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Some metal carbynes dimerize to give dimetallacyclobutadienes. In these complexes, the carbyne ligand serves as a bridging ligand.
Several cluster-bound carbyne complexes are known, typically with CO ligands. These compounds do not feature MC triple bonds; instead the carbyne carbon is tetrahedral. Tricobalt derivative... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Green Infrastructure approach analyses the natural environment in a way that highlights its function and subsequently seeks to put in place, through regulatory or planning policy, mechanisms that safeguard critical natural areas. Where life support functions are found to be lacking, plans may propose how these can ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The initial condition is assumed to be a smooth and divergence-free function (see smooth function) such that, for every multi-index (see multi-index notation) and any , there exists a constant such that
: for all
The external force is assumed to be a smooth function as well, and satisfies a very analogous inequal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to liquid metal embrittlement (LME), solid metal-induced embrittlement results in a decrease in fracture strength of a material. In addition, a decrease in tensile ductility over a temperature range is indicative of metal-induced embrittlement. Although SMIE is greatest just below the embrittler’s melting tempe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many very hydrophobic materials found in nature rely on Cassie's law and are biphasic on the submicrometer level. The fine hairs on some plants are hydrophobic, designed to exploit the solvent properties of water to attract and remove sunlight-blocking dirt from their photosynthetic surfaces. Inspired by this lotus eff... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nod factors (nodulation factors or NF), are signaling molecules produced by soil bacteria known as rhizobia in response to flavonoid exudation from plants under nitrogen limited conditions. Nod factors initiate the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia by inducing nodulation. Nod factor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Involved in the earliest step for the formation of the active cleavage complex, the CFIm complex is formed by three proteins of 25, 59 and 68 kDa, respectively:
*CFIm25 (or CPSF5/NUDT21)
*CFIm59 (or CPSF7)
*CFIm68 (or CPSF6)
CFIm25 and CFIm68 are sufficient for the activity of the complex, proving the expected redundan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In most dewetting studies a thin polymer film is spin-cast onto a substrate. Even in the case of the film does not dewet immediately if it is in a metastable state, e.g. if the temperature is below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Annealing such a metastable film above its glass transition temperature ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Palmitoylcarnitine is an ester derivative of carnitine involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. During the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), fatty acids undergo a process known as β-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP. β-oxidation occurs primarily within mitochondria, however the mitochondrial membrane preve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the detection sub-process location and property vectors are recorded to allow particle localization for ejection and material classification for discrimination purposes. All detection technologies applied have in common to be cheap, contactless and fast. The technologies are subdivided in transmitting and reflecting... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The majority of bitumen used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of bitumen occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These natural deposits of bitumen ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Acridine has been obtained as eight polymorphs and aripiprazole has nine. The record for the largest number of well-characterised polymorphs is held by a compound known as ROY. Glycine crystallizes as both monoclinic and hexagonal crystals. Polymorphism in organic compounds is often the result of conformational polymor... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The organization of the DNA that is achieved by the nucleosome cannot fully explain the packaging of DNA observed in the cell nucleus. Further compaction of chromatin into the cell nucleus is necessary, but it is not yet well understood. The current understanding is that repeating nucleosomes with intervening "linker"... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hirudin derivatives are all bivalent DTIs, they block both the active site and exosite 1 in an irreversible 1:1 stoichiometric complex. The active site is the binding site for the globular amino-terminal domain and exosite 1 is the binding site for the acidic carboxy-terminal domain of hirudin. Native hirudin, a 65-ami... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The nature of chemical reactions and their description is one of the most fundamental problems in chemistry. The concepts of covalent and ionic bonds which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century specify the profound differences between their electronic structures. These differences, in turn, lead to dramatically ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Buccianti was born on 7 August 1960 in Florence. She earned a master's degree in stratigraphy from the University of Florence in 1988, including work done as a student with Agip, and completed a PhD at the University of Florence in 1994. She obtained a permanent research position at the university in 2001. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In dynamic covalent chemistry covalent bonds are broken and formed in a reversible reaction under thermodynamic control. While covalent bonds are key to the process, the system is directed by non-covalent forces to form the lowest energy structures. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In order to provide a good minigene model, the gene fragment should have all of the necessary elements to ensure it exhibits the same alternative splicing (AS) patterns as the wild type gene, i.e., the length of the fragment must include all upstream and downstream sequences which can affect its splicing. Therefore, mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry, Tanabe–Sugano diagrams are used to predict absorptions in the ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) electromagnetic spectrum of coordination compounds. The results from a Tanabe–Sugano diagram analysis of a metal complex can also be compared to experimental spectroscopic data. They are... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hull speed can be calculated by the following formula:
