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The water molecule has three fundamental molecular vibrations. The O-H stretching vibrations give rise to absorption bands with band origins at 3657 cm (ν, 2.734 μm) and 3756 cm (ν, 2.662 μm) in the gas phase. The asymmetric stretching vibration, of B symmetry in the point group C is a normal vibration. The H-O-H bendi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Middle and Late Minoan and Mycenaean vessels are many. First in size are some basins found at Tylissos in Crete, the largest measuring 1.40 metres in diameter. They are shallow hemispherical bowls with two or three loop-handles riveted on their edges, and are made in several sections. The largest is composed of seven h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In its natural state, wood is not a transparent material because of its scattering and absorption of light. The tannish color in wood is due to its chemical polymer composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The woods lignin is mostly responsible for the woods distinctive color. Consequently, the amount of li... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The organic linkers for conductive MOFs are generally conjugated. 2D conductive MOFs have been explored well and several studies of 3D conductive MOFs have also been reported so far. Single crystal structure of a 2D conductive MOF Co(HHTP) [hexahydroxytriphenylene] was reported in 2012.
The conductivity of these materi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thiomers are able to reversibly open tight junctions. The responsible mechanism seems to be based on the inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase being involved in the closing process of tight junctions. Due to thiolation the permeation enhancing effect of polymers such as polyacrylic acid or chitosan can be up to 10... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Thomas Young's double-slit experiment demonstrating the wave nature of light. (c. 1801)
*Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity. (1896)
*J. J. Thomson's cathode ray tube experiments (discovers the electron and its negative charge). (1897)
*The study of black-body radiation between 1850 and 1900, which could not be ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amoxicillin may interact with these drugs:
* Anticoagulants (dabigatran, warfarin).
* Methotrexate (chemotherapy and immunosuppressant).
* Typhoid, Cholera and BCG vaccines.
* Probenecid reduces renal excretion and increases blood levels of amoxicillin.
* Oral contraceptives potentially become less effective.
* Allopur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Semi-solid and soft nanoparticles have been produced. A prototype nanoparticle of semi-solid nature is the liposome. Various types of liposome nanoparticles are currently used clinically as delivery systems for anticancer drugs and vaccines.
The breakdown of biopolymers into their nanoscale building blocks is considere... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of enantioselective synthesis was initially slow, largely due to the limited range of techniques available for their separation and analysis.
Diastereomers possess different physical properties, allowing separation by conventional means, however at the time enantiomers could only be separated by spontan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The viscous Burgers' equation can be converted to a linear equation by the Cole–Hopf transformation,
which turns it into the equation
which can be integrated with respect to to obtain
where is an arbitrary function of time. Introducing the transformation (which does not affect the function ), the required equation r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main advantages of marine outfalls for the discharge of wastewater are:
* the natural dilution and dispersion of organic matter, pathogens and other pollutants
* the ability to keep the sewage field submerged because of the depth at which the sewage is being released
* the greater die-off rate of pathogens due to t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Recently, encapsulin nanocompartments have begun to receive considerable interest from bioengineers because of their potential to allow the targeted delivery of drugs, proteins, and mRNAs to specific cells of interest. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The amine value is useful in helping determine the correct stoichiometry of a two component amine cure epoxy resin system.
