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Stays made from puddled iron bar were used as a cheaper alternative to copper for joining the inner and outer firebox plates of steam locomotives. The incorporated stringers gave flexibility akin to stranded wire rope and stays made of the material were therefore resistant to snapping in service. Wrought iron rivets m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3D printing for the manufacturing of artificial organs has been a major topic of study in biological engineering. As the rapid manufacturing techniques entailed by 3D printing become increasingly efficient, their applicability in artificial organ synthesis has grown more evident. Some of the primary benefits of 3D prin... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A quantum dot is a semiconductor nano-particle that is often used in quantum optical systems. This includes their ability to be placed in optical microcavities where they can act as two-level systems. In this process, quantum dots are placed in cavities which allow for the discretization of the possible energy states o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Environmentally sensitive applications (e.g. farm tractors and marine dredging) may benefit from using biodegradable hydraulic fluids based upon rapeseed vegetable oil when there is the risk of an oil spill from a ruptured oil line. Typically these oils are available as ISO 32, ISO 46, and ISO 68 specification oils. AS... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Humans and chimpanzees share ten NANOG pseudogenes (NanogP2-P11) during evaluation, two of them are located on the X chromosome and they characterized by the 5’ promoter sequences and the absence of introns as a result of mRNA retrotransposition all in the same places: one duplication pseudogene and nine retropseudogen... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ty5 is a relative of the Retroviridae family of retroviruses, which includes the human pathogen HIV. Ty5 is a tractable system in which to study the biology of retrovirus integration. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by oxidation of to the sulfoxide, followed by reaction with palladium acetate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A non-combustible material is a substance that does not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subject to fire or heat, in the form in which it is used and under conditions anticipated. Any solid substance complying with either of two sets of passing criteria listed in Section 8 of ASTM E 13... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By wind tunnel experiments, it has been found that the behavior of an airfoil under unsteady motion is quite different from that under quasi-steady motion. Flow separation is less likely to happen on the upper airfoil surface with a larger value of AoA than the latter, which can increase the maximum lift coefficient to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to the central role of the glyoxylate cycle in the metabolism of pathogenic species including fungi and bacteria, enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are current inhibition targets for the treatment of diseases. Most reported inhibitors of the glyoxylate cycle target the first enzyme of the cycle (ICL). Inhibitors were... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
With the number of asymmetric synthetic challenges increasing as new targets for pharmaceuticals and materials grow, methods development becomes critical. Dynamic kinetic resolution is one solution to this ever growing demand, as one can take inexpensive racemic starting materials and come out with products in high yi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A zonal mean flow with small perturbations was assumed, , and a meridional flow with a zero mean, . Since it was assumed that the perturbations are small, a linearization can be performed on the barotropic vorticity equation above, ignoring all the non-linear terms (terms where two or more small variables, i.e. , are m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Conduction through cylindrical shells (e.g. pipes) can be calculated from the internal radius, , the external radius, , the length, , and the temperature difference between the inner and outer wall, .
The surface area of the cylinder is
When Fourier's equation is applied:
and rearranged:
then the rate of heat transfer... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most sinusitis infections are caused by viruses, for which amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate are ineffective, and the small benefit gained by amoxicillin may be overridden by the adverse effects.
