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The first chemical compounds of the cephalosporin group were isolated from Cephalosporium acremonium, a cephalosporin-producing fungus first discovered by Giuseppe Brotzu in 1948 from a sewage outfall off the Sardinian coast. From crude filtrates of the Cephalosporium acremonium culture scientists got new antibacterial... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One technique for detecting indicator organisms is the use of chromogenic compounds, which are added to conventional or newly devised media used for isolation of the indicator bacteria. These chromogenic compounds are modified to change color or fluorescence by the addition of either enzymes or specific bacterial metab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry, the metallome is the distribution of metal ions in a cellular compartment. The term was coined in analogy with proteome as metallomics is the study of metallome: the "comprehensive analysis of the entirety of metal and metalloid species within a cell or tissue type". Therefore, metallomics can be con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The society has an extensive awards and honours programme.
The Honours programme was established in 1996 and is designed to raise awareness of the benefits of the practical application of chemistry and related sciences across scientific disciplines and industrial sectors and to celebrate accomplished scientists, invent... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1937, Xing returned to China. He moved to Kunming since eastern China was occupied by Japanese invaders. There, he spent some efforts on the refining of Quinine. Then Xing joined the New Fourth Army as a teacher in its military medical school. Moreover, he assisted the army to product medicine.
In 1946, Xing went ba... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Knock out of AK1 disrupts the synchrony between inorganic phosphate and turnover at ATP-consuming sites and ATP synthesis sites. This reduces the energetic signal communication in the post-ischemic heart and precipitates inadequate coronary reflow following ischemia-reperfusion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The evolution of Mg transport appears to have been rather complicated. Proteins apparently based on MgtE are present in bacteria and metazoa, but are missing in fungi and plants, whilst proteins apparently related to CorA are present in all of these groups. The two active transport transporters present in bacteria, Mgt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Naturally, it is produced in the human placenta by the syncytiotrophoblast.
Like any other gonadotropins, it can be extracted from the urine of pregnant women or produced from cultures of genetically modified cells using recombinant DNA technology.
In Pubergen, Pregnyl, Follutein, Profasi, Choragon and Novarel, it is e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This type of categorisation of drugs is from a medical perspective and categorises them by the pathology they are used to treat. Drug classes that are defined by their therapeutic use (the pathology they are intended to treat) include:
* Analgesics
* Antibiotic
* Anticancer
* Anticoagulant
* Antidepressant
* Antidiabet... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the no-slip condition was an empirical observation, there are physical scenarios in which it fails. For sufficiently rarefied flows, including flows of high altitude atmospheric gases and for microscale flows, the no-slip condition is inaccurate. For such examples, this change is driven by an increasing Knudsen num... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contrast to DCC, DIC (N,N-diisopropylcarbodiimide) is a liquid. Its hydrolysis product, N,N'-diisopropylurea, is soluble in organic solvents. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
pH-dependent primary, secondary, or tertiary amines; primary and secondary amines become positively charged at pH < 10: octenidine dihydrochloride.
Permanently charged quaternary ammonium salts: cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzethonium chloride (BZT), dimethy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Wong–Sandler mixing rule is a thermodynamic mixing rule used for vapor–liquid equilibrium and liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations.
__TOC__ | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A discussion of all mediator subunits is beyond the scope of this article, but details of one of the subunits are illustrative of the types of information that may be gathered for other subunits. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since its first inception in 1967, many synthesis techniques have been developed and employed for the polymerization of o-phthalaldehyde. Most notably, living polymerization methods are among the most common and promising techniques used, as can be seen in the high number of publications in the literature depicting the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPOR gene. EpoR is a 52kDa peptide with a single carbohydrate chain resulting in an approximately 56-57 kDa protein found on the surface of EPO responding cells. It is a member of the cytokine receptor family. EpoR pre-exists as dimers. T... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, regioselectivity is the preference of chemical bonding or breaking in one direction over all other possible directions. It can often apply to which of many possible positions a reagent will affect, such as which proton a strong base will abstract from an organic molecule, or where on a substituted... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Mountain Pass deposit was discovered in 1949 by Herbert S. Woodward, Clarence Watkins and P. A. Simon, who noticed anomalously high radioactivity. Molybdenum Corporation of America bought most of the mining claims, and began small-scale production in 1952.
