drugs need to bind to the protein effectively within a desired range. However, determining enthalpy changes and optimization of thermodynamic parameters are hugely difficult when designing drugs. ITC troubleshoots this issue easily by deducing the bi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Mount Polley mine's tailings facility experienced a dam breach and tailings spill that began 4 August 2014. The four square kilometre tailings pond spilled an estimated 25 billion litres of contaminated materials into Polley Lake, Hazeltine Creek, Quesnel Lake, and Cariboo River, a source of drinking water and majo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
XPS is widely used to generate an empirical formula because it readily yields excellent quantitative accuracy from homogeneous solid-state materials. Absolute quantification requires the use of certified (or independently verified) standard samples, and is generally more challenging, and less common. Relative quantific... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TDS spectrum 1 and 2 are typical examples of a TPD measurement. Both are examples of NO desorbing from a single crystal in high vacuum. The crystal was mounted on a titanium filament and heated with current. The desorbing NO was measured using a mass spectrometer monitoring the atomic mass of 30.
Before 1990 analysis o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cyclic enones include cyclopropenone, cyclobutenone, cyclopentenone, cyclohexenone, and cycloheptenone. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The surrounding blanket can be a fissile material (enriched uranium or plutonium) or a fertile material (capable of conversion to a fissionable material by neutron bombardment) such as thorium, depleted uranium or spent nuclear fuel. Such subcritical reactors (which also include particle accelerator-driven neutron spa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antibodies can also be used to purify their target compounds from mixtures, using the method of immunoprecipitation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectroscopic curves can be subjected to numerical differentiation.
When the data points in a curve are equidistant from each other the Savitzky–Golay convolution method may be used. The best convolution function to use depends primarily on the signal-to-noise ratio of the data. The first derivative (slope, ) of all si... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modifying lung and macrophage pathology has been shown to have a role in the host-directed therapies for MTB. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Plant cuticle/surface
* Plant cell walls
* Antimicrobial chemicals (for example: polyphenols, sesquiterpene lactones, saponins)
* Antimicrobial peptides
* Enzyme inhibitors
* Detoxifying enzymes that break down pathogen-derived toxins
* Receptors that perceive pathogen presence and activate inducible plant defences | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heinz Otto Schild (1906–1984) held the Chair of Pharmacology from 1961 to 1973.
He was born in Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia), in 1908, when it was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. He qualified in medicine in Munich and then worked with Straub, the leading German pharmacologist of the time. By good fortune, Schild had... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many women of sub-Saharan Africa choose to foster their children to infertile women. IVF enables these infertile women to have their own children, which imposes new ideals to a culture in which fostering children is seen as both natural and culturally important. Many infertile women are able to earn more respect in the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The essential idea in the Boussinesq approximation is the elimination of the vertical coordinate from the flow equations, while retaining some of the influences of the vertical structure of the flow under water waves. This is useful because the waves propagate in the horizontal plane and have a different (not wave-like... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids have been found to stimulate levels of frameshifting. For example, the mechanism of a negative feedback loop in the polyamine synthesis pathway is based on polyamine levels stimulating an increase in +1 frameshifts, which results in production of an inhibitory enzyme. Certai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CMTM6 localizes with and binds to cell PD-L1 protein located on cell surface membranes thereby maintaining PD-L1'S expression at this site; it also localizes with PD-L1 protein located in recycling endosomes and thereby prevents PD-L1 from being degraded by lysosomal enzymes. These actions increase and maintain high le... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrocarbons are a class of molecule that is defined by functional groups called hydrocarbyls that contain only carbon and hydrogen, but vary in the number and order of double bonds. Each one differs in type (and scope) of reactivity.
There are also a large number of branched or ring alkanes that have specific names, e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A common sulfinamide is tert-butanesulfinamide (Ellmans sulfinamide), p-toluenesulfinamide (Davis sulfinamide), and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfinamide.
