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# flowfield must contain molecular species with an optical resonance wavelength that can be accessed by laser
# temperature measurements typically require two laser sources
# velocity measurements typically practical only for high Mach number flows (near sonic or supersonic)
# signal-to-noise ratio often limited by ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorine is relatively rare in the universe compared to other elements of nearby atomic weight. On Earth, fluorine is essentially found only in mineral compounds because of its reactivity. The main commercial source, fluorite, is a common mineral. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glycolysis, which means “sugar splitting,” is the initial process in the cellular respiration pathway. Glycolysis can be either an aerobic or anaerobic process. When oxygen is present, glycolysis continues along the aerobic respiration pathway. If oxygen is not present, then ATP production is restricted to anaerobic re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to equation (10), the minimum required entropy change (right term) for the summation of the positive entropy changes decreases when T increases. As an example, performing the same numerical application but with T equals to 2000K would give a twice lower value (around 140 kJ/mol), which allows thermochemical c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electron donating groups are typically divided into three levels of activating ability (The "extreme" category can be seen as "strong".) Electron withdrawing groups are assigned to similar groupings. Activating substituents favour electrophilic substitution about the ortho and para positions. Weakly deactivating group... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By combining substances with pK values differing by only two or less and adjusting the pH, a wide range of buffers can be obtained. Citric acid is a useful component of a buffer mixture because it has three pK values, separated by less than two. The buffer range can be extended by adding other buffering agents. The fol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Decorative stone artifacts, arts and decoration;
* Cultural heritage, archaeology and history of sciences. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Qubit fluorometer is a laboratory instrument developed and distributed by Invitrogen, which is now a part of Thermo Fisher. It is used for the quantification of DNA, RNA, and protein. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The allows for visualization of two misoriented materials and their interface such as crystal twins or grain boundaries. The user interface provides three views: two smaller views, each depicting one unit cell of selected material and orientation, and a larger view depicting an appropriate interface of the two struct... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The quality of an SKP measurement is affected by a number of factors. This includes the diameter of the SKP probe, the probe to sample distance, and the material of the SKP probe. The probe diameter is important in the SKP measurement because it affects the overall resolution of the measurement, with smaller probes lea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In January 1963, Bartlett and his graduate student, P. R. Rao, were hospitalized after an explosion in the laboratory. As they looked at what they thought might be the first crystals of XeF, the compound exploded, getting shards of glass in the eyes of both men. According to Bartlett, he thought that the compound may ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anomers can be interconverted through a process known as mutarotation. The anomeric effect more accurately called the endo-anomeric effect is the propensity for heteroatoms at C-1 to be oriented axially. This is counter intuitive as one would expect the equatorially anomer to be the thermodynamic product. This effect h... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Immersed in water, extremely water repellent (super-hydrophobic), structured surfaces trap air between the structures and this air-layer is maintained for a period of time. A silvery shine, due to the reflection of light at the interface of air and water, is visible on the submerged surfaces.
Long lasting air layers al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Distinct cracks may appear on the surface of the glass, and surface material may flake or chip, a process referred to as spalling. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monopolin is composed of a 4 CSM1:2 LRS4 complex which forms a V-shaped structure with two globular heads at the ends, which are responsible for directly crosslinking sister kinetochores. Bound to each CSM1 head is a MAM1 protein which recruits one copy of the HRR25 kinase. The hydrophobic cavity on the CSM1 subunit al... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Baldwins rules also apply to aldol cyclizations involving enolates. Two new descriptors need to be defined: enolendo and enolexo', which refer to whether both carbons of the enolate C-C fragment are incorporated into the ring formed or not, respectively.
The rules are the following: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Coproporphyrinogens are tetrapyrroles with four propionic acid groups and an equal number of substituted methyls.