Production expanded greatly in the 1960s, to supply demand ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some phase change materials are suspended in water, and are relatively nontoxic. Others are hydrocarbons or other flammable materials, or are toxic. As such, PCMs must be selected and applied very carefully, in accordance with fire and building codes and sound engineering practices. Because of the increased fire risk, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of cleavage agents can be chosen. a desirable agent is one that is sequence neutral, easy to use, and is easy to control. Unfortunately no available agents meet all of these standards, so an appropriate agent can be chosen, depending on your DNA sequence and ligand of interest. The following cleavage agen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point. At the melting point, t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides. They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ribulose 5-phosphate is one of the end-products of the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also an intermediate in the Calvin cycle.
It is formed by phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and it can be acted upon by phosphopentose isomerase and phosphopentose epimerase.
In plants, Ribulose 5-phosphate produced from the pentose-p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Surficial processes are the physical and chemical phenomena which cause concentration of ore material within the regolith, generally by the action of the environment. This includes placer deposits, laterite deposits, and residual or eluvial deposits. Superficial deposits processes of ore formation include;
* Erosion o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
ArcB consists of 778 amino acids. It is a multipass transmembrane protein that passes through the inner membrane twice. The majority of the secondary structure of ArcB is alpha helices; five alpha helices and one beta sheet. The two transmembrane portions of the protein are 20 amino acid long alpha helices that are bot... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor. A still uses the same concepts as a basic distillation apparatus, but on a much larger scale. Stills have been used to produce perfume and medicine, water for injection (WFI) for pharmaceutical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In spark plasma sintering (SPS), external pressure and an electric field are applied simultaneously to enhance the densification of the metallic/ceramic powder compacts. However, after commercialization it was determined there is no plasma, so the proper name is spark sintering as coined by Lenel. The electric field dr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Several, so-called mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitors (TPdIs), have been developed and are in early-stage preclinical trials and show promising results. Their development has been benefited from previous studies with PI3K-selective inhibitors. The activity of these small molecules from rapalog activity differs in the way by blo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Published books by Moureu include:
* (doctoral thesis, Contribution to the study of acrylic acid and its derivatives)
* (The azoles, lecture delivered at the laboratory of Charles Friedel)
* (Theoretical study of pyridine compounds and hydropyridines)
* Translated into English as
* (Chemistry and war: science an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pre-mRNAs from the D. melanogaster gene dsx contain 6 exons. In males, exons 1,2,3,5,and 6 are joined to form the mRNA, which encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein required for male development. In females, exons 1,2,3, and 4 are joined, and a polyadenylation signal in exon 4 causes cleavage of the mRNA at that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
1st generation ATP tests are derived from hygiene monitoring uses where samples are relatively free of interferences. 2nd Generation tests are specifically designed for water, wastewater and industrial applications where, for the most part, samples contain a variety of components that can interfere with the ATP assay. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxygen evolution is the process of generating molecular oxygen (O) by a chemical reaction, usually from water. Oxygen evolution from water is effected by oxygenic photosynthesis, electrolysis of water, and thermal decomposition of various oxides. The biological process supports aerobic life. When relatively pure oxyg... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general terms, the Maxwell Garnett EMA is expected to be valid at low volume fractions , since it is assumed that the domains are spatially separated and electrostatic interaction between the chosen inclusions and all other neighbouring inclusions is neglected. The Maxwell Garnett formula, in contrast to Bruggeman f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the pinacol rearrangement, a methyl group is found anti-periplanar to an activated alcohol functional group. This places the σ orbital of the methyl group parallel with the σ* orbital of the activated alcohol. Before the activated alcohol leaves as HO the methyl bonding orbital donates into the C–O antibonding orbit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This article focuses on homoleptic complexes, which are simpler to describe and analyze. Most complexes of SCN, however are mixed ligand species. Mentioned above is one example, [Co(NH)(NCS)]. Another example is [OsCl(SCN)(NCS)]. Reinecke's salt, a precipitating agent, is a derivative of [Cr(NCS)(NH)]. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hügelkultur is a German word meaning mound culture or hill culture. Though the technique is alleged to have been practiced in German and Eastern European societies for hundreds of years, the term was first published in a 1962 German gardening booklet by Herrman Andrä. Inspired by the diversity of plants growing in a pi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A variety of ion channel blockers (inorganic and organic molecules) can modulate ion channel activity and conductance.