Sulfinamides arise in nature by the addition of nitroxyl (HNO) to thiols:
:RSH + HNO → RS(O)NH | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Racah parameters are defined as
where are Slater integrals
and are the Slater-Condon parameters
where is the normalized radial part of an electron orbital, and | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A fast current of water flowing over a rock near the surface of a stream or river can create a rooster tail—such commotions at the waters surface are avoided by boaters due to the near surface obstruction. Propellers on boats can produce a rooster tail of water in their wake, in the form of a fountain which shoots int... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In general, in prokaryotes the lifetime of mRNA is much shorter than in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes degrade messages by using a combination of ribonucleases, including endonucleases, 3 exonucleases, and 5 exonucleases. In some instances, small RNA molecules (sRNA) tens to hundreds of nucleotides long can stimulate the degr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The original CAGE method (Shiraki et al., 2003) was using CAP Trapper for capturing the 5′ ends, oligo-dT primers for synthesizing the cDNAs, the type IIs restriction enzyme MmeI for cleaving the tags, and the Sanger method for sequencing them.
Random reverse-transcription primers were introduced in 2006 by Kodzius et ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Research and education in chemistry has been conducted at the department since 1778, when the first Laboratorium Chymicum was established. Since then, the chemists have moved several times. In 1962, Universitetets Kemiske Laboratorium moved to its present location in the H.C. Ørsted Institute (HCØ), named after Hans Ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Threaded pipes can provide an effective seal for pipes transporting liquids, gases, steam, and hydraulic fluid. These threads are now used in materials other than steel and brass, including PTFE, PVC, nylon, bronze, and cast iron.
The taper on NPT threads allows them to form a seal when torqued as the flanks of the th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While not knowing the structure trying to predict how the ligands will bind to the receptor. With the use of pharmacophore features each ligand identified donor, and acceptors. Equating features are overlaid, however given it is unlikely there is a single correct solution. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, exchange current density is a parameter used in the Tafel equation, Butler–Volmer equation and other electrochemical kinetics expressions. The Tafel equation describes the dependence of current for an electrolytic process to overpotential.
The exchange current density is the current in the absence ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Van der Waals strain is strain resulting from Van der Waals repulsion when two substituents in a molecule approach each other with a distance less than the sum of their Van der Waals radii.
Van der Waals strain is also called Van der Waals repulsion and is related to steric hindrance. One of the most common forms of t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The transition between the ground and the excited state is based on the Franck–Condon principle, that the electronic transition is very fast compared with the motion in the lattice. The energy transitions can then be symbolized by vertical arrows between the ground and excited state, that is, there is no motion along t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1991, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine in 1993, the Otto Warburg Medal in 1999 and half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2002 for "his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CARS is used for species selective microscopy and combustion diagnostics. The first exploits the selectivity of vibrational spectroscopy. More recently, CARS microscopy has been utilized as a method for non-invasive imaging of lipids in biological samples, both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, RP-CARS, a particular impl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In dielectric spectroscopy, large frequency dependent contributions to the dielectric response, especially at low frequencies, may come from build-ups of charge. This Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization (or often just Maxwell-Wagner polarization), occurs either at inner dielectric boundary layers on a mesoscopic scale,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
If one wants to use a theory based on plane parallel layers, optimally the samples would be describable as layers. But a particulate sample often looks a jumbled maze of particles of various sizes and shapes, showing no structured pattern of any kind, and certainly not literally divided into distinct, identical layer... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In solid state physics, a superstructure is some additional structure that is superimposed on a higher symmetry crystalline structure. A typical and important example is ferromagnetic ordering.
In a wider sense, the term "superstructure" is applied to polymers and proteins to describe ordering on a length scale larger ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Standard solutions are commonly used to determine the concentration of an analyte species via calibration curve. A calibration curve is obtained by measuring a series of standard solutions with known concentrations, which can be used to determine the concentration of an unknown sample using linear regression analysis. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, dynamic similarity is the phenomenon that when there are two geometrically similar vessels (same shape, different sizes) with the same boundary conditions (e.g., no-slip, center-line velocity) and the same Reynolds and Womersley numbers, then the fluid flows will be identical. This can be seen from ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For over 150 years, scientists from all around the world have known about the crystallization of protein molecules.
