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MacConkey agar is culture medium designed to grow Gram-negative bacteria and stain them for lactose fermentation. It contains bile salts (to inhibit most Gram-positive bacteria), crystal violet dye (which also inhibits certain Gram-positive bacteria), neutral red dye (which stains microbes fermenting lactose), lactose ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mycoremediation can even be used for fire management with the encapsulation method. This process consists of using fungal spores coated with agarose in a pellet form, which is introduced to a substrate in the burnt forest, breaking down toxins and stimulating growth. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
21-Crown-7 is an organic compound with the formula [CHO] and the IUPAC name of 1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaoxacycloheneicosane. Like other crown ethers, 21-crown-7 functions as a ligand for some metal cations with a particular affinity for caesium cations. The dipole moment of 21-crown-7 varies in different solvents and und... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Angeli–Rimini reaction has recently been applied in solid-phase synthesis with the sulfonamide covalently linked to a polystyrene solid support. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The use of the term hydrate is still acceptable e.g. NaSO10HO, sodium sulfate decahydrate. The recommended method would be to name it sodium sulfate—water(1/10). Similarly other examples of lattice compounds are:
*CaCl8NH, calcium chloride— ammonia (1/8)
*2NaCO3HO, sodium carbonate—hydrogen peroxide (2/3)
*AlCl4EtOH, a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clinical trial costs vary depending on trial phase, type of trial, and disease studied. A study of clinical trials conducted in the United States from 2004 to 2012 found the average cost of PhaseI trials to be between $1.4 million and $6.6 million, depending on the type of disease. Phase II trials ranged from $7 millio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Shortly after his funeral, his wife organised a memorial tablet for him in Westminster Abbey at a cost of £142.
*In 1872, a statue of Davy was erected in front of the Market Building, Penzance, (now owned by Lloyds TSB) at the top of Market Jew Street, Penzance.
*A commemorative slate plaque on 4 Market Jew Street, Pe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In earlier years it was thought that apamin was a rather nontoxic compound (LD = 15 mg/kg in mice) compared to the other compounds in bee venom. The current lethal dose values of apamin measured in mice are given below. There are no data known specific for humans.
Intraperitoneal (mouse) LD: 3.8 mg/kg
Subcutaneous (mo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cytochrome c oxidase, also known as complex IV, is the final protein complex in the electron transport chain. The mammalian enzyme has an extremely complicated structure and contains 13 subunits, two heme groups, as well as multiple metal ion cofactors – in all, three atoms of copper, one of magnesium and one of zinc.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
By visual inspection, the treated region are examined. The treatment depth can be checked with a special gauge.
A digital display of the operating pressure allows the user to control the entire process. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soil tilth is naturally maintained by the interaction of plant roots with the soil biota.
Short lived tilth can be obtained through mechanical and biological manipulation. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Upon illumination of the chloroplasts, the pH of the stroma rises from 7.0 to 8.0 because of the proton (hydrogen ion, ) gradient created across the thylakoid membrane. The movement of protons into thylakoids is driven by light and is fundamental to ATP synthesis in chloroplasts (Further reading: Photosynthetic reactio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine (pEHG) is an endogenous tripeptide that acts as a tissue-specific antimitotic and selectively inhibits the proliferation of colon epithelial cells. Early research indicated that pEHG had anorectic effects in mice and was possibly involved in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. However... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Probably the most widely used current applications of refrigeration are for air conditioning of private homes and public buildings, and refrigerating foodstuffs in homes, restaurants and large storage warehouses. The use of refrigerators and walk-in coolers and freezers in kitchens, factories and warehouses for storin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Upper bainite" forms around 400–550 °C in sheaves. These sheaves contain several laths of ferrite that are approximately parallel to each other and which exhibit a Kurdjumov-Sachs relationship with the surrounding austenite, though this relationship degrades as the transformation temperature is lowered. The ferrite ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term Schiff base is normally applied to these compounds when they are being used as ligands to form coordination complexes with metal ions. One example is Jacobsen's catalyst. The imine nitrogen is basic and exhibits pi-acceptor properties. Several, especially the diiminopyridines are noninnocent ligands. Many Sch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For the simulation of wave motion near coasts and harbours, numerical models – both commercial and academic – employing Boussinesq-type equations exist. Some commercial examples are the Boussinesq-type wave modules in MIKE 21 and SMS. Some of the free Boussinesq models are Celeris, COULWAVE, and FUNWAVE. Most numerical... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Jim Wittke's class notes at Northern Arizona University