Amoxicillin is considered the first-line empirical treatment for most cases of uncomplicated bacterial sinusitis in ch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CAPS is the common name for N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, a chemical used as buffering agent in biochemistry. The similar substance N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPSO) is also used as buffering agent in biochemistry. Its useful pH range is 9.7-11.1. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
UVGI is often used to disinfect equipment such as safety goggles, instruments, pipettors, and other devices. Lab personnel also disinfect glassware and plasticware this way. Microbiology laboratories use UVGI to disinfect surfaces inside biological safety cabinets ("hoods") between uses. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Manufacturers recommend that carbon tetraiodide be stored near . As a ready source of iodine, it is an irritant. Its LD on rats is 18 mg/kg. In general, organic compounds should be considered toxic, with the narrow exception of small perfluoroalkanes (essentially inert due to the strength of the C-F bond). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sigma-2 receptors have been associated with pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Tumor cells are shown to over-express sigma-2 receptors, allowing for potential cancer therapies as many sigma-2 receptor mediated cell responses happen only in tumor cells. Tumor ce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Orbifold signature:
* Coxeter notation: [(∞,2),∞] or [∞,(2,∞)]
* Lattice: rectangular
* Point group: D
* The group pmg has two rotation centres of order two (180°), and reflections in only one direction. It has glide reflections whose axes are perpendicular to the reflection axes. The centres... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Other methods of refrigeration include the air cycle machine used in aircraft; the vortex tube used for spot cooling, when compressed air is available; and thermoacoustic refrigeration using sound waves in a pressurized gas to drive heat transfer and heat exchange; steam jet cooling popular in the early 1930s for air c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alberts writings collected in 1899 went to thirty-eight volumes. These displayed his prolific habits and encyclopedic knowledge of topics such as logic, theology, botany, geography, astronomy, astrology, mineralogy, alchemy, zoology, physiology, phrenology, justice, law, friendship, and love. He digested, interpreted, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In addition to wild type forms of Rhodopseudomonas palustris, scientists have used genetically modified forms to produce hydrogen as well. Other explorations include expanding the bioreactor system to hold a combination of bacteria, algae or cyanobacteria. Ethanol production is performed by the algae Chlamydomonas rein... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Human chorionic gonadotropin injection is extensively used for final maturation induction in lieu of luteinizing hormone. In the presence of one or more mature ovarian follicles, ovulation can be triggered by the administration of HCG. As ovulation will happen between 38 and 40 hours after a single HCG injection, proce... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A hydrostatic test is a way in which pressure vessels such as pipelines, plumbing, gas cylinders, boilers and fuel tanks can be tested for strength and leaks. The test involves filling the vessel or pipe system with a liquid, usually water, which may be dyed to aid in visual leak detection, and pressurization of the ve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biology literature, the term topology is also used to refer to mutual orientation of regular secondary structures, such as alpha-helices and beta strands in protein structure [http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000003407/08_kapitel3.pdf?hosts=]. For example, two adjacent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferhan Çeçen (born June 15, 1961) is a Turkish environmental engineer and chemist, researching wastewater treatment, environmental biotechnology, and adsorption processes. She is a professor at the Boğaziçi University Institute of Environmental Sciences. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The general goal of the technique is similar to the DNA microarray. However, SAGE sampling is based on sequencing mRNA output, not on hybridization of mRNA output to probes, so transcription levels are measured more quantitatively than by microarray. In addition, the mRNA sequences do not need to be known a priori, s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
quinolinium - based Cl indicators are based on the capability of halides to quench the fluorescence of heterocyclic organic compounds with quaternary nitrogen. Fluorescence is quenched by a collision mechanism with a linear Stern–Volmer relationship:
where:<br>
is the fluorescence in the absence of halide<br>
is the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are currently several labeling methods for tracking biomolecules. Some of the methods include the following. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
OFM can be fabricated into a range of different product presentations for tissue engineering applications, and can be functionalized with therapeutic agents including silver, doxycycline and hyaluronic acid. OFM has been commercialized as single and multi-layered sheets, reinforced biologics and powders.
When placed in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Commercially available nitric acid is an azeotrope with water at a concentration of 68% . This solution has a boiling temperature of 120.5 °C (249 °F) at 1 atm. It is known as "concentrated nitric acid". The azeotrope of nitric acid and water is a colourless liquid at room temperature.
Two solid hydrates are known: the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ZND detonation model is a one-dimensional model for the process of detonation of an explosive. It was proposed during World War II independently by Y. B. Zel'dovich, John von Neumann, and Werner Döring, hence the name.
This model admits finite-rate chemical reactions and thus the process of detonation consists of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In March, researchers announced the successful use of gene therapy to treat two adult patients for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, a disease which affects myeloid cells and damages the immune system. The study is the first to show that gene therapy can treat the myeloid system.