In 1840, Friedrich Ludwig Hünefeld accidentally discovered the formation of crystalline material in samples of earthworm blood held under two glass slides and occasionally observed small plate-like crysta... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methylthioadenosine nucleosidase are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolytic deadenylation reaction of 5'-methylthioadenosine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. It is also regarded as an important target for antibacterial drug discovery because it is important in the metabolic system of bacteria and only produced by bacteria. G... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Arthur John Birch, AC CMG FRS FAA (3 August 1915 – 8 December 1995) was an Australian organic chemist.
Birch developed the Birch reduction of aromatic rings (by treatment with lithium metal and ammonia) which is widely used in synthetic organic chemistry. The Birch Reduction enables the modification of steroids. In 194... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is famously affected by EWGs. The effect is transmitted by inductive and resonance effects. Benzene with an EWG typically undergoes electrophilic substitution at meta positions. Overall the rates are diminished. thus EWGs are called deactivating.
When it comes to nucleophilic subst... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The BBE-like enzyme's optimum pH is 8.9, this means it works in an alkaline medium, but the isoelectric point of the homogeneous enzyme is located at pH 4.9, which is a rather an acid medium. This value was obtained with isoelectric focusing and chromatofocusing techniques.
The enzyme broad temperature range is between... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clore received his undergraduate degree with first class honours in biochemistry from University College London in 1976 and medical degree from UCL Medical School in 1979. After completing house physician and house surgeon appointments at University College Hospital and St Charles Hospital (part of the St. Marys Hospi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The preferred method of iron production in Europe until the development of the puddling process in 1783–84. Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast ir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Leached pulp and carbon are transferred in a countercurrent flow arrangement involving a series of tanks, usually numbering 4 to 6. In the final tank, fresh or barren carbon is put in contact with low grade or tailings solution. At this tank the fresh carbon has a high affinity for gold and can remove trace amounts of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The list below provides a few more commonly known applications of pharmacogenomics:
* Improve drug safety, and reduce ADRs;
* Tailor treatments to meet patients' unique genetic pre-disposition, identifying optimal dosing;
* Improve drug discovery targeted to human disease; and
* Improve proof of principle for efficacy ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to radioactive nucleotides have similar properties to their stable, inactive, counterparts similar analytical chemistry separation techniques can be used. These separation methods include precipitation, Ion Exchange, Liquid Liquid extraction, Solid Phase extraction, Distillation, and Electrodeposition. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The necessity for a subject to exert maximum effort in order to accurately measure V̇O max can be dangerous in those with compromised respiratory or cardiovascular systems; thus, sub-maximal tests for estimating V̇O max have been developed. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SEM is used to examine morphology of fabricated surfaces, enabling the comparison of natural surfaces with synthetic surfaces. The size of nanotopography can be measured. To prepare samples for SEM, surfaces are often sputter coated using platinum, gold/palladium, or silver, which reduces sample damage and charging and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Abstracts (CEABA-VTB) is an abstracting and indexing service that is published by DECHEMA, BASF, and Bayer Technology Services, all based in Germany. This is a bibliographic database that covers multiple disciplines. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Site energy is the term used in North America for the amount of end-use energy of all forms consumed at a specified location. This can be a mix of primary energy (such as natural gas burned at the site) and secondary energy (such as electricity). Site energy is measured at the campus, building, or sub-building level an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Prof. Dr. Petko Stoyanov Dimitrov () (16 September 1944 – 29 April 2023) was a Bulgarian marine geologist and oceanographer from the Institute of Oceanology - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Varna. He has been an early proponent of the Black Sea deluge hypothesis which gained public notoriety at the end of the XXc. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
El-Shall was born in Cairo, Egypt, and spent his early life in Cairo. He is the grandson of Sheikh Mahmud Shaltut. He earned his B.S. degree in chemistry in 1976, and M.S. degree in physical chemistry in 1980 both from Cairo University. El-Shall earned his doctoral degree in physical chemistry from Georgetown Universit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The biosynthesis of trabectedin in Candidatus Endoecteinascidia frumentensis starts with a fatty acid loading onto the acyl-ligase domain of the EtuA3 module. A cysteine and glycine are then loaded as canonical NRPS amino acids. A tyrosine residue is modified by the enzymes EtuH, EtuM1, and EtuM2 to add a hydroxyl at t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, syn- and anti-addition are different ways in which substituent molecules can be added to an alkene () or alkyne (). The concepts of syn and anti addition are used to characterize the different reactions of organic chemistry by reflecting the stereochemistry of the products in a reaction.
