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Derived from ribose, a pentose, pentosidine forms fluorescent cross-links between the arginine and lysine residues in collagen. It is formed in a reaction of the amino acids with the Maillard reaction products of ribose.
Although it is present only in trace concentrations among tissue proteins, it is useful for assessi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is localized in microsomes of endoplasmic reticulum membranes within adrenal cortex. It is one of three microsomal steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes, the others being steroid 17-hydroxylase and aromatase.
Unlike other enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes that are expressed in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are several technological problems in designing and constructing a hyper-velocity wind tunnel:
*supply of high temperatures and pressures for times long enough to perform a measurement
*reproduction of equilibrium conditions
*structural damage produced by overheating
*fast instrumentation
*power requirements to r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, .
*Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, .
* A translation may be found [http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/306... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In November 1807, he attended the Paris lectures of the phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim; and, in 1828, published a review on Gall, Spurzheim, and Phrenology. Spurzheim was so impressed with Chenevixs review that he sought (and was granted) permission to immediately re-print the article as a pamphlet, with 12-page appe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In one study, seven-membered rings were constructed in a tandem 5-exo-dig addition reaction / Claisen rearrangement:
A 6-endo-dig pattern was observed in an allene - alkyne 1,2-addition / Nazarov cyclization tandem catalysed by a gold compound:
A 5-endo-dig ring closing reaction was part of a synthesis of (+)-Preussin: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Backscattering is the principle behind radar systems. In weather radar, backscattering is proportional to the 6th power of the diameter of the target multiplied by its inherent reflective properties, provided the wavelength is larger than the particle diameter (Rayleigh scattering). Water is almost 4 times more reflect... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Agostic interactions are best demonstrated by crystallography. Neutron diffraction data have shown that C−H and M┄H bond distances are 5-20% longer than expected for isolated metal hydride and hydrocarbons. The distance between the metal and the hydrogen is typically 1.8–2.3 Å, and the M┄H−C angle is in the range of 90... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GC–MS can analyze the particles from a human body in order to help link a criminal to a crime. The analysis of fire debris using GC–MS is well established, and there is even an established American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard for fire debris analysis. GCMS/MS is especially useful here as samples o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In condensed matter physics, a supersolid is a spatially ordered material with superfluid properties. In the case of helium-4, it has been conjectured since the 1960s that it might be possible to create a supersolid. Starting from 2017, a definitive proof for the existence of this state was provided by several experime... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
STRA6 can be found at high levels in various tissues including: the choroid plexus, the brain microvascular, tesis, the spleen, kidney, eye, the placenta, and the female reproductive tract. However, it is surprisingly not found in liver tissue where Vitamin A (retinol) is primarily stored. Because of its importance in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, the term phosphonium (more obscurely: phosphinium) describes polyatomic cations with the chemical formula (where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl, aryl, or halide group). These cations have tetrahedral structures. The salts are generally colorless or take the color of the anions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An E1 elimination occurs when a proton adjacent to a positive charge leaves and generates a double bond.
Because initial formation of a cation is necessary for E1 reactions to occur, E1 reactions are often observed as side reactions to S1 mechanisms.
E1 eliminations proceed with the Elimination of a leaving group leadi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Snieckus was born in Kaunas, Lithuania in 1937. His family lived in Germany during World War II and in 1948 immigrated to Alberta, Canada. Snieckus received his bachelors degree in chemistry from University of Alberta in 1959, his masters degree from University of California, Berkeley in 1961, and his PhD from the Univ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The fixation of by RuBisCO is a multi-step process. First, a molecule (that is not the molecule that is eventually fixed) attaches to the uncharged ε-amino group of lysine 201 in the active site to form a carbamate. This carbamate then binds to the magnesium ion (Mg) in RuBisCOs active site. A molecule of RuBP then ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Assumes that each annular ring is independent of every other annular ring.
* Does not account for wake expansion.
* Does not account for tip losses, though correction factors can be included.
* Does not account for yaw, though it can be made to do so.
* Based on steady flow (non-turbulent). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A prominent enol ether is phosphoenol pyruvate.
The enzyme chorismate mutase catalyzes the Claisen rearrangement of the enol ether called chorismate to prephenate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine.