where
: is the length of the waterline in feet, and
: is the hull speed of the vessel in knots
If the length of waterline is given in metres and desired hull speed in knots, the coefficient is 2.43 kn·m. The constant may be given as 1.34 to 1.51 knot·ft in imperial... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Small-molecule anti-genomic therapeutics, or SMAT, refers to a biodefense technology that targets DNA signatures found in many biological warfare agents. SMATs are new, broad-spectrum drugs that unify antibacterial, antiviral and anti-malarial activities into a single therapeutic that offers substantial cost benefits a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two types of quantum efficiency of a solar cell are often considered:
*External quantum efficiency (EQE) is the ratio of the number of charge carriers collected by the solar cell to the number of photons of a given energy shining on the solar cell from outside (incident photons).
*Internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The species problem in non-eukaryotic taxonomy has led to various suggestions in classifying bacteria, and the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics of 1987 has recommended use of GC-ratios in higher-level hierarchical classification. For example, the Actinomycetota are characterised... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FPIA quantifies the change in fluorescence polarization of reaction mixtures of fluorescent-labelled tracer, sample antigen, and defined antibody. Operating under fixed temperature and viscosity allows for the fluorescence polarization to be directly proportional to the size of the fluorophore. Free tracer in solution ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Viral transformation is the change in growth, phenotype, or indefinite reproduction of cells caused by the introduction of inheritable material. Through this process, a virus causes harmful transformations of an in vivo cell or cell culture. The term can also be understood as DNA transfection using a viral vector.
V... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. Analogously, in medicine, coprecipitation (referred to as immunoprecipitation) is specifically "an assay designed to purify a single antigen from a complex mixture ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cold work produced from this process is typically minimal, similar to the cold work produced by laser peening, only a few percent, but a great deal less than shot peening, gravity peening or, deep rolling. Cold work is particularly important because the higher the cold work at the surface of a component, the more v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Archimedes number is applied often in the engineering of packed beds, which are very common in the chemical processing industry. A packed bed reactor, which is similar to the ideal plug flow reactor model, involves packing a tubular reactor with a solid catalyst, then passing incompressible or compressible fluids t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The input data on irrigation, evaporation, and surface runoff are to be specified per season for three kinds of agricultural practices, which can be chosen at the discretion of the user:
:A: irrigated land with crops of group A
:B: irrigated land with crops of group B
:U: non-irrigated land with rain-fed crops or fallo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The generation of a transmembrane electrical potential through ion movement across a cell membrane drives biological processes like nerve conduction, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and sensation. By convention, physiological voltages are measured relative to the extracellular region; a typical animal cell has ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Catherine E. Costello attended the Emmanuel College in Boston for her undergraduate studies in chemistry, and minors in mathematics and physics. She received a Master of Science (1967) and a PhD from Georgetown University (1971). After graduation, she did post-doctoral research with Klaus Biemann at Massachusetts Insti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The North Pacific Gyre, one of the largest ecosystem on Earth, is bordered to the south by the Intertropical Convergence Zone and extending north to roughly 50°N. At the southern boundary of the North Pacific Gyre, the North Equatorial Current flows west along the equator towards southeast Asia. The Kuroshio Current is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Reddi is the founder of the International Conference on Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). He organized the first conference at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1994. The conference is held every two years rotating between the United States and an international venue. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Over the course of Earth's geologic history concentrations have played a role in biological evolution. The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyan... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
2,4,6-Trichlorobenzoyl chloride or Yamaguchi's reagent is an chlorinated aromatic compound that is commonly used in a variety of organic syntheses. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first observations of intracellular structures that probably represented mitochondria were published in 1857, by the physiologist Albert von Kolliker. Richard Altmann, in 1890, established them as cell organelles and called them "bioblasts." In 1898, Carl Benda coined the term "mitochondria" from the Greek , , "thr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The popularization of NHC ligands can be traced to Arduengo, who reported the deprotonation of dimesitylimidazolium cation to give IMes. IMes is a free NHC that can be used as a ligand. Other NHCs have been isolated as the free ligands. Aside from IMes, another important NHC ligand is IPr, which features diisopropylph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Cornforth Medal for the most outstanding PhD thesis submitted by a member. It is named after the Australian Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner, Sir John Cornforth.