* John Fournelle's class notes at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
* John Donovan's class notes at the University of Oregon | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At 16 billion Scoville units, resiniferatoxin is rather toxic and can inflict chemical burns in minute quantities. The primary action of resiniferatoxin is to activate sensory neurons responsible for the perception of pain. It is currently the most potent TRPV1 agonist known, with ~500x higher binding affinity for TRPV... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Piobert's law applies to the reaction of solid propellant grains to generate hot gas. It is stated: "Burning takes place by parallel layers where the surface of the grain regresses, layer by layer, normal to the surface at every point." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclic peroxides can be obtained by cycloaddition of singlet oxygen (generated by UV radiation) to dienes. An important example is rubrene. Six-membered cyclic peroxides are called endo peroxides. The four-membered dioxetanes can be obtained by 2+2 cycloaddition of oxygen to alkenes.
The hazards associated with sto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Simplified sanitary sewers consist of small-diameter pipes, typically around , often laid at fairly flat gradients (1 in 200). Although the investment cost for simplified sanitary sewers can be about half the cost of conventional sewers, the requirements for operation and maintenance are usually higher. Simplified sewe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the French Revolution gained momentum, attacks mounted on the deeply unpopular Ferme générale, and it was eventually abolished in March 1791. In 1792 Lavoisier was forced to resign from his post on the Gunpowder Commission and to move from his house and laboratory at the Royal Arsenal. On 8 August 1793, all the lear... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
C5a interact with receptor protein C5a Receptor 1 (C5aR1) on the surface of target cells such as macrophages, neutrophils and endothelial cells. C5aR1 is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily of proteins, predicted to have seven transmembrane helical domains of largely hydrophobic amino acid residues, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In this way, it has been possible to create a virtual cellular population of cardiomyocytes and vary their conductances that are related to the main ionic currents which contribute to the action potential morphology, reflective of a specific anatomical region of the heart.
In order to create a stable population of cell... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Grote–Hynes theory is a theory of reaction rate in a solution phase. This rate theory was developed by James T. Hynes with his graduate student Richard F. Grote in 1980.
The theory is based on the generalized Langevin equation (GLE). This theory introduced the concept of frequency dependent friction for chemical rate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Optical biotransducers, used in optical biosensors for signal transduction, use photons in order to collect information about analyte. These are highly sensitive, highly specific, small in size and cost effective.
The detection mechanism of optical biotransducer depends upon the enzyme system that converts analyte into... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When a substituent group is located ortho position to the carboxyl group in a substituted benzoic acid compound, the compound becomes more acidic surpassing the unmodified benzoic acid.
Generally ortho-substituted benzoic acids are stronger acids than their meta and para isomers. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
When electrodes are placed in an electrolyte and a voltage is applied, the electrolyte will conduct electricity. Lone electrons normally cannot pass through the electrolyte; instead, a chemical reaction occurs at the cathode, providing electrons to the electrolyte. Another reaction occurs at the anode, consuming elec... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TRIM33 acts as a tumor suppressor gene preventing the development chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
TRIM33 regulates also the TRIM28 receptor and promotes physiological aging of hematopoietic stem cells.
TRIM33 acts as an oncogene by preventing apoptosis in B-cell leukemias. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The minimum angle, , which an oblique shock can have is the Mach angle , where is the initial Mach number before the shock and the greatest angle corresponds to a normal shock. The range of shock angles is therefore . To calculate the pressures for this range of angles, the Rankine–Hugoniot equations are solved for pr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aerobic exercise provokes a systemic cytokine response, including, for example, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and IL-10 (Interleukin 10) and the concentrations of chemokines, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and MCP-1 rise after vigorous exercise. IL-6 was identified as a myokine bas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to R. Balasubramaniam and A. V. Ramesh Kumar (2003), the pillar shows "excellent" atmospheric corrosion resistance.