Batyl alcohol and related glycyl ethers are susceptible to dehydrogenation catalyzed unsa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Platinum-based antineoplastic drugs (informally called platins) are chemotherapeutic agents used to treat cancer. Their active moieties are coordination complexes of platinum. These drugs are used to treat almost half of people receiving chemotherapy for cancer. In this form of chemotherapy, commonly used drugs includ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
RCCM lattices behave as an elastic solid in both tension and compression. They offer both a linear regime and a nonlinear super-elastic deformation mode a modulus an order of magnitude greater than for an ultralight material (12.3 megapascals at a density of 7.2 mg per cubic centimeter). Bulk properties can be predicte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The value of imaging lies in the ability to resolve spatial heterogeneities in solid-state or gel/gel-like samples. Imaging a liquid or even a suspension has limited use as constant sample motion serves to average spatial information, unless ultra-fast recording techniques are employed as in fluorescence correlation mi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The study of interactomes is called interactomics. The basic unit of a protein network is the protein–protein interaction (PPI). While there are numerous methods to study PPIs, there are relatively few that have been used on a large scale to map whole interactomes.
The yeast two hybrid system (Y2H) is suited to explore... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lucretius introduced the concept of the javelin argument in his discourse of space and how it can be bound. He explained:
:For whatever bounds it, that thing must itself be bounded likewise; and to this bounding thing there must be a bound again, and so on for ever and ever throughout all immensity. Suppose, however, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A risk for periphyton stems from urbanization. Increased turbidity levels associated with urban sprawl can smother periphyton causing its detachment from the rocks on which it lives. It can be important for the clearance of harmful chemicals and reducing turbidity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Siderophores (Greek: "iron carrier") are small, high-affinity iron-chelating compounds that are secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. They help the organism accumulate iron. Although a widening range of siderophore functions is now being appreciated, siderophores are among the strongest (highest affini... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (exact differential), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential for some differentiable function in an orthogonal coordinate system (hence is a multivariable function whose variab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Brazil: Classified as a weapon by Federal Act n° 3665/2000 (Regulation for Fiscalization of Controlled Products). Only law enforcement officers and private security agents with a recognized Less Lethal Weapons training certificate can carry it.
* Colombia: Can be sold without any kind of restriction to anyone older ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Medieval Buddhist atomism, flourishing around the 7th century, was very different from the atomist doctrines taught in early Buddhism. Medieval Buddhist philosophers Dharmakirti and Dignāga considered atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. In discussing the two systems, Fyodor Shcherbatskoy (1930) s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Petasis reagent is prepared by the salt metathesis reaction of methylmagnesium chloride or methyllithium with titanocene dichloride:
: CpTiCl + 2 CHMgCl → CpTi(CH) + 2 MgCl
This compound is used for the transformation of carbonyl groups to terminal alkenes. It exhibits similar reactivity to the Tebbe reagen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Positron emission tomography for bone imaging, as an in vivo tracer technique, allows the measurement of the regional concentration of radioactivity proportional to the image pixel values averaged over a region of interest (ROI) in bones. Positron emission tomography is a functional imaging technique that uses [F]NaF r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stoichiometric structure and mass-conservation properties of biochemical pathways gives rise to a series of theorems or relationships between the control coefficients and the control coefficients and elasticities. There are a large number of such relationships depending on the pathway configuration (e.g. linear, br... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The complete quantum mechanical description was first performed by Bethe and Heitler. They assumed plane waves for electrons which scatter at the nucleus of an atom, and derived a cross section which relates the complete geometry of that process to the frequency of the emitted photon. The quadruply differential cross s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The relative permittivity of air changes with temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. Sensors can be constructed to detect changes in capacitance caused by changes in the relative permittivity. Most of this change is due to effects of temperature and humidity as the barometric pressure is fairly stable. Using t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
First, adhesive from the HybriWell is peeled off and the HybriWell is attached over the area of the slide printed with the gelatin-DNA solution. Second, 200ul of transfection mix is pipetted into one of the HybriWell ports; the mixture will distribute evenly over the array. The array is then incubated, with temperature... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A nocebo effect is said to occur when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have. For example, when a patient anticipates a side effect of a medication, they can experience that effect even if the "medication" is actually an... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The article that proposed the law attributes it to four main causes:
* The better than the Beatles problem: The sense that new drugs only have modest incremental benefit over drugs already widely considered as successful, such as Lipitor, and treatment effects on top of already effective treatments are smaller than tre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The electronegativity of an atom changes depending on the hybridization of the orbital employed in bonding. Electrons in s orbitals are held more tightly than electrons in p orbitals. Hence, a bond to an atom that employs an sp hybrid orbital for bonding will be more heavily polarized to that atom when the hybrid orbi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Butyllithium is principally valued as an initiator for the anionic polymerization of dienes, such as butadiene. The reaction is called "carbolithiation":
:CHLi + CH=CH−CH=CH → CH−CH−CH=CH−CHLi
Isoprene can be polymerized stereospecifically in this way. Also of commercial importance is the use of butyllithium for the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The amination of phosphorus trihalides occur sequentially, with each amination proceeding more slowly than the preceding:
:PCl + 2 HNMe → MeNPCl + [HNMe]Cl
:MeNPCl + 2 HNMe → (MeN)PCl + [HNMe]Cl
With bulky amines like diisopropylamine, the selectivity for the monosubstitution improves.