It is the number of Nitrogens x 56.1 (Mwt of KOH) x 1000 (convert to milligrams) divided by molecular mass of the amine functional compound. So using Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) as an example:
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Upstream contamination by floating particles is a counterintuitive phenomenon in fluid dynamics. When pouring water from a higher container to a lower one, particles floating in the latter can climb upstream into the upper container. A definitive explanation is still lacking: experimental and computational evidence ind... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphomimetics are amino acid substitutions that mimic a phosphorylated protein, thereby activating (or deactivating) the protein. Within cells, proteins are commonly modified at serine, tyrosine and threonine amino acids by adding a phosphate group. Phosphorylation is a common mode of activating or deactivating a pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ubiquitination plays a central role in cell signaling that regulates processes including protein degradation and immunological response. Although one of the main functions of ubiquitin is to target proteins for destruction, it is also useful in signaling pathways, hormone release, apoptosis and translocation of materia... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The two most common modes of nc-AFM operation, frequency modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM), are described below. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since AMGs originate in hosts, distinguishing host and viral genes is critical for their study. This is not easily achieved as cultivation of viral-host systems in a laboratory setting proves challenging if even possible. Additionally, filtering out cellular sequences before entry in bioinformatic pipelines is not poss... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isometries requiring an odd number of mirrors — reflection and glide reflection — always reverse left and right. The even isometries — identity, rotation, and translation — never do; they correspond to rigid motions, and form a normal subgroup of the full Euclidean group of isometries. Neither the full group nor the ev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plano-convex ingots are lumps of metal with a flat or slightly concave top and a convex base. They are sometimes, misleadingly, referred to as bun ingots which imply the opposite concavity. They are most often made of copper, although other materials such as copper alloy, lead and tin are used. The first examples known... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cross effect requires two unpaired electrons as the source of high polarization. Without special condition, such a three spins system can only generate a solid effect type of polarization. However, when the resonance frequency of each electron is separated by the nuclear Larmor frequency, and when the two electrons... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bacteria and Pseudomonadota, such as Geobacter and Burkholderia fungorum (strain Rifle), can reduce and fix uranium in soil and groundwater. These bacteria change soluble U(VI) into the highly insoluble complex-forming U(IV) ion, hence stopping chemical leaching.
It has been suggested that it is possible to form a reac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is ongoing research on how Genetic variants in the CYP21A2 gene may lead to pathogenic conditions. A variant of this gene has been reported to cause autosomal dominant posterior polar cataract, suggesting that steroid 21-hydroxylase may be involved in the extra-adrenal biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol in ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Disinfection of treated sewage aims to kill pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms) prior to disposal. It is increasingly effective after more elements of the foregoing treatment sequence have been completed. The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of sewage is to substantially reduce the number of pathogens in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cholesteryl ester, a dietary lipid, is an ester of cholesterol. The ester bond is formed between the carboxylate group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. Cholesteryl esters have a lower solubility in water due to their increased hydrophobicity. Esters are formed by replacing at least one –OH (hydrox... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the first enantioselective synthesis of (+)-Griseofulvin, a potent antifungal agent, a Curtin–Hammett situation was observed. A key step in the synthesis is the rhodium-catalyzed formation of an oxonium ylide, which then undergoes a [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement en route to the desired product. However, the substr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidative addition of vinylcyclopropanes primarily occurs at the proximal position, giving pi-allyl intermediates. Through subsequent insertion reactions (e.g. with alkynes, alkenes, and carbon monoxide), rings of various sizes and fused ring systems can be formed. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
is a potent greenhouse gas. A ton of HFC-23 in the atmosphere has the same effect as 11,700 tons of carbon dioxide. This equivalency, also called a 100-yr global warming potential, is slightly larger at 14,800 for HFC-23.
The atmospheric lifetime is 270 years.
HFC-23 was the most abundant HFC in the global atmosphere u... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soon after it was discovered and recognized as the principle of meat smoking, wood-tar creosote became used as a replacement for the process. Several methods were used to apply the creosote. One was to dip the meat in pyroligneous acid or a water of diluted creosote, as Reichenbach did, or brush it over with them, and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Avalanche multiplication during Townsend discharge is naturally used in gas phototubes, to amplify the photoelectric charge generated by incident radiation (visible light or not) on the cathode: achievable current is typically 10~20 times greater respect to that generated by vacuum phototubes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One-dimensional flow is valid when both plates are infinitely long in the streamwise () and spanwise () directions. When the spanwise length is finite, the flow becomes two-dimensional and is a function of both and . However, the infinite length in the streamwise direction must be retained in order to ensure the uni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular glue compounds, particularly those involved in targeted protein degradation (TPD), offer a novel strategy for inhibiting viral protein interactions and combating viral infections. Unlike traditional direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), TPD-based molecules exert their pharmacological activity through event-driven ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some journals that deal with physical chemistry include
* Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (1887)
* Journal of Physical Chemistry A (from 1896 as Journal of Physical Chemistry, renamed in 1997)
* Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (from 1999, formerly Faraday Transactions with a history dating back to 1905)
* Mac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Jostel's TSH index (JTI or TSHI) helps to determine thyrotropic function of anterior pituitary on a quantitative level. It is reduced in thyrotropic insufficiency and in certain cases of non-thyroidal illness syndrome.