Some commonly used blockers include:
* Tetrodotoxin (TTX), used by puffer fish and some types of newts for defense. It blocks sodium channels.
* Saxitoxin is produced by a dinoflagellate also known as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electric sonic amplitude or electroacoustic sonic amplitude is an electroacoustic phenomenon that is the reverse to colloid vibration current. It occurs in colloids, emulsions and other heterogeneous fluids under the influence of an oscillating electric field. This field moves particles relative to the liquid, which ge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium is primarily used as a maintenance drug in the treatment of bipolar disorder to stabilize mood and prevent manic episodes, but it may also be helpful in the acute treatment of manic episodes. Although recommended by treatment guidelines for the treatment of depression in bipolar disorder, the evidence that lith... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The LaMer model for the kinetics of the formation of hydrosols is widely applicable for production of monodisperse systems, and it was originally hypothesized that the Stöber process followed this monomer addition model. This model includes a rapid burst of nucleation forming all of the particle growth sites, then proc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dissolved organic matter can be classified as labile or as recalcitrant, depending on its reactivity. Recalcitrant DOC is also called refractory DOC, and these terms seem to be used interchangeably in the context of DOC. Depending on the origin and composition of DOC, its behavior and cycling are different; the labile ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The worlds largest scale implementation of Fischer–Tropsch technology is a series of plants operated by Sasol in South Africa, a country with large coal reserves, but little oil. With a capacity of 165000 Bpd at its Secunda plant. The first commercial plant opened in 1952. Sasol uses coal and natural gas as feedstocks... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surprisal analysis was extended to better characterize and understand cellular processes, see figure, biological phenomena and human disease with reference to personalized diagnostics. Surprisal analysis was first utilized to identify genes implicated in the balance state of cells in vitro; the genes mostly present in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While the original effort failed to produce useful products, follow-on work in Europe did produce usable astronomical detectors
but without apparent use of this technology. In other areas, however, the approach seems to be competitive, with prior art for making various end-products, since it has been used as a fabricat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After his Berlin, Dresden and New York years, Zervas decided to return to Greece in 1937. He was immediately appointed full Professor of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in recognition of his distinguished international work. He stayed in this position until 1939, when he w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Water, oil and gas from a well often contain radon. The radon decays to form solid radioisotopes which form coatings on the inside of pipework. In an oil processing plant the area of the plant where propane is processed is often one of the more contaminated areas of the plant as radon has a similar boiling point to pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Condylostoma nuclear code (translation table 28) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the heterotrich ciliate Condylostoma magnum. This code, along with translation tables 27 and 31, is remarkable in that every one of the 64 possible codons can be a sense codon. Experimetnal evidence suggests that transl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Woltman meter (invented by Reinhard Woltman in the 19th century) comprises a rotor with helical blades inserted axially in the flow, much like a ducted fan; it can be considered a type of turbine flowmeter. They are commonly referred to as helix meters, and are popular at larger sizes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Barley yellow dwarf virus 5' UTR is a non-coding RNA element containing structural elements required for translation of the genome of the plant disease pathogen Barley yellow dwarf virus.