The Rennie Memorial Medal for the member of less than 8 years of professional experience since completing their most recent relevant qualification who has ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each dislocation is associated with a strain field which contributes some small but finite amount to the materials stored energy. When the temperature is increased - typically below one-third of the absolute melting point - dislocations become mobile and are able to glide, cross-slip and climb. If two dislocations of o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Traditionally the level of multiplexing in SILAC was limited due to the number of SILAC isotopes available. Recently, a new technique called NeuCode (neutron encoding) SILAC, has augmented the level of multiplexing achievable with metabolic labeling (up to 4). The NeuCode amino acid method is similar to SILAC but diffe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Proteins, DNAs, RNAs, and other polymer folding dynamics have been measured using FRET. Usually, these systems are under equilibrium whose kinetics is hidden. However, they can be measured by measuring single-molecule FRET with proper placement of the acceptor and donor dyes on the molecules. See single-molecule FRET f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although only being able to produce short hydrogel fibers, production of hydrogel fiber by polymerizing the hydrogel network inside a tubular mold and push out the fiber forcefully can also be achieved. But the friction will increase with the increasing length, and only short hydrogel fibers are feasible.
A case would ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lipid droplets, also referred to as lipid bodies, oil bodies or adiposomes, are lipid-rich cellular organelles that regulate the storage and hydrolysis of neutral lipids and are found largely in the adipose tissue. They also serve as a reservoir for cholesterol and acyl-glycerols for membrane formation and maintenance.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An amino acid neurotransmitter is an amino acid which is able to transmit a nerve message across a synapse. Neurotransmitters (chemicals) are packaged into vesicles that cluster beneath the axon terminal membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse in a process called endocytosis.
Amino acid neurotransmitter release... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
TIA1 or Tia1 cytotoxic granule-associated rna binding protein is a 3UTR mRNA binding protein that can bind the 5TOP sequence of 5'TOP mRNAs. It is associated with programmed cell death (apoptosis) and regulates alternative splicing of the gene encoding the Fas receptor, an apoptosis-promoting protein. Under stress con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photodissociation is used to detect electromagnetic activity of ions, compounds, and clusters when spectroscopy cannot be directly applied. Low concentrations of analyte can be one inhibiting factor to spectroscopy esp. in the gas phase. Mass spectrometers, time-of-flight and ion cyclotron resonance have been used to s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He grew up with his brother and two sisters in Shelby, North Carolina, where their father was a community leader. After graduating from Shelby High School, Homer E. Le Grand Jr. matriculated at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. With a joint major in chemistry and history, he graduated there in 1966 with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many peripheral membrane proteins bind to the membrane primarily through interactions with integral membrane proteins. But there is a diverse group of proteins which interact directly with the surface of the lipid bilayer. Some, such as myelin basic protein, and spectrin have mainly structural roles. A number of wate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Drill stems must be designed to transfer drilling torque for combined lengths that often exceed several miles down into the Earth's crust, and also must be able to resist pressure differentials between inside and outside (or vice versa), and have sufficient strength to suspend the total weight of deeper components. For... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Steel superalloys are of interest because some present creep and oxidation resistance similar to Ni-based superalloys, at far less cost.