It is calculated with
Additionally, a standardized form of TSH index may be calculated with | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A solar cell is made of semiconducting materials, such as silicon, that have been fabricated into a p–n junction. Such junctions are made by doping one side of the device p-type and the other n-type, for example in the case of silicon by introducing small concentrations of boron or phosphorus respectively.
In operation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An Ambident nucleophile refers to an anionic nucleophile that exhibits resonance delocalization of its negative charge over two unlike atoms or over two like but non-equivalent atoms. Enolate ions are Ambident Nucleophile. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The previous discussion focused on single aerosol particles. In contrast, aerosol dynamics explains the evolution of complete aerosol populations. The concentrations of particles will change over time as a result of many processes. External processes that move particles outside a volume of gas under study include diffu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The simplest method of lipid separation is the use of thin layer chromatography (TLC). Although not as sensitive as other methods of lipid detection, it offers a rapid and comprehensive screening tool prior to more sensitive and sophisticated techniques.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) chromatography is useful for rapid, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics and chemistry, motional narrowing is a phenomenon where a certain resonant frequency has a smaller linewidth than might be expected, due to motion in an inhomogeneous system. The discovery of motional narrowing has been attributed to Nicolaas Bloembergen during his thesis work in the 1940s | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Chinese history, the alchemical practice of concocting elixirs of immortality from metallic and mineral substances began circa the 4th century BCE in the late Warring states period, reached a peak in the 9th century CE Tang dynasty when five emperors died, and, despite common knowledge of the dangers, elixir poisoni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), sometimes called mitochondrial donation, is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of in vitro fertilisation in which some or all of the future baby's mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) comes from a third pa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The movement of terrestrial carbon in the water cycle is shown in the diagram on the right and explained below:
# Atmospheric particles act as cloud condensation nuclei, promoting cloud formation.
#Raindrops absorb organic and inorganic carbon through particle scavenging and adsorption of organic vapors while falling t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oganessian was granted Armenian citizenship in July 2018 by Premier Nikol Pashinyan. Oganessian is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for Armenian Science and Technology (FAST). He is also the chairman of the international scientific board of the Alikhanian National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Following the work on homeotic mutants by Ed Lewis, the phenomenology of homeosis in animals was further elaborated by discovery of a conserved DNA binding sequence present in many homeotic proteins.
Thus, the 60 amino acid DNA binding protein domain was named the homeodomain, while the 180 bp nucleotide sequence enc... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It remains a challenge to develop good single-phase multiferroics with large magnetization and polarization and strong coupling between them at room temperature. Therefore, composites combining magnetic materials, such as FeRh, with ferroelectric materials, such as PMN-PT, are an attractive and established route to ach... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most applications of NMR involve full NMR spectra, that is, the intensity of the NMR signal as a function of frequency. Early attempts to acquire the NMR spectrum more efficiently than simple CW methods involved illuminating the target simultaneously with more than one frequency. A revolution in NMR occurred when short... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Silicon thin-film cells are mainly deposited by chemical vapor deposition (typically plasma-enhanced, PE-CVD) from silane gas and hydrogen gas. Depending on the deposition parameters, this can yield amorphous silicon (a-Si or a-Si:H), protocrystalline silicon or nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si or nc-Si:H), also called m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The diversity of the crystal structures of rare-earth borides results in unusual physical properties and potential applications in thermopower generation. Thermal conductivity of boron icosahedra based compounds is low because of their complex crystal structure; this property is favored for thermoelectric materials. On... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both of the amino analogs are prepared from the condensation of 3-aminopiperidine-2,6-dione hydrochloride (Compound 3) which is synthesized in a two step reaction from commercially available Cbz--glutamine. The Cbz--glutamine is treated with CDI in refluxing THF to yield Cbz-aminoglutarimide. To remove the Cbz protecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rising level of the Caspian Sea between 1995 and 1996 reduced the number of habitats for rare species of aquatic vegetation. This has been attributed to a general lack of seeding material in newly formed coastal lagoons and water bodies.