Coproporphyrinogen III is the most common variance. In the metabolism of porphyrin, it is formed from uroporphyrinogen III by the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase, and it is converted into protopor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process flow diagram below is an example of a schematic or block flow diagram and depicts the various unit processes within a typical oil refinery: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NTA and related technologies were developed by Bob Carr. Along with John Knowles, Carr founded NanoSight Ltd in 2003. This United Kingdom-based company, of which Knowles is the chairman and Carr is the chief technology officer, manufactures instruments that use NTA to detect and analyze small particles in industrial an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He is a member of: Società Chimica Italiana; Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna; Accademia delle Scienze di Torino; Società Nazionale di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Napoli; Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL; Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei; European Photochemistry Association; ChemPubSoc Europe; Academia Eu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Three angles are described by φ, ψ and ω (in the case of glycosidic linkages via O-6). Steric considerations and anomeric effects need to be taken into consideration when looking at preferred angles. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nowadays, several Calphad softwares are available - in a framework of computational thermodynamics - to simulate solidification in systems with more than two components; these have recently been defined as Calphad Tools for the Metallurgy of Solidification. In recent years, Calphad-based methodologies have reached ma... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A Stirling cycle is like an Otto cycle, except that the adiabats are replaced by isotherms. It is also the same as an Ericsson cycle with the isobaric processes substituted for constant volume processes.
# TOP and BOTTOM of the loop: a pair of quasi-parallel isothermal processes
# LEFT and RIGHT sides of the loop: a pa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Orthophosphate ion can be conveniently thermometrically titrated with magnesium ions in the presence of ammonium ion. An aliquot of sample is buffered to approximately pH10 with an NH/NHCl solution.
The reaction:
: Mg + NH + PO ↔ MgNHPO↓
Is exothermic. CV's of under 0.1 have been achieved in test applications. The proc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Promiscuity is not only a primordial trait, but also a very widespread property in modern genomes. A series of experiments have been conducted to assess the distribution of promiscuous enzyme activities in E. coli. In E. coli 21 out of 104 single-gene knockouts tested (from the Keio collection) could be rescued by ove... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Accurate interpretation takes a variety of factors into account, such as the thyroid hormones i.e. thyroxine (T) and triiodothyronine (T), current medical status (such as pregnancy), certain medications like propylthiouracil, temporal effects including circadian rhythm and hysteresis, and other past medical history. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of bracken fern as human food is mainly a historical question. The rhizomes of these plants served as human food in Scotland during the First World War. In America (USA, Canada), Russia, China and Japan, fern is grown commercially for human use. The usual procedure that is performed before eating the plant is t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider the sum
where >0 for all N. Since all the terms are positive, the value of S must be greater than the value of the largest term, , and less than the product of the number of terms and the value of the largest term. So we have
Taking logarithm gives
In statistical mechanics often will be : see Big O notation.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Repligen Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes was established in 1985 and consists of a silver medal and honorarium. Its purpose is to acknowledge and encourage outstanding contributions to the understanding of the chemistry of biological processes, with particular emphasis on structure, function, and mechani... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group () attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as or , sometimes as with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur wi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In summary, in order to find a standard curve, one must use varying concentrations of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) in order to create a standard curve with concentration plotted on the x-axis and absorbance plotted on the y-axis. Only a narrow concentration of BSA is used (2-10 ug/mL) in order to create an accurate stand... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An androgen conjugate is a conjugate of an androgen, such as testosterone. They occur naturally in the body as metabolites of androgens. Androgen conjugates include sulfate esters and glucuronide conjugates and are formed by sulfotransferase and glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, respectively. In contrast to androgens, c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A particle may diffuse to a surface in quiescent conditions, but this process is inefficient as a thick depletion layer develops, which leads to a progressive slowing down of the deposition. When particle deposition is efficient, it proceeds almost exclusively in a system under flow. In such conditions, the hydrodynami... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peter Bernard David de la Mare (3 September 1920 – 13 December 1989) was a New Zealand physical organic chemist.