Gamma (γ): Fe-based alloys feature a matrix phase of austenite iron (FCC). Alloying elements include: Al, B, C, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Nb, Si, Ti, W, and Y. Al (oxidation benefits) must be k... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms have generally been of low quality and show no overall effect, although subgroup analysis showed supplementation for participants with clinically significant depressive symptoms or depressive disorder had a moderate effect. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hormones have the following effects on the body:
* stimulation or inhibition of growth
* wake-sleep cycle and other circadian rhythms
* mood swings
* induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death)
* activation or inhibition of the immune system
* regulation of metabolism
* preparation of the body for mat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simple relationship between amino acid sequence and DNA recognition of the TALE binding domain allows for the efficient engineering of proteins. In this case, artificial gene synthesis is problematic because of improper annealing of the repetitive sequence found in the TALE binding domain. One solution to this is t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two general pathways that explain EDH
* Diffusible factors are endothelium-derived substances that are able to pass through internal elastic layer (IEL), reach underlying vascular smooth muscle cells at a concentration sufficient to activate ion channels, and initiate smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relax... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ionic activity coefficient is connected to the ionic diameter by the formula obtained from Debye–Hückel theory of electrolytes:
where A and B are constants, z is the valence number of the ion, and I is ionic strength. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the Kastle–Meyer test has been reported as being able to detect blood dilutions down to 1:10, there are a number of important limitations to the test. Chemical oxidants such as copper and nickel salts will cause the Kastle–Meyer reagent to turn pink before the addition of the hydrogen peroxide, thus it is vitally... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oligonucleotidase (, oligoribonuclease) is an exoribonuclease derived from Flammulina velutipes. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
: 3'-end directed exonucleolytic cleavage of viral RNA-DNA hybrid | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Sri Lanka, every candidate for the award of the status of Chartered Chemist (C.Chem.) shall
* C1 be more than 30 years of age
AND
* C2 (a) have passed parts I and II of the Graduateship Examination conducted by the Institute of Chemistry, Ceylon.
OR
(b) have obtained a Special Degree with Chemistry as the principa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The potential theory of Polanyi, also called Polanyi adsorption potential theory, is a model of adsorption proposed by Michael Polanyi where adsorption can be measured through the equilibrium between the chemical potential of a gas near the surface and the chemical potential of the gas from a large distance away. In th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Beryllium halides are formed by a combination of halogen with a beryllium atom. Beryllium halides are mostly covalent in nature except for the fluoride which is more ionic. They can be used as Lewis acid catalysts. Preparation for these compounds varies by the halogen. Beryllium halides are among the most common starti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The United Nations, through the World Health Organization (WHO) together with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), collaborate on the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) to publish summary documents on chemicals. The IPCS published one such document ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Post-translational modification of proteins in proteins generated by cell-free protein synthesis is still limited compared to the traditional methods, and may not be as biologically relevant. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The intense coloring of the molecule is generated by the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by the pi bonds. These bonds are ordinarily excited by light in the orange region of the spectrum, causing the molecule to appear blue. When the molecule interacts with protons from an acid the bonds become harder to ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The stereochemical structure of a cyclic monosaccharide can be represented in a Haworth projection. In this diagram, the α-isomer for the pyranose form of a -aldohexose has the −OH of the anomeric carbon below the plane of the carbon atoms, while the β-isomer has the −OH of the anomeric carbon above the plane. Pyranose... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bottromycin is a macrocyclic peptide with antibiotic activity. It was first discovered in 1957 as a natural product isolated from Streptomyces bottropensis. It has been shown to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) among other Gram-positive bacteria and m... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1982 the British PDRM82 was issued for civil defence. This model is lightweight, with an LCD display and a plastic case, and has all the electronics, including miniature Geiger tube (shielded against beta particles), on a single, EMP-hardened, PCB. It was designed by Plessey to use three standard 1.5 volt cells, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theoretical framework underpinning FTMW spectroscopy is analogous to that used to describe FT-NMR spectroscopy. The behaviour of the evolving system is described by optical Bloch equations. First, a short (typically 0-3 microsecond duration) microwave pulse is introduced on resonance with a rotational transition. T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1969, the Avon Products executive Girard B. Henderson relocated to Las Vegas, Nevada, and embarked on the construction of the Dawson buildings on Spencer Street and an underground house across the street, which took from 1974 to 1978 to build. Oswald Gutsche, the president of Alexander Dawson Inc., oversaw the build... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Participants in Phase I drug trials do not gain any direct health benefit from taking part. They are generally paid a fee for their time, with payments regulated and not related to any risk involved. Motivations of healthy volunteers is not limited to financial reward and may include other motivations such as contribut... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A pair of diazonium cations can be coupled to give biaryls. This conversion is illustrated by the coupling of the diazonium salt derived from anthranilic acid to give diphenic acid (). In a related reaction, the same diazonium salt undergoes loss of and to give benzyne. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Axial-flow fans have blades that force air to move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate. This type of fan is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from small cooling fans for electronics to the giant fans used in cooling towers. Axial flow fans are applied in air conditioning and industrial pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel, also known as 17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-ethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is the C13β or levorotatory stereoisomer and enantiopure form of norgestrel, the C13α or dextrorotatory isomer being inactive. Lev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Runaway thermonuclear reactions can occur in stars when nuclear fusion is ignited in conditions under which the gravitational pressure exerted by overlying layers of the star greatly exceeds thermal pressure, a situation that makes possible rapid increases in temperature through gravitational compression. Such a scenar... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On the faculty of Indiana University, Bloomington, since 1971. 1978 – Professor of Chemistry. 1980 – Visiting Scientist, Department of Immunogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany. 1988 – James H. Rudy Professor of Chemistry. 1999 – Distinguished Professor of Chemistry. 1999 – Director of the Ins... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Quorum sensing is used by bacteria to form biofilms. Quorum sensing is used by bacteria to form biofilms because the process determines if the minimum number of bacteria necessary for biofilm formation are present. The criteria to form a biofilm is dependent on a certain density of bacteria rather than a certain number... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The structure and dispersion relation of internal waves in a uniformly stratified fluid is found through the solution of the linearized conservation of mass, momentum, and internal energy equations assuming the fluid is incompressible and the background density varies by a small amount (the Boussinesq approximation). A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main parameters that characterize the rotating magnetic field created by a three-phase inductor in the working area of the apparatus in the absence of ferromagnetic particles include: the number of pairs of magnetic poles, the angular speed of their rotation; magnitude and speed of rotation of the magnetic inductio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The design of a complex pressure containment system involves much more than the application of Barlow's formula. For example, in 100 countries the ASME BPVCcode stipulates the requirements for design and testing of pressure vessels.
The formula is also common in the pipeline industry to verify that pipe used for gather... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the Romance speaking part of Europe the scruple was divided in 24 grains, in the rest of Europe in 20 grains. Notable exceptions were Venice and Sicily, where the scruple was also divided in 20 grains.
The Sicilian apothecaries ounce was divided into 10 drachms. Since the scruple was divided into only 20 grains, lik... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Alarm photosynthesis represents an unknown photosynthetic variation to be added to the already known C4 and CAM pathways. However, alarm photosynthesis, in contrast to these pathways, operates as a biochemical pump that collects carbon from the organ interior (or from the soil) and not from the atmosphere. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There was a quarterly report on each research topic presented to the individual research committee and an annual one circulated also to members on request. Final results were compiled as a report that was immediately available to members. After about two years the commercial confidentiality was dropped and a paper was... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The specific weight, also known as the unit weight (symbol , the Greek letter gamma), is a volume-specific quantity defined as the weight per unit volume of a material.