Unlike eukaryotic mRNA, this virus lacks a 5 cap and a poly(A) tail but still circularises its mRNA through base pairing between two... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lise Meitner ( , ; born Elise Meitner, 7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist who was one of those responsible for the discovery of the element protactinium and nuclear fission. While working on radioactivity at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Chemistry in Berlin, she discovered the radioa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Mg(I) dimer formula, LMgMgL, has undergone multiple theoretical investigations regarding the bonds. Furthermore, L, a monoanionic ligand, can also include halides, hydrogen, small alkyl groups, aryl groups, cyclopentadienyl with respective derivatives and chelating monoanionic nitrogen ligands. Mg—Mg bonded molecul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CHNOPS and CHON are mnemonic acronyms for the most common elements in living organisms. "CHON" stands for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, which together make up more than 95 percent of the mass of biological systems. "CHNOPS" adds phosphorus and sulfur. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Turbidity currents are often triggered by tectonic disturbances of the sea floor. The displacement of continental crust in the form of fluidization and physical shaking both contribute to their formation. Earthquakes have been linked to turbidity current deposition in many settings, particularly where physiography favo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Certain amphiphilic block copolymer micelles display a similar behavior as surfactant micelles. These are generally called dynamic micelles and are characterized by the same relaxation processes assigned to surfactant exchange and micelle scission/recombination. Although the relaxation processes are the same between th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the byproducts produced in the processing of microalgae can be used in various applications, many of which have a longer history of production than algal biofuel. Some of the products not used in the production of biofuel include natural dyes and pigments, antioxidants, and other high-value bio-active compounds... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cobalt chloride is fairly soluble in water. Under atmospheric pressure, the mass concentration of a saturated solution of in water is about 54% at the boiling point, 120.2 °C; 48% at 51.25 °C; 35% at 25 °C; 33% at 0 °C; and 29% at −27.8 °C.
Diluted aqueous solutions of contain the species , besides chloride ions. C... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Kai genes – Found in the Synechococcus elongatus, these genes are essential components of the cyanobacterium clock, the leading example of bacterial circadian rhythms. Kai proteins regulate genome wide gene expression. The oscillation of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of KaiC acts as the pacemaker of the circa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A mixing chamber where a mechanical agitator brings in intimate contact the feed solution and the solvent to carry out the transfer of solute(s). The mechanical agitator is equipped with a motor which drives a mixing and pumping turbine. This turbine draws the two phases from the settlers of the adjacent stages, mixes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The crystal structures of the THF complexes of the Reformatsky reagents tert-butyl bromozincacetate and ethyl bromozincacetate have been determined. Both form cyclic eight-membered dimers in the solid state, but differ in stereochemistry: the eight-membered ring in the ethyl derivative adopts a tub-shaped conformation... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rhizofiltration is the adsorption and precipitation of radionuclides in plant roots or absorption thereof if soluble in effluents. It has great efficiency in the treatment of cesium-137 and strontium-90, particularly by algae and aquatic plants, such as Cladophora and Elodea genera, respectively. It is the most efficie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ochir has been a professor at the Mongolian University of Science and Technology since 1965. She held the positions of assistant professor, associate professor and professor, teaching courses in petrology and petrography. She served as the head of the universitys Department of Geology and Mineralogy from 1978 to 2009. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A detailed mechanism for the Murai reaction has not been elucidated. Experimental and computational studies give evidence for at least two different mechanisms, depending on the catalyst. For catalysts such as [Ru(H)(CO)(PR)] which are active as Ru, a combination of computational density functional studies and experime... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surfactant production in humans begins in type II cells during the alveolar sac stage of lung development. Lamellar bodies appear in the cytoplasm at about 20 weeks gestation. These lamellar bodies are secreted by exocytosis into the alveolar lining fluid, where the surfactant forms a meshwork of tubular myelin Full te... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Scientists have developed air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emis... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CK1δ and CK1ε have been shown to be relevant in human disease. Recent findings indicate that pharmaceutical inhibition of CK1 may be a promising therapeutic for aberrant circadian rhythm. Mutations and variants of the CK1ε phosphorylation site of PER2 are associated with cases of Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
On Mars, Xe isotopes in the present atmosphere are mass fractionated relative to their primordial composition from in situ measurement of the Curiosity Rover at Gale Crater, Mars. Paleo-atmospheric Xe trapped in the Martian regolith breccia NWA 11220 is mass-dependently fractionated relative to solar Xe by ~16.2‰. The ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) is an intensive thermally enhanced environmental remediation technology that uses thermal conductive heating (TCH) elements to directly transfer heat to environmental media. The ISTD/TCH process can be applied at low (<100 °C), moderate (~100 °C) and higher (>100 °C) temperature levels... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NMR spectroscopy has been utilized for the analysis of biological samples since the 1980s, and can be used as an effective technique for the identification and quantification of both known and unknown metabolites. For details on the principles of this technique, see NMR spectroscopy. In pharmacometabolomics analyses, N... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A solution of sulfur tetrafluoride in hydrogen fluoride converts hydroxy-containing amino acids to the fluoro amino acids:
When vicinal diols are combined with SF, difluorination occurs with inversion of configuration at only one of the alcohols. This was demonstrated in the synthesis of meso-difluorosuccinate from (L... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are many advantages to using a proton beam over an electron beam. There is less crystal charging from Bremsstrahlung radiation, although there is some from the emission of Auger electrons, and there is significantly less than if the primary beam was itself an electron beam.