Born in Hamilton in 1920, he was the son of Sophia Ruth de la Mare (née Child), a medical practitioner, and Frederick Archibald de la Mare, a lawyer. He was educated at Hamilton High School, and then attende... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Secondary antibodies can be conjugated to enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP); or fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine derivatives, Alexa Fluor dyes; or other molecules to be used in various applications. Secondary antibodies are used in many bioche... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acidic, sandy, or coarse soils often contain less calcium. Uneven soil moisture and overuse of fertilizers can also cause calcium deficiency. At times, even with sufficient calcium in the soil, it can be in an insoluble form and is then unusable by the plant or it could be attributed to a "transport protein". Soils con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the presence of vanabins, concentration of vanadium found in the blood cells of Ascidia gemmata belonging to the suborder Phlebobranchia is 10,000,000 times higher than that in the surrounding seawater. A similar biological process might have played a role in the formation of vanadium ores.
Vanadium is also pres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To extract quantities of interest, the autocorrelation data can be fitted, typically using a nonlinear least squares algorithm. The fit's functional form depends on the type of dynamics (and the optical geometry in question). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Smith worked on the development of technically and environmentally sound mineral and waste processing technologies. He laid the groundwork for various technical innovations, including the carbochlorination technique used in the processing of lunar anorthite. Alongside colleagues, he confirmed graphite's ability, with o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The second variant of the method construct the approximations to the Green's operator
now with vectors
The chain fraction for T-matrix now also holds, with little bit different definition of coefficients . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Accumulation of excess homogentisic acid and its oxide, named alkapton, is a result of the failure of the enzyme homogentisic acid 1,2-dioxygenase (typically due to a mutation) in the degradative pathway of tyrosine, consequently associated with alkaptonuria. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The vortex tube was invented in 1931 by French physicist Georges J. Ranque. It was rediscovered by Paul Dirac in 1934 while he was searching for a device to perform isotope separation, leading to development of the Helikon vortex separation process. German physicist improved the design and published a widely read pape... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Brønsted–Lowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the deprotonation of acids – that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen ions () otherwise known as protons to bases, which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Synthetic foams are based on synthetic surfactants. They provide better flow and spreading over the surface of hydrocarbon-based liquids, for faster knockdown of flames. They have limited post-fire security and are toxic groundwater contaminants.
* Aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) are water-based and frequently contai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size (mass) of the particles. Diffusion explains the net flux of molecules from a region ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Chemical weathering of igneous minerals leads to the formation of secondary minerals, which constitute the weathering products of the parent minerals. Secondary weathering minerals of igneous rocks can be classified mainly as iron oxides, salts, and phyllosilicates. The chemistry of the secondary minerals is controlled... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From the 17th century onwards, several European travelers observed the steel manufacturing in South India, at Mysore, Malabar and Golconda. The word "wootz" appears to have originated as a mistranscription of wook; the Tamil language root word for the alloy is urukku. Anothertheory says that the word is a variation of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Benzaldehyde, for bees
* Butopyronoxyl (trade name Indalone). Widely used in a "6-2-2" mixture (60% Dimethyl phthalate, 20% Indalone, 20% Ethylhexanediol) during the 1940s and 1950s before the commercial introduction of DEET
* DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)
* Dimethyl carbate
* Dimethyl phthalate, not as common as it... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electron acceptors participate in electron-transfer reactions. In this context, the oxidizing agent is called an electron acceptor and the reducing agent is called an electron donor. A classic oxidizing agent is the ferrocenium ion , which accepts an electron to form Fe(CH). One of the strongest acceptors commercially... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On-target toxicity is also referred to as mechanism-based toxicity. This type of adverse effect that results from pharmaceutical drug exposure is commonly due to interactions of the drug with its intended target. In this case, both the therapeutic and toxic targets are the same. To avoid toxicity during treatment, many... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Radium and radon are in the environment because they are decay products of uranium and thorium.