Ray et al. (1997) analyzed portions of the two smaller fragments. Their analysis revealed the following chemical composition (weight %):
Balasubramaniam (2002) also obtained a small portion of t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The probability of a transition taking place is the most important factor influencing the intensity of an observed rotational line. This probability is proportional to the population of the initial state involved in the transition. The population of a rotational state depends on two factors. The number of molecules in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EQCM is broadly used to study the deposition/dissolution process on electrode surface, such as the oscillation of electrode potential during Cu/CuO layered nanostructure electrodeposition, deposition growth process of cobalt and nickel hexacyanoferrate in calcium nitrate and barium nitrate electrolyte solution, and the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
TEOS-10 (Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010) is the international standard for the use and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of seawater, humid air and ice. It supersedes the former standard EOS-80 (Equation of State of Seawater 1980). TEOS-10 is used by oceanographers and climate scientists to calcula... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The general form quoted for a mass balance is The mass that enters a system must, by conservation of mass, either leave the system or accumulate within the system.
Mathematically the mass balance for a system without a chemical reaction is as follows:
Strictly speaking the above equation holds also for systems with che... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The specific biochemical mechanism of lithium action in stabilizing mood is unknown.
Upon ingestion, lithium becomes widely distributed in the central nervous system and interacts with a number of neurotransmitters and receptors, decreasing norepinephrine release and increasing serotonin synthesis.
Unlike many other ps... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gestonorone caproate is used in the palliative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial cancer. It is used at a dose of 100 to 200 mg once a week by intramuscular injection. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Increasing the pressure in a gaseous reaction will increase the number of collisions between reactants, increasing the rate of reaction. This is because the activity of a gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. This is similar to the effect of increasing the concentration of a solution.
In addi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Glutamate-1-semialdehyde is a molecule formed from by the reduction of tRNA bound glutamate, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA reductase. It is isomerized by glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase to give aminolevulinic acid in the biosynthesis of porphyrins, including heme and chlorophyll. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A purge box is typically used so that absorption of THz radiation by gaseous water molecules is minimized. A dry air source is often used for this purpose, however, a nitrogen gas source may also be used.
Water is known to have many discrete absorptions in the THz region that are rotational modes of water molecules. Al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The SI unit for Collective dose, S, is man-sieverts. The person-rem is sometimes used as the non SI unit in some regulatory systems. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Couette flow, instead of the translational motion of one of the plate, an oscillation of one plane will be executed. If we have a bottom wall at rest at and the upper wall at is executing an oscillatory motion with velocity , then the velocity field is given by
The frictional force per unit area on the moving ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the primary beam consists of accelerated electrons, the probe is termed an electron microprobe, when the primary beam consists of accelerated ions, the term ion microprobe is used. The term microprobe may also be applied to optical analytical techniques, when the instrument is set up to analyse micro samples or mi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In these cycles and engines the working fluid is always a gas (i.e., there is no phase change):
*Carnot cycle (Carnot heat engine)
*Ericsson cycle (Caloric Ship John Ericsson)
*Stirling cycle (Stirling engine, thermoacoustic devices)
*Internal combustion engine (ICE):
**Otto cycle (e.g. gasoline/petrol engine)
**Diesel... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Further classification of the jet can be related to how the nearfield zone develops due to the compressible effects that govern it. When the jet first exists the orifice or nozzle, it will expand very quickly, resulting in an over-expansion of the flow (which will also reduce the temperature and density of the flow as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemical separation terminology, the raffinate (from French raffiner, to refine) is a product which has had a component or components removed. The product having the removed materials is referred to as the extract. For example, in solvent extraction, the raffinate is the liquid stream which remains after solutes fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula [Co(NH)]Cl. It is the chloride salt of the coordination complex [Co(NH)], which is considered an archetypal "Werner complex", named after the pioneer of coordination chemistry, Alfred Werner. The cation itself is a metal ammine complex with six a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The stability of the Mg-Mg bond needed to be dealt with. Researchers began to investigate sterically demanding guanidinates and amidinates. Their stabilizing abilities in low-oxidation state chemistry was attractive since it allowed for other low-valent main group complexes to be achieved. This research also allowed fo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plasmonic nanoparticles have demonstrated a wide potential for the establishment of innovative cancer treatments. Despite that, there are still not plasmonic nanomaterials employed in the clinical practice, because the associated metal persistence. Preliminary research indicates that some nanomaterials, among which gol... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He died on January 4, 1882, at his home in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, at the age of 70. The funeral was held at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in New York City. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The versatility of the Sonogashira reaction makes it a widely used reaction in the synthesis of a variety of compounds. One such pharmaceutical application is in the synthesis of SIB-1508Y, which is more commonly known as Altinicline. Altinicline is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that has shown potential in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
As the roughness extends into turbulent core, the Fanning friction factor becomes independent of fluid viscosity at large Reynolds numbers, as illustrated by Nikuradse and Reichert (1943) for the flow in region of . The equation below has been modified from the original format which was developed for Darcy friction fac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Amphipathic Lipid Packing Sensor (ALPS) motifs were first identified in 2005 in ARFGAP1 and have been reviewed.