Commercially ava... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SMAs find a variety of applications in civil structures such as bridges and buildings. In the form of rebars or plates, they can be used for flexural, shear and seismic strengthening of concrete and steel structures. Another application is Intelligent Reinforced Concrete (IRC), which incorporates SMA wires embedded wit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Assessments of the sustainability of paludiculture should take into account ecosystem services besides carbon sequestration and how paludiculture can be integrated with traditional farming practices. Peatlands can provide a number of other ecosystem services e.g. biodiversity conservation and water regulation. It is th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Supercells are also commonly used in computational models of crystal defects to allow the use of periodic boundary conditions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Herbivores consume ionone-containing carotenoids and convert those to retinal. Some species, including cattle and horses, have measurable amounts of beta-carotene circulating in the blood, and stored in body fat, creating yellow fat cells. Most species have white fat and no beta-carotene in circulation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The history of who first devised the process is unknown. What is known is that from 1870 onwards, a number of patents were filed for the process. Although all patents appear after 1870, it has been suggested that the process may have been discovered earlier, and the patents claimed a short time afterwards. The most wel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidative addition into cyclopropylimines gives a metalloenamine intermediate similar to oxidative addition to cyclopropylketones giving alkylmetalloenolates. These intermediates can also reaction with alpha-beta unsaturated ketones to give disubstituted cyclopentane products following reductive elimination.
With rhodi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike the hydrogens on the carbon vertices, the hydrogens on the boron vertices are not acidic and do not react with strong bases. This is because boron is not as electronegative as carbon and thus the polarity of the B—H bonds is relatively low. Substitution at the boron vertices is still possible using halogenating ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
;Dense gradation
:A dense gradation refers to a sample that is approximately of equal amounts of various sizes of aggregate. By having a dense gradation, most of the air voids between the material are filled with particles. A dense gradation will result in an even curve on the gradation graph.