The radon (Rn) released into the air decays to Pb and other radioisotopes, and the levels of Pb can be measured. The rate of deposition of this radioisotope is dependent on the weather. Below is a graph of the deposition ra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbocyclic analogues of dideoxyadenosine were investigated for their anti-HIV activity. Minimal activity was first observed. Many nucleoside analogues were prepared and examined but only one had significant activity and satisfied the requirements for clinical use. That was 2´,3´-didehydro analogue of dideoxyadenosine.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The greatest danger of tailings ponds is dam failure, with the most publicized failure in the U.S. being the failure of a coal slurry dam in the West Virginia Buffalo Creek Flood of 1972, which killed 125 people; other collapses include the Ok Tedi environmental disaster in New Guinea, which destroyed the fishery of th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All bacterial species that have been reported to possess bioluminescence belong within the families Vibrionaceae, Shewanellaceae, or Enterobacteriaceae, all of which are assigned to the class Gammaproteobacteria.
(List from Dunlap and Henryk (2013), "Luminous Bacteria", The Prokaryotes ) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The hydrogen storage density per unit volume (crystal) of LaNiH at 2 bar is equal to the density of gaseous molecular hydrogen at 1800 bar, and all hydrogen can be desorbed at 2 bar. Although the hydrogen storage density in practical applications is reduced due to the aggregation of some LaNi powders, it is still highe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gun-type fission weapons are fission-based nuclear weapons whose design assembles their fissile material into a supercritical mass by the use of the "gun" method: shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another. Although this is sometimes pictured as two sub-critical hemispheres driven together to make a super... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The strip mill was a major innovation, with the first being erected at Ashland, Kentucky in 1923. This provided a continuous process, eliminating the need to pass the plates over the rolls and to double them. At the end the strip was cut with a guillotine shear or rolled into a coil. Early (hot rolling) strip mills ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
El-Sayed was born in Zifta, Egypt and spent his early life in Cairo. He earned his B.Sc. in chemistry from Ain Shams University Faculty of Science, Cairo in 1953. El-Sayed earned his doctoral degree in chemistry from Florida State University working with Michael Kasha, the last student of the legendary G. N. Lewis. Whi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
High-light grown plants generally have somewhat larger seeds, but produce many more flowers, and therefore there is a large increase in seed production per plant. Sturdy plants with short internodes and many flowers are important for horticulture, and hence a minimum amount of DLI is required for marketable horticultur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photosystem II is damaged by light irrespective of light intensity. The quantum yield of the damaging reaction in typical leaves of higher plants exposed to visible light, as well as in isolated thylakoid membrane preparations, is in the range of 10 to 10 and independent of the intensity of light. This means that one P... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Specific characters may be used to create a suitable (ambigraphic) nucleic acid notation for complementary bases (i.e. guanine = b, cytosine = q, adenine = n, and thymine = u), which makes it is possible to complement entire DNA sequences by simply rotating the text "upside down". For instance, with the previous alp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Difficulties have been encountered in the definition of the technological parameters that drive the process.
Two broad categories of generators, also known as power supplies, are in use on EDM machines commercially available: the group based on RC circuits and the group based on transistor-controlled pulses.
In both ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ideal, defect-free semiconductor quantum well structure is a useful model system to illustrate the fundamental processes in typical PL experiments. The discussion is based on results published in Klingshirn (2012) and Balkan (1998).
The fictive model structure for this discussion has two confined quantized electron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Researchers in the field do not agree on a theory for cold fusion. One proposal considers that hydrogen and its isotopes can be absorbed in certain solids, including palladium hydride, at high densities. This creates a high partial pressure, reducing the average separation of hydrogen isotopes. However, the reduction i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Population genetics is essentially a study of the causes and effects of genetic variation within and between populations, and in the past, isozymes have been amongst the most widely used molecular markers for this purpose. Although they have now been largely superseded by more informative DNA-based approaches (such as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A blotting matrix, in molecular biology and genetics, is the substrate onto which macromolecules, such as proteins, are transferred in a blot method. The matrices are generally chemically modified paper filters or microporous membrane filters. In a dot blot, macromolecules are applied directly to the matrix. Macromolec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The conversion of nitrogen gas () into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes is called nitrogen fixation. Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed, or "fixed", into a usable form to be taken up by plants. Between 5 and 10 billion kg per year are fixed by lightning strikes, but mos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1984, a retrovirus vector system was designed that could efficiently insert foreign genes into mammalian chromosomes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fuchter serves on the editorial board of MedChemComm. He is an elected council member of the Royal Society of Chemistry organic division. Fuchter is co-Director of the Imperial College London Centre for Drug Discovery Science. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Current applications for syntactic foam include buoyancy modules for marine riser tensioners, remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), deep-sea exploration, boat hulls, and helicopter and airplane components.