The type... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To facilitate further preparation, the sawed specimen is usually embedded (or mounted or encapsulated) in a plastic disc, 25, 32 or 38 mm in diameter. A thermosetting solid resin, activated by heat and compression, e.g. mineral-filled epoxy, is best for most applications. A castable (liquid) resin such as unfilled epox... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider a system composed of chemical species (e.g. water splitting) in thermodynamic equilibrium at constant pressure and thermodynamic temperature T:
:::::HO(l) H(g) + 1/2 O(g) (1)
Equilibrium is displaced to the right only if energy (enthalpy change ΔH for water-splitting) is provided to the system under strict... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gans theory or Mie-Gans theory is the extension of Mie theory for the case of spheroidal particles. It gives the scattering characteristics of both oblate and prolate spheroidal particles much smaller than the excitation wavelength.
Since it is a solution of the Maxwell equations it should technically not be called a t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A [1,j]-sigmatropic rearrangement is also a two component pericyclic reaction: one component is the π-system, the other component is the migrating group. The simplest case is a [1,j]-hydride shift across a π-system where j is odd. In this case, as the hydrogen has only a spherically symmetric s orbital, the reaction ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A characteristic reaction of is its easy hydrolysis, signaled by the release of HCl vapors and titanium oxides and oxychlorides. Titanium tetrachloride has been used to create naval smokescreens, as the hydrochloric acid aerosol and titanium dioxide that is formed scatter light very efficiently. This smoke is corrosiv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells and can cause them to undergo mitotic catastrophe. This DNA damage is caused by one of two types of energy, photon or charged particle. This damage is either direct or indirect ionization of the atoms which make up the DNA chain. Indirect ionization happens as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size.
Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid molecule (aceto = 2 carbon atoms, propio = 3, butyro = 4, valero = 5, capro = 6, etc.), with a -lactone suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycle — that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
#The sample is dissolved, if it is not already in solution.
#The solution may be treated to adjust the pH (so that the proper precipitate is formed, or to suppress the formation of other precipitates). If it is known that species are present which interfere (by also forming precipitates under the same conditions as th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A Rieke metal is a highly reactive metal powder generated by reduction of a metal salt with an alkali metal. These materials are named after Reuben D. Rieke, who first described the recipes for their preparation. Among the many metals that have been generated by this method are Mg, Ca, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and In, w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Fenton reaction has different implications in biology because it involves the formation of free radicals by chemical species naturally present in the cell under in vivo conditions. Transition-metal ions such as iron and copper can donate or accept free electrons via intracellular reactions and so contribute to the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The drug should be used with caution in those with liver or kidney failure, due to metabolism in the liver (to the active molecule desmetramadol) and elimination by the kidneys. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Knowles was educated at Toller Porcorum primary school, Beaminster School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, graduating from the university in 1988, with triple first class honours in natural sciences (taking Materials Science and Metallurgy in Part II). He then went on to complete a PhD in 1991 - on the topic of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
sarcoplasmic reticulum - satellite DNA - scientific notation - SDS-PAGE - second messenger - second messenger system - secondary structure - secretin - selectin - sensory receptor - sequence (biology) - sequence homology - sequence motif - sequencing - serine - serotonin - serotonin receptor - serpin - sexual reproduct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron, usually as Fe is a common constituent of river waters at very low levels. Higher iron concentrations in acidic springs or an anoxic hyporheic zone may cause visible orange/brown staining or semi-gelatinous precipitates of dense orange iron bacterial floc carpeting the river bed. Such conditions are very deleterio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest thiophosphates have the formula [PSO]. These trianions are only observed at very high pH, instead they exist in protonated form with the formula [HPSO] (x = 0, 1, 2, or 3 and (n = 1, 2, or 3). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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