Many rare and endemic plant species of Russia are associated with the tidal ar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is no unique and fully consistent way to define the reactivity series, but it is common to use the three types of reaction listed below, many of which can be performed in a high-school laboratory (at least as demonstrations). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many crystals naturally grow in faceted shapes. For instance, common table salt forms cubes and quartz forms hexagonal prisms. These characteristic shapes are a consequence of the crystal structure of the material and the surface energy, as well as the general conditions under which the crystal formed.
The Bravais latt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Burks-Houck began her education in Anniston, Alabama, having attended both elementary and high school in the city. Burks-Houck continued her education and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry from Dillard University followed by a Master of Science Degree in Organic Chemistry from Atlanta University. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The longitudinal invariant of a particle trapped in a magnetic mirror,
where the integral is between the two turning points, is also an adiabatic invariant. This guarantees, for example, that a particle in the magnetosphere moving around the Earth always returns to the same line of force. The adiabatic condition is vio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Both the two- and three-dimensional versions of Ladyzhenskaya's inequality are special cases of the Gagliardo–Nirenberg interpolation inequality
:which holds whenever
:Ladyzhenskaya's inequalities are the special cases when and when .
* A simple modification of the argument used by Ladyzhenskaya in her 1958 pape... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TLRs are believed to function as dimers. Though most TLRs appear to function as homodimers, TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6, each dimer having a different ligand specificity. TLRs may also depend on other co-receptors for full ligand sensitivity, such as in the case of TLR4's recognition of LPS, which requir... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the area of metal carbonyl clusters, a prototypical octahedral cluster is [FeC(CO)], which is obtained by heating iron pentacarbonyl with sodium. Some of the CO ligands are bridging and many are terminal. A carbide ligand resides at the center of the cluster. A variety of analogous compounds have been reported wh... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemical reactions involving thermal runaway are also called thermal explosions in chemical engineering, or runaway reactions in organic chemistry. It is a process by which an exothermic reaction goes out of control: the reaction rate increases due to an increase in temperature, causing a further increase in temperatur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to its high relative density, it gathers in low-lying areas, and at high concentrations it can cause asphyxiation. Other health effects are similar to tetrafluoromethane. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Porphyrins, and phthalocyanines have highly tunable photochemical and electrochemical activity as well as the potential to form complexes.
*Photochromic and photoisomerizable groups can change their shapes and properties, including binding properties, upon exposure to light.
*Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and quinones have... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The main approximation is that all the domains are located in an equivalent mean field.
Unfortunately, it is not the case close to the percolation threshold where the system is governed by the largest cluster of conductors, which is a fractal, and long-range correlations that are totally absent from Bruggeman's simple ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Omega Chi Epsilon has chartered 80 chapters at colleges and universities in the United States, Quatar, and the United Arab Emirates. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This is a derivation to obtain an expression for for an ideal gas.
An ideal gas has the equation of state:
where
:P = pressure
:V = volume
:n = number of moles
:R = universal gas constant
:T = temperature
The ideal gas equation of state can be arranged to give:
: or
The following partial derivatives are obtaine... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to associate with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, many G proteins and small GTPases are lipidated, that is, covalently modified with lipid extensions. They may be myristoylated, palmitoylated or prenylated. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Knudsen number (Kn) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale. This length scale could be, for example, the radius of a body in a fluid. The number is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen (1871–1949).