;Narrow gradation
:Also... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EAB sensors possess the potential to significantly advance our comprehension of metabolism, endocrinology, pharmacokinetics, and neurochemistry as valuable research tools. Specifically, these sensors offer improved resolution and more quantitative measurements of phenomena such as drug delivery, clearance, and the main... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The son of Spanish immigrants from the Province of León, more precisely from Cabreros del Río, Baró married the writer María Dhialma Tiberti. He completed his Associate of Science in Chemistry degree at the Otto Krause Technical School in Buenos Aires, in 1945. Afterward, he pursued his studies at Universidad de Buenos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solar energy conversion can impact not only just individual customers but whole communities. In a growing number of neighborhoods across America, the conventional model of independent, non-connected rooftop installations is being replaced by community-sized solar microgrids. The idea of “community solar” first became p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The introduction of refrigeration allowed for the hygienic handling and storage of perishables, and as such, promoted output growth, consumption, and the availability of nutrition. The change in our method of food preservation moved us away from salts to a more manageable sodium level. The ability to move and store per... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymers that can crystallize are (with the exception of PP) guarantee to obtain this effect, mainly due to their ordering capacity, which is reflected in the crystallinity, the crystals have affinity for their constituent elements and form new bonds these achieve anchoring forces that give stability to the temporary f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As with oxidative addition, several mechanisms are possible with reductive elimination. The prominent mechanism is a concerted pathway, meaning that it is a nonpolar, three-centered transition state with retention of stereochemistry. In addition, an S2 mechanism, which proceeds with inversion of stereochemistry, or a r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The earliest reported synthesis of a rotaxane in 1967 relied on the statistical probability that if two halves of a dumbbell-shaped molecule were reacted in the presence of a macrocycle that some small percentage would connect through the ring. To obtain a reasonable quantity of rotaxane, the macrocycle was attached to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An increase in permeability usually indicates a more open structure in the rammed sand, and if the increase continues, it will lead to penetration-type defects and rough castings. A decrease in permeability indicates tighter packing and could lead to blows and pinholes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The most common glass scintillators are cerium-activated lithium or boron silicates. Since both lithium and boron have large neutron cross-sections, glass detectors are particularly well suited to the detection of thermal (slow) neutrons. Lithium is more widely used than boron since it has a greater energy release on c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photoelectrochemistry has been intensively studied in the 1970-80s because of the first peak oil crisis. Because fossil fuels are non-renewable, it is necessary to develop processes to obtain renewable resources and use clean energy. Artificial photosynthesis, photoelectrochemical water splitting and regenerative solar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nitrate esters are typically prepared by condensation of nitric acid and the alcohol: For example, the simplest nitrate ester, methyl nitrate, is formed by reaction of methanol and nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid:
Formation of a nitrate ester is called a nitrooxylation (less commonly, nitroxylation). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to historian of atomism Joshua Gregory, there was no serious work done with atomism from the time of Galen until Isaac Beeckman, Gassendi and Descartes resurrected it in the 17th century; "the gap between these two modern naturalists and the ancient Atomists marked "the exile of the atom" and "it is universal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When it was realized that some metals form two different binary compounds with the same nonmetal, the two compounds were often distinguished by using the ending -ic for the higher metal oxidation state and the ending -ous for the lower. For example, FeCl is ferric chloride and FeCl is ferrous chloride. This system is n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Knowles began his career in 1991 with a research fellowship at St Catharines College, Cambridge, before moving to New Zealand to work as a research and consultancy metallurgist for Industrial Research Ltd between 1993 and 1995. He then returned to the University of Cambridge in 1995 to take up a post as lecturer in Mec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When two or more types of monomers undergo addition polymerization, the resulting polymer is an addition copolymer. Saran wrap, formed from polymerization of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, is an addition copolymer. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The MRL is usually determined by repeated (on the order of 10) field trials, where the crop has been treated according to good agricultural practice (GAP) and an appropriate pre harvest interval or withholding period has elapsed. For many pesticides this is set at the limit of determination (LOD) – since only major pe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typically FbFPs have an excitation maximum at a wavelength of approximately 450 nm (blue light) and a second distinct excitation peak around 370 nm (UV-A light). The main emission peak is at approx. 495 nm, with a shoulder around 520 nm. One variant of Pp2FbFP (Q116V) exhibits a 10 nm blue shift in both the excitation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the Haber–Weiss reaction depends on the presence of both Fe and Fe in solution, its kinetics is influenced by the respective solubilities of both species whose are directly function of the solution pH. As Fe is about 100 times less soluble than Fe in natural waters at near-neutral pH, the ferric ion concentration is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The liquid droplet radiator (LDR) or previously termed liquid droplet stream radiator is a proposed lightweight radiator for the dissipation of waste heat generated by power plants, propulsion or spacecraft systems in space. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:V09IX01 Iobenguane (I)
:V09IX02 Iobenguane (I)
:V09IX03 Iodine (I) CC49-monoclonal antibody
:V09IX04 Fludeoxyglucose (F)
:V09IX05 Fluorodopa (F)
:V09IX06 Sodium fluoride (F)
:V09IX07 Fluorocholine (F)
:V09IX08 Fluoroethylcholine (F)
:V09IX09 Gallium (Ga) edotreotide
:V09IX10 Fluoroethyl--tyrosine (F)
:V09IX11 Fluoroes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The thermodynamic formalism allows that a system may have contact with several other systems at once, which may or may not also have mutual contact, the contacts having respectively different permeabilities. If these systems are all jointly isolated from the rest of the world those of them that are in contact then reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A primer dimer is formed and amplified in three steps. In the first step, two primers anneal at their respective 3 ends (step I in the figure). If this construct is stable enough, the DNA polymerase will bind and extend the primers according to the complementary sequence (step II in the figure). An important factor con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Using the dielectric formalism, the IMFP can be calculated by solving the following integral:
with the minimum (maximum) energy loss (), the dielectric function , the energy loss function (ELF) and the smallest and largest momentum transfer . In general, solving this integral is quite challenging and only applies fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Imd signalling regulates a number of effector peptides and proteins that are produced en masse following immune challenge. This includes many of the major antimicrobial peptide genes of Drosophila, particularly: Diptericin, Attacin, Drosocin, Cecropin, and Defensin. The Imd pathway regulates hundreds of genes after inf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Any reaction in the domain of photogeochemistry, either observed in the environment or studied in the laboratory, may be broadly classified according to the nature of the materials involved.