In May, a team reported a way to ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The potential of using bioartificial pancreas, for treatment of diabetes mellitus, based on encapsulating islet cells within a semi permeable membrane is extensively being studied by scientists. These devices could eliminate the need for of immunosuppressive drugs in addition to finally solving the problem of shortage ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Translation is carried out by more than one ribosome simultaneously. Because of the relatively large size of ribosomes, they can only attach to sites on mRNA 35 nucleotides apart. The complex of one mRNA and a number of ribosomes is called a polysome or polyribosome. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid (or non-crystalline solid) is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal. The terms "glass" and "glassy solid" are sometimes used synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorphous... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aerogels are highly porous ultralight materials in which the liquid component of a gel has been replaced with a gas, and are noteworthy for being solids that are extremely effective thermal insulators with very low density. Aerogels can be prepared in a variety of ways, and though most have been based on silica, materi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Abelson received many distinguished awards, including the National Medal of Science in 1987, the National Science Foundations Distinguished Achievement Award, the American Medical Associations Scientific Achievement Award, the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Medal and the Waldo E. Smith Medal in 1988. In 1992 he wa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Counterfeit THC oil has been detected to contain synthetic cannabinoids. Several school kids in Greater Manchester collapsed after vaping Spice mis-sold as natural cannabis. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mechanical ventilation of buildings and structures can be achieved by the use of the following techniques:
*Whole-house ventilation
*Mixing ventilation
*Displacement ventilation
*Dedicated subaerial air supply | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The boiler feed water used in the steam boiler is a means of transferring heat energy from the burning fuel to the mechanical energy of the spinning steam turbine. The total feed water consists of recirculated condensate water and purified makeup water. Because the metallic materials it contacts are subject to corrosio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Caesium carbonate can be prepared by thermal decomposition of caesium oxalate. Upon heating, caesium oxalate is converted to caesium carbonate with emission of carbon monoxide.
It can also be synthesized by reacting caesium hydroxide with carbon dioxide. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Landes was an undergraduate student in chemistry at George Mason University. She moved to Georgia Tech for her doctoral research, where she majored in physical chemistry under the supervision of Mostafa El-Sayed. After earning her doctorate, Landes joined the University of Oregon as a postdoctoral researcher with Geral... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [https://www.rickallmendinger.net/stereonet Stereonet], a software tool for structural geology by Rick Allmendinger.
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclab/ PTCLab], the phase transformation crystallography lab
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/sphaerica Sphaerica], software tool for straightedge and compass const... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2 (GOSAT-2), also known as , is an Earth observation satellite dedicated to greenhouse gas monitoring. It is a successor of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). The GOSAT-2 was developed as a joint project of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ministry of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Classical antiquity, anaesthetics were described by:
* Pedanius Dioscorides (De Materia Medica), a Greek physician living in Rome during the first century A.D., who is recorded as the first person to make explicit reference to the administration of mandrake-induced anesthesia to facilitate a surgical intervention.
*... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some hydrophilic polymer can be made into hydrogel fiber via melt-spinning method, where the solidification is done by the phase transition from the molten state. Similar to the electro-spinning, the pregel solution was kept liquid in the container. After leaving the nuzzle at filament state, the fiber solidified after... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The perturbation in atmospheric C from the bomb testing was an opportunity to validate atmospheric transport models, and to study the movement of carbon between the atmosphere and oceanic or terrestrial sinks. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal halides are often readily available precursors for other inorganic compounds. Mentioned above, the halide compounds can be made anhydrous by heat, vacuum, or treatment with thionyl chloride.
Halide ligands may be abstracted by silver(I), often as the tetrafluoroborate or the hexafluorophosphate. In many transitio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The regulation of medicinal products by officials in the United Kingdom dates back to the reign of King Henry VIII (1491–1547). The Royal College of Physicians of London had the power to inspect apothecaries’ products in the London area, and to destroy defective stock. The first list of approved drugs, with informati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An example that illustrates nuclear binding energy is the nucleus of C (carbon-12), which contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons. The protons are all positively charged and repel each other, but the nuclear force overcomes the repulsion and causes them to stick together. The nuclear force is a close-range force (it is stron... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The process occurs in two cellular locations: the cytosol and the mitochondria matrix. A cycle is formed by the system, ensuring that the conversion between acetylene, oxaloacetate, citrate, and malate can continue without the need for foreign molecule addition.