The Knudsen number hel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As much as 25% of the primary production from phytoplankton in the global oceans may be recycled within the microbial loop through viral shunting. The viral shunt is a mechanism whereby marine viruses prevent microbial particulate organic matter (POM) from migrating up trophic levels by recycling them into dissolved ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During 2006 and 2007, Bussard sought the large-scale funding necessary to design and construct a full-scale Polywell fusion power plant. His fusor design is feasible enough, he asserted, to render unnecessary the construction of larger and larger test models still too small to achieve break-even. Also, the scaling of p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heterologous gene expression is used in many biotechnological applications, including protein production and metabolic engineering. Because tRNA pools vary between different organisms, the rate of transcription and translation of a particular coding sequence can be less efficient when placed in a non-native context. Fo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, has four carboxyl groups and two amine groups that can act as electron pair donors, or Lewis bases. The ability of EDTA to potentially donate its six lone pairs of electrons for the formation of coordinate covalent bonds to metal cations makes EDTA a hexadentate ligand. However, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Whenever a wave forms through a medium/object (organ pipe) with a closed/open end, there is a chance of error in the formation of the wave, i.e. it may not actually start from the opening of the object but instead before the opening, thus resulting on an error when studying it theoretically. Hence an end correction is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This section explains how the saprobic index of a water body is computed according to the Zelinka & Marvan method; without adjusting for several confounding factors.
In a first iteration, the abundance A of each indicator species is counted and converted to categories ranging from 1 to 7. An abundance of 1 means that o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Especially in meteorology they are used to analyze the actual state of the atmosphere derived from the measurements of radiosondes, usually obtained with weather balloons. In such diagrams, temperature and humidity values (represented by the dew point) are displayed with respect to pressure. Thus the diagram gives at... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Enzyme inhibition is a common feature of metabolic pathway control in cells. Metabolic flux through a pathway is often regulated by a pathway's metabolites acting as inhibitors and enhancers for the enzymes in that same pathway. The glycolytic pathway is a classic example. This catabolic pathway consumes glucose and pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chenevix went to Paris after his university studies. He was imprisoned there for 15 months during the Reign of Terror. While in custody he had two children; also, amongst his fellow prisoners were a number of chemists who whetted his interest in the topic. After his release he studied at three different schools in Pari... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Synthesis of metallic nanofoams may be accomplished through a variety of methods. In 2006, researchers produced metal nanofoams by igniting pellets of energetic metal bis(tetrazolato)amine complexes. Nanofoams of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, and palladium have been prepared through this technique. These mate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dravya () means substance or entity. According to the Jain philosophy, the universe is made up of six eternal substances: sentient beings or souls (jīva), non-sentient substance or matter (pudgala), principle of motion (dharma), the principle of rest (adharma), space (ākāśa) and time (kāla). The latter five are united ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A goal of plasmonics is to understand and manipulate surface plasmons at the nano-scale, so characterization of surface plasmons is important. Some techniques frequently used to characterize surface plasmons are dark-field microscopy, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). With dark-fiel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferdinand Reich (19 February 1799 – 27 April 1882) was a German chemist who co-discovered indium in 1863 with Hieronymous Theodor Richter.
Reich was born in Bernburg, Anhalt-Bernburg and died in Freiberg. He was color blind, or could only see in whites and blacks, and that is why Theodor Richter became his scien... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Louis Pasteur a French chemist, supported the idea that fermentation was a biological process. Justus von Liebig, a German chemist, supported the idea that fermentation was a mechanical process. Both chemists had different methods of experimentation, and they focused on different aspects of fermentation because they ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photothermal deflection spectroscopy is a kind of spectroscopy that measures the change in refractive index due to heating of a medium by light. It works via a sort of "mirage effect" where a refractive index gradient exists adjacent to the test sample surface. A probe laser beam is refracted or bent in a manner propo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dye-sub printing is a digital printing technology using full color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Also referred to as digital sublimation, the process is commonly used for decorating apparel, signs and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers, plaques, coffee mugs, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biology, the "%" symbol is sometimes incorrectly used to denote mass concentration, also called "mass/volume percentage". A solution with 1 g of solute dissolved in a final volume of 100 mL of solution would be labeled as "1%" or "1% m/v" (mass/volume). The notation is mathematically flawed because the unit "%" can ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Equal volumes of aniline and oil are stirred continuously in a test tube and heated until the two merge into a homogeneous solution. Heating is stopped and the tube is allowed to cool. The temperature at which the two phases separate out is recorded as aniline point. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rheotens is a fiber spinning rheometer, suitable for polymeric melts. The material is pumped from an upstream tube, and a set of wheels elongates the strand. A force transducer mounted on one of the wheels measures the resultant extensional force. Because of the pre-shear induced as the fluid is transported through the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, popularly known as SCNT, can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research. This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal is not to create cloned... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is a process in which photoexcited molecules relax their energy through tautomerization by transfer of protons. Some kinds of molecules could have different minimum-energy tautomers in different electronic states, and if the molecular structure of minimum-energy taut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium iodide is used for conversion of alkyl chlorides into alkyl iodides. This method, the Finkelstein reaction, relies on the insolubility of sodium chloride in acetone to drive the reaction:
::R–Cl + NaI → R–I + NaCl | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plants do not carry pathogens that might be dangerous to human health. Additionally, on the level of pharmacologically active proteins, there are no proteins in plants that are similar to human proteins. On the other hand, plants are still sufficiently closely related to animals and humans that they are able to correct... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biochemistry laboratories often use in vitro studies to explore ATP-dependent molecular processes. ATP analogs are also used in X-ray crystallography to determine a protein structure in complex with ATP, often together with other substrates.