Cementitious syntactic foams have also been investigated as a poten... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitrification (, via French ) is the full or partial transformation of a substance into a glass, that is to say, a non-crystalline amorphous solid. Glasses differ from liquids structurally and glasses possess a higher degree of connectivity with the same Hausdorff dimensionality of bonds as crystals: dim = 3. In the pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When DNA is damaged such as due to a lesion, a complex signal transduction pathway is activated which is responsible for recognizing the damage and instigating the cell's response for repair. Compared to the other lesion repair mechanisms, DDR is the highest level of repair and is employed for the most complex lesions.... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two kinds of complexes of molecules exist: the collisional complexes discussed
above, which are short lived. Besides, bound (i.e. relatively stable) complexes
of two or more molecules exist, the so-called van der Waals molecules. These
exist usually for much longer times than the collisional complexes and, under
car... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most of the solid blanket materials that surround the fusion chamber in conventional designs are replaced by a fluorine lithium beryllium (FLiBe) molten salt that can easily be circulated/replaced, reducing maintenance costs.
The liquid blanket provides neutron moderation and shielding, heat removal, and a tritium bree... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
More than 100 immune system disorders affect humans, including inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, bloom syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita. The Shapiro–Senapathy algorithm has been used to discover genes and mutations involved in man... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laser diffraction analysis has been used to measure particle-size objects in situations such as:
* observing distribution of soil texture and sediments such as clay and mud, with an emphasis on silt and the sizes of bigger samples of clay.
* determining in situ measurements of particles in estuaries. Particles in est... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most reactive metals, such as sodium, will react with cold water to produce hydrogen and the metal hydroxide:
:2 Na (s) + 2 HO (l) →2 NaOH (aq) + H (g)
Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as iron, will react with acids such as sulfuric acid (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In contrast to photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs are organisms that depend solely on light for their energy and principally on organic compounds for their carbon. Photoheterotrophs produce ATP through photophosphorylation but use environmentally obtained organic compounds to build structures and other bio-molecules. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The range of applications for SMAs has grown over the years, a major area of development being dentistry. One example is the prevalence of dental braces using SMA technology to exert constant tooth-moving forces on the teeth; the nitinol archwire was developed in 1972 by orthodontist George Andreasen. This revolutioniz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The concept derives from Newton's Second Law when applied to a fluid parcel in the presence of a background stratification (in which the density changes in the vertical - i.e. the density can be said to have multiple vertical layers). The parcel, perturbed vertically from its starting position, experiences a vertical a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, ingredients of household chemicals, chemicals used in small businesses or industries, environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants (EPPP) or pesticides may not be eliminated in the commonly used sewage treatment processes (primary, secondary and tertiary treatment) and the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The "seat" is the interior surface of the body which contacts the disc to form a leak-tight seal. In discs that move linearly or swing on a hinge or trunnion, the disc comes into contact with the seat only when the valve is shut. In disks that rotate, the seat is always in contact with the disk, but the area of contact... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cronstedt initiated the use of the blowpipe for the analysis of minerals. Originally a goldsmiths tool, it became widely used for the identification of small ore samples, particularly in Sweden where his contemporaries had seen Cronstedt use it. Use of the blowpipe enabled mineralogists to discover eleven new elements,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a monodisperse aerosol, a single number—the particle diameter—suffices to describe the size of the particles. However, more complicated particle-size distributions describe the sizes of the particles in a polydisperse aerosol. This distribution defines the relative amounts of particles, sorted according to size. On... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ICOS has currently 13 member states and is in operational mode, with stations being certified for the operation according to the strict protocols and quality parameters. By the end of 2020 ICOS had 68 out of the 148 stations certified (labelled as either Class 1,2 or associated station), with greenhouse gas concentrati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Semiconductors are materials that have an electrical resistivity (and conductivity) between that of metallic conductors and non-metallic insulators. They can be found in the periodic table moving diagonally downward right from boron. They separate the electrical conductors (or metals, to the left) from the insulators (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many coordination complexes catalyze electrochemical reactions, but only heterogeneous catalysts are of commercial value. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Three-dimensional structures of proteins involved in quorum sensing were first published in 2001, when the crystal structures of three LuxS orthologs were determined by X-ray crystallography. In 2002, the crystal structure of the receptor LuxP of Vibrio harveyi with its inducer AI-2 (which is one of the few biomolecule... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In China, a number of incidents have occurred where state limits were exceeded by large amounts or where the wrong pesticide was used. In August 1994, a serious incident of pesticide poisoning of sweet potato crops occurred in Shandong province, China. Because local farmers were not fully educated in the use of insecti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A skeletal isomer of a compound is a structural isomer that differs from it in the atoms and bonds that are considered to comprise the "skeleton" of the molecule. For organic compounds, such as alkanes, that usually means the carbon atoms and the bonds between them.
For example, there are three skeletal isomers of pen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stone wool or rock wool is a spun mineral fibre used as an insulation product and in hydroponics. It is manufactured in a blast furnace fed with diabase rock which contains very low levels of metal oxides. The resultant slag is drawn off and spun to form the rock wool product. Very small amounts of metals are also prod... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Composite metal foam has been tested in a puncture test. Puncture tests were conducted on S-S CMF-CSP with different thicknesses of stainless steel face sheets and CMF core. The bonding of the S-S CMF core and face sheets was done via adhesive bonding and diffusion bonding. Various thicknesses of the CMF core and face ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a complete list of the 209 PCB congeners, see PCB congener list. Note that biphenyl, while not technically a PCB congener because of its lack of chlorine substituents, is still typically included in the literature. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Murexide is prepared by treating alloxantin with ammonia to 100 °C, or by treating uramil (5-aminobarbituric acid) with mercury oxide. It may also be prepared by digesting alloxan with alcoholic ammonia. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
X-ray structures of DPP-4 that have been published since 2003 give rather detailed information about the structural characteristics of the binding site. Many structurally diverse DPP-4 inhibitors have been discovered and it is not that surprising considering the properties of the binding site:
1. A deep lipophilic pock... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A selective surface can be used when energy is being extracted from the sun. Selective surfaces can also be used on solar collectors. We can find out how much help a selective surface coating is by looking at the equilibrium temperature of a plate that is being heated through solar radiation. If the plate is receiving ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1901, Joseph Hoeing Kastle and Oliver March Shedd in the U.S. found that biological material could cause the oxidation of phenolphthalin to phenolphthalein in slightly alkaline solutions. In 1903, Erich Meyer in Germany found that blood cells could also trigger the reaction. In 1906, Kastle and Amoss found that chi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The target groups currently included on the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY are:
* Catalytic receptors
* Enzymes
* G protein-coupled receptors
* Ion channels
* Kinases
* Nuclear receptors
* Transporters
* Other protein targets including fatty acid-binding proteins, sigma receptors and adiponectin receptors
Information for each t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ketones that have at least one alpha-hydrogen, undergo keto-enol tautomerization; the tautomer is an enol. Tautomerization is catalyzed by both acids and bases. Usually, the keto form is more stable than the enol. This equilibrium allows ketones to be prepared via the hydration of alkynes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some bacteria, such as E. coli, have several flagella per cell (4–10 typically). These can rotate in two ways:
# Counter-clockwise rotation aligns the flagella into a single rotating bundle, causing the bacterium to swim in a straight line; and
# Clockwise rotation breaks the flagella bundle apart such that each flagel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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