It involves six major steps: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of Fmoc as a temporary protecting group for amine at the N-terminus in SPPS is very widespread for Fmoc/tBu approach, because its removal with piperidine solution does not disturb the acid-labile linker between the peptide and the resin. A typical SPPS Fmoc deprotection is performed with a solution of 20% piper... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Momordicilin or 24-[1′-hydroxy,1′-methyl-2′-pentenyloxyl]-ursan-3-one is a chemical compound, a triterpenoid with formula , found in the fresh fruit of the bitter melon (Momordica charantia).
The compound is soluble in ethyl acetate and chloroform but not in petrol. It crystallizes as needles that melt at 170−171 °C. ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Isotope analysis has widespread applicability in the natural sciences. These include numerous applications in the biological, earth and environmental sciences. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanoparticles of sufficiently uniform size may spontaneously settle into regular arrangements, forming a colloidal crystal. These arrangements may exhibit original physical properties, such as observed in photonic crystals. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equatorial plane of a cell-like structure can be imaged using phase contrast microscopy to obtain a video showing the fluctuations of the membrane.
On the video, the contours can be found using image analysis algorithms, which can then be used to determine the power spectrum of the fluctuation modes in real space a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The term can also refer to octahedral influenced by the Jahn–Teller effect, which is a common phenomenon encountered in coordination chemistry. This reduces the symmetry of the molecule from O to D and is known as a tetragonal distortion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pancuronium remains one of the few muscle relaxants logically and rationally designed from structure-action / effects relationship data. A steroid skeleton was chosen because of its appropriate size and rigidness. Acetylcholine moieties were inserted to increase receptor affinity. Although having many unwanted side-eff... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As disulfide bonds can be reversibly reduced and re-oxidized, the redox state of these bonds has evolved into a signaling element. In chloroplasts, for example, the enzymatic reduction of disulfide bonds has been linked to the control of numerous metabolic pathways as well as gene expression. The reductive signaling ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
More complex anions can be formed by condensing borate triangles or tetrahedra with other oxyanions to yield materials such as borosulfates, boroselenates, borotellurates, boroantimonates, borophosphates, or boroselenites.
Borosilicate glass, also known as pyrex, can be viewed as a silicate in which some [SiO] units ar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although the presence of carbon in the Earths core is well-constrained, recent studies suggest large inventories of carbon could be stored in this region. Shear (S) waves moving through the inner core travel at about fifty percent of the velocity expected for most iron-rich alloys. Because the cores composition is beli... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The substrate(s) and physiological function of Peg1/MEST are not known; however, the protein may play a role in mammalian development and abnormalities in its expression by its gene (PEG1/MEST)by, for example, loss of Genomic imprinting, overexpression, or promoter switching, has been linked to certain types of cancer ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When atoms or molecules are adsorbed on a surface, two phenomena can lead to a change in the surface stress. One is a change in the electron density of the atoms in the surface, which changes the in-plane bonding and thus the surface stress. A second is due to interactions between the adsorbed atoms or molecules themse... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is one assay office at Espoo.