Enzyme inhibitors of ATP-dependent enzymes such as kinases are needed to exami... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Burning glasses are known to date back to about 700 BC. One of the first accurately mentions of burning glasses appears in Aristophaness comedy, The Clouds, written in 423 BC. According to the Archimedes heat ray anecdote, Archimedes is purported to have developed mirrors to concentrate heat rays in order to burn attac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the creation of dies for producing jewelry and badges, or blanking and piercing (through use of a pancake die) by the coinage (stamping) process, the positive master may be made from sterling silver, since (with appropriate machine settings) the master is significantly eroded and is used only once. The resultant ne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In May, onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma) was approved by the European Union for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy in people who either have clinical symptoms of SMA type 1 or who have no more than three copies of the SMN2 gene, irrespective of body weight or age.
In August, Audentes Therapeutics reported tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For many polymeric foams, a solidified foam is formed by polymerizing and foaming a liquid polymer mixture and then allowing that foam to solidify. Thus, liquid foam aging effects do occur before solidification. In the liquid foam, gravitational forces and internal pressures cause a flow of the liquid toward the botto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Combinations of the above techniques produce "hybrid" or "hyphenated" techniques. Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development.
Hyphenated separation techniques refer to a combination of two or more techniques to separate chemicals from solutions and detect them. Most often,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The problem can be prevented by adding antiozonants to the rubber before vulcanization. Ozone cracks were commonly seen in automobile tire sidewalls, but are now seen rarely thanks to the use of these additives. A common and low cost antiozonant is a wax which bleeds to the surface and forms a protective layer, but oth... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Genes can be silenced by multiple methylation of CpG sites in the CpG islands of their promoters.[11] Even if silencing of a gene is initiated by another mechanism, this often is followed by methylation of CpG sites in the promoter CpG island to stabilize the silencing of the gene.[11] On the other hand, hypomethylatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In eukaryotes, most of the newly synthesized secretory proteins are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. If these proteins have a particular 4-amino-acid retention sequence for the ERs lumen, KDEL, on their C-terminus, they are retained in the ERs lumen or are routed back to the ER's lumen (in instances wher... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In pyrotechnics, it is used as fuel to make special mixtures, e.g. for production of smokes, in flash compositions, and in percussion caps. Specification for pyrotechnic calcium silicide is MIL-C-324C. In some mixtures it may be substituted with ferrosilicon. Silicon-based fuels are used in some time delay mixtures, e.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The euplotid nuclear code (translation table 10) is the genetic code used by Euplotidae. The euplotid code is a socalled "symmetrical code", which results from the symmetrical distribution of the codons. This symmetry allows for arythmic exploration of the codon distribution. In 2013, shCherbak and Makukov, reported th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lac repressor (LacI) operates by a helix-turn-helix motif in its DNA-binding domain, binding base-specifically to the major groove of the operator region of the lac operon, with base contacts also made by residues of symmetry-related alpha helices, the "hinge" helices, which bind deeply in the minor groove. This bo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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