The curving of a phospholipid bilayer, for example into a liposome, causes disturbances to the packing of the lipids on the side of the bilayer that has the larger surface area (the outside of a liposome for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) play a role in the context of allergy diagnosis. The terms CCD or CCDs describe protein-linked carbohydrate structures responsible for the phenomenon of cross-reactivity of sera from allergic patients towards a wide range of allergens from plants and insects. In serum-bas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are seven different kinds of lattice systems, and each kind of lattice system has four different kinds of centerings (primitive, base-centered, body-centered, face-centered). However, not all of the combinations are unique; some of the combinations are equivalent while other combinations are not possible due to s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AFPs are thought to inhibit ice growth by an adsorption–inhibition mechanism. They adsorb to nonbasal planes of ice, inhibiting thermodynamically-favored ice growth. The presence of a flat, rigid surface in some AFPs seems to facilitate its interaction with ice via Van der Waals force surface complementarity. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The vacuum ultraviolet (V‑UV) band (100–200 nm) can be generated by non-linear 4 wave mixing in gases by sum or difference frequency mixing of 2 or more longer wavelength lasers. The generation is generally done in gasses (e.g. krypton, hydrogen which are two-photon resonant near 193 nm) or metal vapors (e.g. magnesium... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heme B or haem B (also known as protoheme IX) is the most abundant heme. Hemoglobin and myoglobin are examples of oxygen transport proteins that contain heme B. The peroxidase family of enzymes also contain heme B. The COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (cyclooxygenase) of recent fame, also contain heme B at one of two active s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If an equation of state is available, it can be used to predict the values of the thermal expansion at all the required temperatures and pressures, along with many other state functions. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first total synthesis was accomplished in 2000 by the Danishefsky group at Columbia University, with a number of other syntheses following shortly thereafter by Williams, Ganesan, Fuji, Carreira, Horne, Overman, and most recently Trost.
From a synthetic point of view, the most challenging structural features of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The first such attempt is found in the Swain–Scott equation derived in 1953:
This free-energy relationship relates the pseudo first order reaction rate constant (in water at 25 °C), k, of a reaction, normalized to the reaction rate, k, of a standard reaction with water as the nucleophile, to a nucleophilic constant n f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Esketamine is approximately twice as potent an anesthetic as racemic ketamine.
In mice, the rapid antidepressant effect of arketamine was greater and lasted longer than that of esketamine. The usefulness of arketamine over esketamine has been supported by other researchers.
Esketamine inhibits dopamine transporters eig... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungal-plant communities, are important to the success of revegetation efforts. Most woody plant species need these root-fungi communities to thrive, and nursery or greenhouse transplants may not have sufficient or correct mycorrhizae for good survival. Mycorhizal communities are particularly ben... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A number of adhesion GPCRs may have important roles within the immune system. In particular, members the EGF-TM7 subfamily which possess N-terminal EGF-like domains are predominantly restricted to leukocytes suggesting a putative role in immune function. The human EGF‑TM7 family is composed of CD97, EMR1 (F4/80 recept... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Lovelock, James. The Independent. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060408121826/http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article338830.ece The Earth is about to catch a morbid fever], 16 January 2006.