Because of the higher mass of protons r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carbon in pulp (CIP) is an extraction technique for recovery of gold which has been liberated into a cyanide solution as part of the gold cyanidation process.
Introduced in the early 1980s, Carbon in Pulp is regarded as a simple and cheap process. As such it is used in most industrial applications where the presence o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) networks are the pathways and signaling of MAPK, which is a protein kinase that consists of amino acids serine and threonine. MAPK pathways have both a positive and negative regulation in plants. A positive regulation of MAPK networks is to help in assisting with stresses from th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By the time he was a teenager, Scheele had learned the dominant theory of gases which in the 1770s was the phlogiston theory. Phlogiston, classified as "matter of fire", was supposed to be released from any burning material, and when it was exhausted, combustion would stop. When Scheele discovered oxygen he called it "... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Spectrophotometry is a tool that hinges on the quantitative analysis of molecules depending on how much light is absorbed by colored compounds. Important features of spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth (the range of colors it can transmit through the test sample), the percentage of sample transmission, the logari... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solar cells are electrical devices that convert sunlight to electricity. However, due to the properties of the materials composing solar cells, many solar cells do not harvest low energy (with wavelength above 800 nm) photons efficiently. Thus, the ability for TTA-UC materials to combine the energy of two low energy ph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In physics and mathematics, the Clebsch representation of an arbitrary three-dimensional vector field is:
where the scalar fields and are known as Clebsch potentials or Monge potentials, named after Alfred Clebsch (1833–1872) and Gaspard Monge (1746–1818), and is the gradient operator. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Laboratory magnetometers measure the magnetization, also known as the magnetic moment of a sample material. Unlike survey magnetometers, laboratory magnetometers require the sample to be placed inside the magnetometer, and often the temperature, magnetic field, and other parameters of the sample can be controlled. A sa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These planar defects are similar to stacking faults in that they are often created through slip of atomic planes and dislocation motion, but the degree of translation varies. In stacking faults, the region of stacking mismatch is bounded by two partial dislocations, and an extended dislocation is formed. For anti-phase... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heparin cofactor II (HCII), a protein encoded by the SERPIND1 gene, is a coagulation factor that inhibits IIa, and is a cofactor for heparin and dermatan sulfate ("minor antithrombin").
The product encoded by this gene is a serine protease inhibitor which rapidly inhibits thrombin in the presence of dermatan sulfate or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For a network consisting of a high density of random resistors, an exact solution for each individual element may be impractical or impossible. In such case, a random resistor network can be considered as a two-dimensional graph and the effective resistance can be modelled in terms of graph measures and geometrical pro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mass cytometry is a mass spectrometry technique based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and time of flight mass spectrometry used for the determination of the properties of cells (cytometry). In this approach, antibodies are conjugated with isotopically pure elements, and these antibodies are used to labe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Methylphenidate is a catecholamine reuptake inhibitor that indirectly increases catecholaminergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), which are responsible for clearing catecholamines from the synapse, particularly in the striatum and meso-limbic system. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In functional analysis a Reynolds operator is a linear operator R acting on some algebra of functions φ, satisfying the Reynolds identity
The operator R is called an averaging operator if it is linear and satisfies
If R(R(φ)) = R(φ) for all φ then R is an averaging operator if and only if it is a Reynolds operator. Som... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phred quality scores are used for assessment of sequence quality, recognition and removal of low-quality sequence (end clipping), and determination of accurate consensus sequences.