A commonly used value is the specific weight of water on Earth at , which is . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In photonics, band gaps or stop bands are ranges of photon frequencies where, if tunneling effects are neglected, no photons can be transmitted through a material. A material exhibiting this behaviour is known as a photonic crystal. The concept of hyperuniformity has broadened the range of photonic band gap materials, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The second weighting factor is the tissue factor W, but it is used only if there has been non-uniform irradiation of a body. If the body has been subject to uniform irradiation, the effective dose equals the whole body equivalent dose, and only the radiation weighting factor W is used. But if there is partial or non-un... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Each cell division cycle triggers a new round of chromosome replication by DnaA, the initiator protein. It is crucial to regulate DnaA-ATP monomer interactions with oriC during helicase loading and unwinding of origin DNA for precise timing. DnaA recognition sites in Escherichia coli are arranged in OriC to facilitate ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whereas traditional bioinformatics is a wide subject it has a large focus on molecular biology, pharmaceutical bioinformatics more specifically targets chemical-biological interaction and exploratory focus of chemical and biological interactors using e.g. cheminformatics and chemometrics methods. Methods include, apart... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Catalytic triads perform covalent catalysis using a residue as a nucleophile. The reactivity of the nucleophilic residue is increased by the functional groups of the other triad members. The nucleophile is polarised and oriented by the base, which is itself bound and stabilised by the acid.
Catalysis is performed in tw... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At 62 °C and atmospheric pressure, phosphonium iodide sublimates and dissociates reversibly into phosphine and hydrogen iodide (HI). It oxidizes slowly in air to give iodine and phosphorus oxides; it is hygroscopic and is hydrolyzed into phosphine and HI:
Phosphine gas may be devolved from phosphonium iodide by mixing ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One major feature found in protein structures is the addition of sugars (glycosylation) to specific amino acid residues by post translational modification. Complex sugar structures can be connected to these sites, and this can substantially modify the properties of these proteins, a main reason for their presence. At... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The topology of an interactome makes certain predictions how a network reacts to the perturbation (e.g. removal) of nodes (proteins) or edges (interactions). Such perturbations can be caused by mutations of genes, and thus their proteins, and a network reaction can manifest as a disease. A network analysis can identify... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to its high fission yield, relatively long half-life, and mobility in the environment, technetium-99 is one of the more significant components of nuclear waste. Measured in becquerels per amount of spent fuel, it is the dominant producer of radiation in the period from about 10 to 10 years after the creation of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The other process of primary production is lithoautotrophy. Lithoautotrophs use reduced chemical compounds such as hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, methane, or ferrous ion to fix carbon and participate in primary production. Lithoautotrophic organisms are prokaryotic and are represented by members of both the bacterial ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alastair Ian Scott (10 April 1928 in Glasgow – 18 April 2007) was a British-American organic chemist who achieved international renown for elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin B12.
He occupied successive chairs of organic chemistry at the universities of British Columbia, Sussex, and Yale before moving to T... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The existence of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability was first discovered by German physiologist and physicist Hermann von Helmholtz in 1868. Helmholtz identified that "every perfect geometrically sharp edge by which a fluid flows must tear it asunder and establish a surface of separation". Following that work, in 1871, c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Johann Schröder (1600, Bad Salzuflen – 1664) was a German physician and pharmacologist who was the first person to recognise that arsenic was an element. In 1649, he produced the elemental form of arsenic by heating its oxide, and published two methods for its preparation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water has a higher heat capacity than most other substances. This quality makes it an ideal raw material for boiler operations. Boilers are part of a closed system as compared to open systems in a gas turbine. The closed system that is used is the Rankine cycle. This means that the water is recirculated throughout the ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The physical processes that fall under the designations of recovery, recrystallization and grain growth are often difficult to distinguish in a precise manner. Doherty et al. (1998) stated:
Thus the process can be differentiated from recrystallization and grain growth as both feature extensive movement of high-angle gr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Freiherr Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss (20 January 1785 – 26 March 1822) was a Baltic German scientist known for establishing the first theory of electrolysis in 1806 and formulating the first law of photochemistry in 1817. His theory of electrolysis is considered the first description of the so-calle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Positron emission, beta plus decay, or β decay is a subtype of radioactive decay called beta decay, in which a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a positron and an electron neutrino (). Positron emission is mediated by the weak force. The positron is a type of beta particle... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Response regulators can be divided into at least three broad classes, based on the features of effector domains: regulators with a DNA-binding effector domain, regulators with an enzymatic effector domain, and single-domain response regulators. More comprehensive classifications based on more detailed analysis of domai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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