*Lovelock, James (2006), interviewed in How to think about science, CBC Ideas (radio program), broadcast January 3,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the Euclidean plane, we have the following possibilities.
*; [ ] Identity
:Two reflections in the same mirror restore each point to its original position. All points are left fixed. Any pair of identical mirrors has the same effect.
*; [] Reflection
:As Alice found through the looking-glass, a single mirror causes ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sensor-based ore sorting is financially especially attractive for low grade or marginal ore or waste dump material. This described scenario describes that waste dump material or marginal ore is sorted and added to the run-of-mine production. The needed capacity for the sensor-based ore sorting step is less in this case... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Metal-catalyzed cyclopropanations are chemical reactions that result in the formation of a cyclopropane ring from a metal carbenoid species and an alkene. In the Simmons–Smith reaction the metal involved is zinc. Metal carbenoid species can be generated through the reaction of a diazo compound with a transition metal).... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells. The technique can identify one or more RNA molecules of known sequence even at low total concentration. The extracted RNA is first mixed with ant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Only recently also other extraction applications have been investigated, e.g. the large scale recovery of apolar organics on offshore oil platforms using the so-called Macro-Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE) Technology. In such an application, where the SIR particles are contained in a packed bed, flow rates from 0.5 m ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Born series is the expansion of different scattering quantities in quantum scattering theory in the powers of the interaction potential (more precisely in powers of where is the free particle Green's operator). It is closely related to Born approximation, which is the first order term of the Born series. The ser... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drug discovery depends on methods by which many different chemicals are assayed for their activity. These chemicals are stored as physical quantities in a chemical library or libraries which are often assembled from both outside vendors and internal chemical synthesis efforts. These chemical libraries are used in high-... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Nickel tetracarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl can be prepared according to the following equations by reaction of finely divided metal with carbon monoxide:
:Ni + 4 CO → Ni(CO) (1 bar, 55 °C)
:Fe + 5 CO → Fe(CO) (100 bar, 175 °C)
Nickel tetracarbonyl is formed with carbon monoxide already at 80 °C and atmospheric pressur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Qualitative inorganic analysis is now used only as a pedagogical tool. Modern techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy and ICP-MS are able to quickly detect the presence and concentrations of elements using a very small amount of sample. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many variations of Josiphos ligands have been reported. One family is prepared from Ugi's amine.
An important improvement on initial syntheses has been using N(CH) as a leaving group over acetate, although an acetic acid solvent gives better yields. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ampicillin is an antibiotic belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to prevent and treat a number of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis. It may also be used to prevent group B strepto... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphinous acids exist mainly as minor tautomers of secondary phosphine oxides. For example diphenylphosphinous acid, which is not detectable directly, is invoked as the tautomer of diphenylphosphine oxide.
Highly electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize the phosphinous acid tautomer as illustrated by (CF)POH. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the growth of crack formation in a corrosive environment. It can lead to unexpected and sudden failure of normally ductile metal alloys subjected to a tensile stress, especially at elevated temperature. SCC is highly chemically specific in that certain alloys are likely to undergo SCC... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
According to Ohta (1994, pp. 90–91) the ranking and scientific analysis of energy quality was first proposed in 1851 by William Thomson under the concept of "availability". This concept was continued in Germany by Z. Rant, who developed it under the title, "die Exergie" (the exergy). It was later continued and standard... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An annulation is defined as a transformation of one or more acyclic precursors resulting in the fusion of a new ring via two newly generated bonds. These strategies can be used to create aromatic systems from acyclic precursors in a single step, with many substituents already in place. A common synthetic annulation rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Theophrastus (390–280 BC) was a disciple of Aristotle and a philosopher of natural history, considered by historians as the Father of Botany. He wrote a treatise entitled Historia Plantarium about 300 BC. It was the first attempt to organize and classify plants, plant lore, and botanical morphology in Greece. It provid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A solvated electron is a free electron in a solution, in which it behaves like an anion. An electron's being solvated in a solution means it is bound by the solution. The notation for a solvated electron in formulas of chemical reactions is "e". Often, discussions of solvated electrons focus on their solutions in ammon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For quasi-static and reversible processes, the first law of thermodynamics is:
where δQ is the heat supplied to the system and δW is the work done by the system. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neurons from several brain regions, such as the neocortex, substantia nigra, and hippocampus have been found to contain autapses.