The assay office is privatized and the concession was awarded to Inspecta Corporation is an independent, international qualification requirements fulfilling inspection, testing, measurement and certification services provider. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1962, the US had resumed atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons at the Nevada test site in 1962. The State of Utah had set up its own network of monitoring facilities to test milk for radioiodine, since "data pertaining to the safety of the citizens of Utah was not forthcoming from the AEC", and the levels of radioact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, data has been compiled regarding the genomic information and sequencing of this organism. A prediction model exists in which a researcher can upload his or her genomic information and use a splice site prediction database to gather information about where the splice sit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ocular space is a difficult area to deliver drugs into and therefore special drug delivery considerations need to be taken into account. Intravitreal injections are a common method of delivery drugs to the eye. Pullulan systems can be utilized in intravitreal injections in order to develop drugs that are long lasti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physiology, base excess and base deficit refer to an excess or deficit, respectively, in the amount of base present in the blood. The value is usually reported as a concentration in units of mEq/L (mmol/L), with positive numbers indicating an excess of base and negative a deficit. A typical reference range for base ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Although the nucleosome is a very stable protein-DNA complex, it is not static and has been shown to undergo a number of different structural re-arrangements including nucleosome sliding and DNA site exposure. Depending on the context, nucleosomes can inhibit or facilitate transcription factor binding. Nucleosome posit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Binding curves describe the binding behavior of ligand to a protein. Curves can be characterized by their shape, sigmoidal or hyperbolic, which reflect whether or not the protein exhibits cooperative or noncooperative binding behavior respectively. Typically, the x-axis describes the concentration of ligand and the y-a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The proof that a spatial displacement can be decomposed into a rotation around, and translation along, a line in space is attributed to Michel Chasles in 1830. Recently the work of Giulio Mozzi has been identified as presenting a similar result in 1763. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chlorine-36 (Cl) is an isotope of chlorine. Chlorine has two stable isotopes and one naturally occurring radioactive isotope, the cosmogenic isotope Cl. Its half-life is 301,300 ± 1,500 years. Cl decays primarily (98%) by beta-minus decay to Ar, and the balance to S.
Trace amounts of radioactive Cl exist in the enviro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Krefts dichromaticity index (DI) is a measure for quantification of dichromatism. It is defined as the difference in hue angle (Δh) between the color of the sample at the dilution, where the chroma (color saturation) is maximal, and the color of four times more diluted (or thinner) and four times more concentrated (or ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyaddition (or addition polymerisation ) is a polymerization reaction that forms polymers via individual independent addition reactions. Polyaddition occurs as a reaction between functional groups on molecules with low degrees of polymerization, such as dimers, trimers and oligomers, to form species of higher molar ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The radical pair mechanism is currently accepted as the most common cause of CIDNP. This theory was proposed by Closs, and, independently, by Kaptein and Oosterhoff. There are, however, exceptions, and the DNP mechanism was found to be operational, for example, in many fluorine-containing radicals.
The chemical bond is... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hammett equation (Equation 1) provides the relationship between the substituent on the benzene ring and the ionizing rate constant of the reaction. Hammett used the ionization of benzoic acid as the standard reaction to define a set of substituent parameters σ, and then to generate the ρ values, which represent ion... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are a number of variations of the experiments, for example, a symmetric refocusing step or an extra 90° H pulse may be added, and there are also reverse INEPT pulse sequences. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The lipid world theory postulates that the first self-replicating object was lipid-like. Phospholipids form lipid bilayers in water while under agitation—the same structure as in cell membranes. These molecules were not present on early Earth, but other amphiphilic long-chain molecules also form membranes. These bodies... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Type II photosensitized reactions, the photosensitizer is excited by a light source into a triplet state. The excited photosensitizer then reacts with a ground state, triplet oxygen molecule. This excites the oxygen molecule into the singlet state, making it a reactive oxygen species. Upon excitation, the singlet ox... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ionophores are chemical compounds that reversibly bind and transport ions through biological membranes in the absence of a protein pore. This can disrupt the membrane potential, and thus these substances could exhibit cytotoxic properties. Ionophores modify the permeability of biological membranes toward certain ions t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cycle of quantification/qualification (C) is a parameter used in real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques, indicating the cycle number where a PCR amplification curve meets a predefined mathematical criterion. A C may be used for quantification of the target sequence or to determine whether the target sequence is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One of the theories on the specific formation mechanism for bainite is that it occurs by a shear transformation, as in martensite. The crystal structure change is achieved by a deformation rather than by diffusion. The shape change associated with bainite is an invariant—plane strain with a large shear component. Thi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Pleistocene is a geological epoch that began about 2.6 million years ago. The Holocene, the current geological epoch, begins about 11,700 years ago when the Pleistocene ends. Establishing the date of this boundary − which is defined by sharp climatic warming − as accurately as possible has been a goal of geologists... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Up to now, seven meetings have been held:
* ACEPS-1, November 15–17, 2006, Kyoto, Japan
* ACEPS-2, October 21–23, 2007, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
* ACEPS-3, November, 2008, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
* ACEPS-4, November 8–12, 2009, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
*... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several important anticancer agents both bind to DNA and generate reactive oxygen species. These include adriamycin and other anthracyclines, bleomycin, and cisplatin. These agents may show specific toxicity towards cancer cells because of the low level of antioxidant defenses found in tumors. Recent research demons... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consider the problem where the fluid in the far stream exhibit uniform axial velocity and rotates with angular velocity . This upstream motion corresponds to
From these, we obtain
indicating that in this case, and are simple linear functions of . The Hicks equation itself becomes
which upon introducing becomes
whe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Optical properties are tested for optical sensing-related applications. This can include light attenuation, refractive index, transmission, etc. These optical properties are significantly influenced by the composition of the hydrogel. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iodine-transfer polymerization (ITP, also called ITRP), developed by Tatemoto and coworkers in the 1970s gives relatively low polydispersities for fluoroolefin polymers. While it has received relatively little academic attention, this chemistry has served as the basis for several industrial patents and products and ma... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From calculus it is known that the gradient vector is normal to the curve (see e.g. Level set#Level sets versus the gradient). If it is shown that everywhere using the formula for in terms of then this proves that level curves of are streamlines.
;Cylindrical coordinates:
In cylindrical coordinates,
and
So tha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pteropods and brittle stars both form the base of the Arctic food webs and are both seriously damaged from acidification. Pteropods shells dissolve with increasing acidification and the brittle stars lose muscle mass when re-growing appendages. For pteropods to create shells they require aragonite which is produced thr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some polysilicates are ladder polymers. One example is provided by the mineral tremolite.
In the area of coordination chemistry, the ladder structure is seen in some coordination polymers. Illustrative is the polymer [CuI(2-picoline]. When the 2-picoline is replaced by a tertiary phosphine, it forms a tetrameric cub... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The majority of observed photogeochemical reactions involve a mineral catalyst. Many naturally occurring minerals are semiconductors that absorb some portion of solar radiation. These semiconducting minerals are frequently transition metal oxides and sulfides and include abundant, well-known minerals such as hematite (... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The word "chemurgy" decreased in use by 1950. By this point, the methods had yielded modest inroads to industry and research, including four national research laboratories, the development of the Southern pine industry, and the initial emergence of the American flax paper industry. After this time, awareness of the ter... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
GenePattern is a freely available computational biology open-source software package originally created and developed at the Broad Institute for the analysis of genomic data. Designed to enable researchers to develop, capture, and reproduce genomic analysis methodologies, GenePattern was first released in 2004. GenePat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coordination complexes with octahedral or square planar geometries can also exhibit cis-trans isomerism.
For example, there are two isomers of square planar Pt(NH)Cl, as explained by Alfred Werner in 1893. The cis isomer, whose full name is cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), was shown in 1969 by Barnett Rosenberg to hav... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effectiveness of methods such as chemotherapy to treat cancer tends to plateau after some initial time as the cells undergo molecular changes that render them insensitive to the effect of anticancer drugs. Hence, it is imperative to detect the presence of cancerous cells early. An important biomarker, microRNA (miR... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester, often abbreviated Fura-2AM, is a membrane-permeant derivative of the ratiometric calcium indicator Fura-2 used in biochemistry to measure cellular calcium concentrations by fluorescence. When added to cells, Fura-2AM crosses cell membranes and once inside the cell, the acetoxymethyl groups ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Iron is an important nutrient for the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however, iron is not easily accessible in the environment. To overcome this problem, P. aeruginosa produces siderophores to bind and transport iron. But the bacterium that produced the siderophores does not necessarily receive the direct benefit of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As a material cools, the relative motion of its component molecules/atoms decreases - its temperature decreases. Cooling can continue until all motion ceases, and its kinetic energy, or energy of motion, disappears. This condition is known as absolute zero and it forms the basis for the Kelvin temperature scale, which... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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