Originally, Phred quality scores were primarily used by the sequence assembly program Phrap. Phrap was routinely used in some of the larges... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to the reconstruction of the impedance from the phase shift, the reverse approach is also possible. However, the herein presented procedure possesses several advantages:
* When calculating the phase shift from the impedance, a function of the angular frequency ω comes into play which is more difficul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Materials, instrumentation, and measurement classes specific to biological systems
*Systems optimization
*Modeling and management of biological and physical systems
*Soil, water, conservation, and nutrient management engineering | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process of converting pig iron into wrought iron (also known as bar iron) was at that time carried out in a finery forge, which was fuelled by charcoal. Charcoal was a limited resource, but coal, more widely available, could not be used because the sulphur in coal would adversely affect the quality of the wrought i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urban residents in many parts of the world rely on on-site sanitation systems without sewers, such as septic tanks and pit latrines, and fecal sludge management in these cities is an enormous challenge.
For sewage treatment the use of septic tanks and other on-site sewage facilities (OSSF) is widespread in some rural a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The deterministic (acute tissue damage) effects that can lead to acute radiation syndrome only occur in the case of acute high doses (≳ 0.1 Gy) and high dose rates (≳ 0.1 Gy/h) and are conventionally not measured using the unit sievert, but use the unit gray (Gy).
A model of deterministic risk would require different w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perovskites may be structured in layers, with the structure separated by thin sheets of intrusive material. Different forms of intrusions, based on the chemical makeup of the intrusion, are defined as:
* Aurivillius phase: the intruding layer is composed of a [] ion, occurring every n layers, leading to an overall ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An optical isomer can be named by the spatial configuration of its atoms. The system (named after Latin dexter and laevus, right and left), not to be confused with the d- and l-system, see above, does this by relating the molecule to glyceraldehyde. Glyceraldehyde is chiral itself and its two isomers are labeled and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ca currents through cardiomyocyte gap junctions mediate synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue. As a result, GCaMP expression in cardiomyocytes, both in vitro and in vivo, has been used to study Ca-influx-dependent excitation and contraction in zebrafish and mice. For instance, Tallini et al. (2006) expressed GCaMP... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Reynolds number can be obtained when one uses the nondimensional form of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for a newtonian fluid expressed in terms of the Lagrangian derivative:
Each term in the above equation has the units of a "body force" (force per unit volume) with the same dimensions of a density tim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phosphonium ylides are used in the Wittig reaction, a method used to convert ketones and especially aldehydes to alkenes. The positive charge in these Wittig reagents is carried by a phosphorus atom with three phenyl substituents and a bond to a carbanion. Ylides can be stabilised or non-stabilised. A phosphonium ylid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thalidomide and its analogs help with the co-stimulation of T-cells through the B7-CD28 complex by phosphorylating tyrosine on the CD28 receptor. In vitro data suggests this co-stimulation leads to increased Th1 type cytokine release of IFN-γ and IL-2 that further stimulates clonal T cell proliferation and natural kill... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Changes in the imidoylthiourea complexes led to the synthesis of a new class of compounds, diaryltriazine (DATA). In these compounds, the thiourea part of the ITU compounds was replaced by a triazine ring. The DATA compounds were more potent than the ITU compounds against common NNRTI resistant mutant strains. R106168,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
France 24 documentary "Nicola Spaldin: The pioneer behind multiferroics" (12 minutes) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfVKtIcl2Nk&t=10s Nicola Spaldin: The pioneer behind multiferroics]
Seminar "Electric field control of magnetism" by R. Ramesh at U Michigan (1 hour) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTpr9CEYP6M Ramamo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thalidomide has been approved by the FDA for ENL and MM in combination with dexamethasone. EMA has also approved it to treat MM in combination with prednisone and/or melphalan. Orphan indications by the FDA include graft-versus-host disease, mycobacterial infection, recurrent aphthous ulcers, severe recurrent aphthous ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The induced vortices have many applications in various aspects of electrokinetic microfluidics. There are many micro-mixers that are designed and fabricated based on the existence of their induced vortices in the microfluidics devices. Such micro-mixers which are used for biochemical, medicine, biology applications has... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The difference between substituents R1-R5 is described below. All marketed β-agonists have hydroxyl group in position R3 and most often in position R5.
R: This group determines α- or β-receptor selectivity. The larger the substituent, the greater the selectivity for the β-receptor. If t-butyl is positioned at R it show... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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