Autapses have been observed to be relatively more abundant in GABAergic basket and dendrite-targeting cells of the cat visual cortex compared to spiny stellate, double bouquet, and pyramidal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many recipes for medicines included herbs, minerals, and pieces of animals (meats, fats, skins) that were ingested, made into paste for external use, or used as aromatherapy. Some of these are similar to natural remedies used today, including catnip, chamomile, fennel, mint, garlic, and witch hazel. Many other ingredie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*Epinephrine induces platelet aggregation, and so does hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Thus, they are physiological agonists to each other. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HIRs require long exposure to relatively high light levels. The degree of response will depend on the level of light. They are characterised by the fact that they do not follow the law of reciprocity and depend on the rate of photons hitting the leaf surface, as opposed to the total light levels. This means that neith... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In petroleum geology, the maturity of a rock is a measure of its state in terms of hydrocarbon generation. Maturity is established using a combination of geochemical and basin modelling techniques.
Rocks with high total organic carbon, (termed source rocks), will alter under increasing temperature such that the organic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It was not until 1987 when two chemists, Hedrick and Schlemper, from the University of Freiburg proposed the use of phosphazene bases to speed up the reaction and lower the polydispersity index. Up until 2023, three different phosphazene bases have been used in PPA polymerization. Moreover, most of the published resear... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A quantum heat engine is a device that generates power from the heat flow between hot and cold reservoirs.
The operation mechanism of the engine can be described by the laws of quantum mechanics.
The first realization of a quantum heat engine was pointed out by Scovil and Schulz-DuBois in 1959, showing the connectio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chesapeake Bay ( ) is the largest estuary in the United States. The Bay is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula, including parts of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, the Eastern Shore of Virginia, and the state of Delaware. The mouth of the Bay... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Small interfering (siRNA) are short, 19-23 base-pair (with a 3 overhang of two nucleotides), double-stranded pieces of RNA that participate in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) for gene silencing. Specifically, siRNA is bound by the RISC complex where it is unwound using ATP hydrolysis. It is then used as a guid... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The dimerization partner, RB-like, E2F and multi-vulval class B (DREAM) complex is a protein complex responsible for the regulation of cell cycle-dependent gene expression. The complex is evolutionarily conserved, although some of its components vary from species to species. In humans, the key proteins in the complex a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xylene is used in the laboratory to make baths with dry ice to cool reaction vessels, and as a solvent to remove synthetic immersion oil from the microscope objective in light microscopy. In histology, xylene is the most widely used clearing agent. Xylene is used to remove paraffin from dried microscope slides prior to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mammalian cell lines such as Chinese hamster V79 cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or mouse lymphoma cells may be used to test for mutagenesis. Such systems include the HPRT assay for resistance to 8-azaguanine or 6-thioguanine, and ouabain-resistance (OUA) assay.
Rat primary hepatocytes may also be used to meas... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The modification required to biosynthesize mature chloroeremomycin include: oxidative cross-linking of aromatic rings, hydroxylation and chlorination of the two Tyr residues, methylation of Leu, and glycosylation at aa4 and aa6.
The oxidative crosslinks are catalyzed by enzymes OxyA-C. The glycosylations are catalyzed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the estimation of human exposures to environmental chemicals, the following systemic errors have been known to occur:
* an ever increasing number of chemicals registered for use and difficulty of regulatory agencies to keep track. Many producers use the term confidential business information to withhold information,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An example of an alcoholic glycoside is salicin, which is found in the genus Salix. Salicin is converted in the body into salicylic acid, which is closely related to aspirin and has analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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