# Reactions among naturally occurring compounds. Photogeochemistry, both observational and exploratory, is concerned with reactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monocarboranes are clusters with cages. The 12-vertex derivative is best studied, but several are known.
Typically they are prepared by the addition of one-carbon reagents to boron hydride clusters. One-carbon reagents include cyanide, isocyanides, and formaldehyde. For example, monocarbadodecaborate () is produced fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hammond was born on April 4, 1833, in Grafton, Massachusetts, to Josiah and Anna Warren. One of his siblings, William Henry (1841–1908), followed him to Maine. He worked in Portland until his death, a few months after George, at the age of 67. His body was returned to the family's hometown of Grafton for interment.
He ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HSP have been criticized for lacking the formal theoretical derivation of Hildebrand solubility parameters. All practical correlations of phase equilibrium involve certain assumptions that may or may not apply to a given system. In particular, all solubility parameter-based theories have a fundamental limitation that t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An induction coil is placed around a small section of the pipe at the bend point. It is then induction heated to between 800 and 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit (430 and 1,200 C). While the pipe is hot, pressure is placed on the pipe to bend it. The pipe can then be quenched with either air or water spray or be cooled against... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The various liquid-crystal phases (called mesophases together with plastic crystal phases) can be characterized by the type of ordering. One can distinguish positional order (whether molecules are arranged in any sort of ordered lattice) and orientational order (whether molecules are mostly pointing in the same directi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The existence of backsplicing was first suggested in 2012. This backsplicing explains the genesis of circular RNAs resulting from the exact junction between the 3 boundary of an exon with the 5 boundary of an exon located upstream. In these exonic circular RNAs, the junction is a classic 3-5link.
The exclusion of intro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Three types of spectra can be collected from a PIXE experiment:
# X-ray emission spectrum.
# Rutherford backscattering spectrum.
# Proton transmission spectrum. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Respiratory, allergic, or immune effects in infants or children are associated with man-made VOCs and other indoor or outdoor air pollutants.
Some VOCs, such as styrene and limonene, can react with nitrogen oxides or with ozone to produce new oxidation products and secondary aerosols, which can cause sensory irritation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To solve a multi-objective optimization problem, it is necessary to convert the problem into a single objective optimization problem, by using adjustments, such as a weighted sum of objectives, or an ε-constraint method. The weighted sum approach gives a certain weight to the different objectives, and then factors in a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Strong bases catalyze hydroamination, an example being the ethylation of piperidine using ethene:
Such base catalyzed reactions proceed well with ethene but higher alkenes are less reactive. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alkanediazonium salts are synthetically unimportant due to their extreme and uncontrolled reactivity toward S2/S1/E1 substitution. These cations are however of theoretical interest. Furthermore, methyldiazonium carboxylate is believed to be an intermediate in the methylation of carboxylic acids by diazomethane, a commo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Side effects may include liver damage and nerve problems. Hyperthermia may also occur. Deaths have also resulted. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ferromagnetic resonance, or FMR, is coupling between an electromagnetic wave and the magnetization of a medium through which it passes. This coupling induces a significant loss of power of the wave. The power is absorbed by the precessing magnetization (Larmor precession) of the material and lost as heat. For this co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, branching is the regular or irregular attachment of side chains to a polymer's backbone chain. It occurs by the replacement of a substituent (e.g. a hydrogen atom) on a monomer subunit by another covalently-bonded chain of that polymer; or, in the case of a graft copolymer, by a chain of another t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, generating NADH and FADH, which are electron carri... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although ethers resist hydrolysis, they are cleaved by hydrobromic acid and hydroiodic acid. Hydrogen chloride cleaves ethers only slowly. Methyl ethers typically afford methyl halides:
:ROCH + HBr → CHBr + ROH
These reactions proceed via onium intermediates, i.e. [RO(H)CH]Br.
Some ethers undergo rapid cleavage with bo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dr. Kenneth B. Storey is among the top 2% of highly cited scientists in the world.
*[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=storey+kb&sort=date&size=100 PubMed]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mzhKxEoAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar] | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluoroform is weakly acidic with a pK = 25–28 and quite inert. Attempted deprotonation results in defluorination to generate and difluorocarbene (). Some organocopper and organocadmium compounds have been developed as trifluoromethylation reagents.
Fluoroform is a precursor of the Ruppert-Prakash reagent Trifluorometh... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to some serotonin was "named for its source (sero-) and ability to modify smooth muscle tone (tonin)" an effect that may be dependent (some controversy exists) upon serotonylation.
The term serotonylation was created in 2003 by Diego J. Walther and colleagues of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Geneti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In industry, methanethiol is prepared by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with methanol. This method is employed for the industrial synthesis of methanethiol:
:CHOH + HS → CHSH + HO
Such reactions are conducted in the presence of acidic catalysts. The other principal route to thiols involves the addition of hydrogen su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An electrostatic separator is a device for separating particles by mass in a low energy charged beam.
An example is the electrostatic precipitator used in coal-fired power plants to treat exhaust gas, removing small particles that cause air pollution.
Electrostatic separation is a process that uses electrostatic charg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Transduction with viral vectors can be used to insert or modify genes in mammalian cells. It is often used as a tool in basic research and is actively researched as a potential means for gene therapy. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Organocopper reagents are the most common nucleophiles for the β-addition step. These reagents can be generated catalytically in the presence of Grignard reagents using either copper(I) or copper(II) salts.
Copper reagents can also be used stoichiometrically, and among these, organocuprates are the most common (they ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levorphanol is listed under the Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs 1961 and is regulated like morphine in most countries. In the U.S., it is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance with a DEA ACSCN of 9220 and 2013 annual aggregate manufacturing quota of 4.5 kilograms. The salts in use are the tartrate (free base ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
VR has similar lethal dose levels to VX (between 10–50 mg), as well as being similar in appearance. However, due to usage of diethylamino radicals instead of diisopropylamino it is more prone to decomposition. The former are worse at sterically protecting the nitrogen atom from attacking either phosphorus or the α-carb... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aluminum, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, mercury reserves and most importantly electricity for the smelting process has led to the development of non-ferrous metallurgy. The Zeylik mine in Daskasan district is the main provider of the alunite for aluminum production. The extracted ore here transported through Guschu-Alaba... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Constant viscosity elastic liquids, also known as Boger fluids are elastic fluids with constant viscosity. This creates an effect in the fluid where it flows like a liquid, yet behaves like an elastic solid when stretched out. Most elastic fluids exhibit shear thinning (viscosity decreases as shear strain is applied), ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prokaryotic cells have various shapes; the four basic shapes of bacteria are:
* Cocci – A bacterium that is spherical or ovoid is called a coccus (Plural, cocci). e.g. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus.
* Bacilli – A bacterium with cylindrical shape called rod or a bacillus (Plural, bacilli).
* Spiral bacteria – Some rods ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In two dimensions, parabolic LCSs are also solutions of the global shearless variational principle described above for hyperbolic LCSs. As such, parabolic LCSs are composed of shrink lines and stretch lines that represent geodesics of the Lorentzian metric tensor . In contrast to hyperbolic LCSs, however, parabolic LCS... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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