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The TCF7L2 gene, encoding the TCF7L2 protein, is located on chromosome 10q25.2-q25.3. The gene contains 19 exons. Of the 19 exons, 5 are alternative. The TCF7L2 protein contains 619 amino acids and its molecular mass is 67919 Da. TCF7L2's secondary structure is a helix-turn-helix structure. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neuromelanin is found in higher concentrations in humans than in other primates. Neuromelanin concentration increases with age, suggesting a role in neuroprotection (neuromelanin can chelate metals and xenobiotics) or senescence. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Symptoms of M2DS include infantile hypotonia and failure to thrive, delayed psychomotor development, impaired speech, abnormal or absent gait, epilepsy, spasticity, gastrointestinal motility problems, recurrent infections, and genitourinary abnormalities. Many of those affected by M2DS also fit diagnostic criteria for ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Consideration of the structure factor (and our assumption about translational invariance) is complicated by the fact that atoms in the crystal may be displaced from their respective lattice sites. Taking the scattering potential to be proportional to the density of scattering matter, we rewrite the structure factor.
Th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A homogeneous electrocatalyst is one that is present in the same phase of matter as the reactants, for example, a water-soluble coordination complex catalyzing an electrochemical conversion in solution. This technology is not practiced commercially, but is of research interest. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Direct translation from DNA to protein has been demonstrated in a cell-free system (i.e. in a test tube), using extracts from E. coli that contained ribosomes, but not intact cells. These cell fragments could synthesize proteins from single-stranded DNA templates isolated from other organisms (e.g., mouse or toad), and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The first reported metallic glass was an alloy (AuSi) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.), Willens and Duwez in 1960. This and other early glass-forming alloys had to be cooled extremely rapidly (in the order of one mega-kelvin per second, 10 K/s) to avoid crystallization. An important consequence of this was that ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The angular momentum density of a fluid element is written either as an antisymmetric tensor () or, equivalently, as a pseudovector. As a tensor,
the equation for the conservation of angular momentum for a simple fluid with no external forces is written:
where is the fluid velocity and is the total pressure tensor (... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If we know that the relevant physical quantities in a physical system are only , then the Reynolds number is essentially fixed by the Buckingham π theorem.
In detail, since there are 4 quantities , but they have only 3 dimensions (length, time, mass), we can consider , where are real numbers. Setting the three dimensi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Joseph Black was a chemist who took interest in the pneumatic field after studying under William Cullen. He was first interested in the topic of magnesia alba, or magnesium carbonate (MgCO), and limestone, or calcium carbonate (CaCO), and wrote a dissertation called "De humore acido a cibis orto, et magnesia alba" on t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Biopolymers can be sustainable, carbon neutral and are always renewable, because they are made from plant or animal materials which can be grown indefinitely. Since these materials come from agricultural crops, their use could create a sustainable industry. In contrast, the feedstocks for polymers derived from petroche... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Only one example is known, bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphinous acid, (CF)POH. It is prepared in several steps from phosphorus trichloride (Et = ethyl):
:PCl + 2 EtNH → PClNEt + EtNHCl
:2 P(NEt) + PClNEt + 2 CFBr → P(CF)NEt + 2 BrClP(NEt)
:P(CF)NEt + HO → P(CF)OH + HNEt | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rate of living theory postulates that the faster an organism’s metabolism, the shorter its lifespan. First proposed by Max Rubner in 1908, the theory was based on his observation that smaller animals had faster metabolisms and shorter lifespans compared to larger animals with slower metabolisms. The theory gained f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The crystalline sponges can be viewed as the extension of organometallic cage compounds. They can not only accommodate guest molecules, but also provide non-covalent interactions with the guest. To exploit these properties, the Fujita group demonstrates [(Co(NCS))(TPT)] can enrich C, C, or other higher fullerenes from ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
According to the Carothers equation number-average degree of polymerization is given by
where is the extent of the reaction and is the average functionality of reaction mixture. For the gel can be considered to be infinite, thus the critical extent of the reaction at the gel point is found as
If is greater or eq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Iron metallurgy in Africa developed within Africa; though initially assumed to be of external origin, this assumption has been rendered untenable; archaeological evidence has increasingly supported an indigenous origin. Some recent studies date the inception of iron metallurgy in Africa between 3000 BCE and 2500 BCE. A... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Through her experiences carrying out domestic chores, especially dishwashing, Pockels became interested in the effect of soaps on water and more generally on the effect of impurities on water and soapy water. By age 18, she began conducting experiments in her home to understand the physical properties of water and impu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1681, Samuel Pepys (then serving as Admiralty Secretary) agreed to the removal of lead sheathing from English Royal Navy vessels to prevent the mysterious disintegration of their rudder-irons and bolt-heads, though he confessed himself baffled as to the reason the lead caused the corrosion.
The problem recurred when... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Force spectroscopy is a set of techniques for the study of the interactions and the binding forces between individual molecules. These methods can be used to measure the mechanical properties of single polymer molecules or proteins, or individual chemical bonds. The name "force spectroscopy", although widely used in th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pasteur observed that fermentation does not require oxygen, but needs yeast, which is alive. Fermentation is a biological process, not a reduction and oxygen chemical process. He used two slender bottles. One of the bottles had a curved neck; this is called a swan neck. Pasteur poured liquid broth into the two bottles,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inherent within this model, the following assumptions are valid specifically for the simplest case: the adsorption of a single adsorbate onto a series of equivalent sites onto the surface of the solid.
# The surface containing the adsorbing sites is a perfectly flat plane with no corrugations (assume the surface is hom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, δZn values of various rocks and minerals do not appear to significantly vary. The δZn value of bulk silicate Earth (BSE) is +0.28 + 0.05‰. Fractionation of Zn isotopes by igneous processes is generally insignificant, and δZn values of basalt fall within the range of +0.2 to +0.3‰, encompassing the value for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In a cell, there are several non-canonical bases present: CpG islands in DNA (often methylated), all eukaryotic mRNA (capped with a methyl-7-guanosine), and several bases of rRNAs (methylated). Often, tRNAs are heavily modified postranscriptionally in order to improve their conformation or base pairing, in particular i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Rehbinder effect in physics is the reduction in the hardness and ductility of a material, particularly metals, by a surfactant film. The effect is named for Soviet scientist , who discovered the effect in 1928.
A proposed explanation for this effect is the disruption of surface oxide films, and the reduction of sur... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
CcrM is a type II DNA Methyltransferase, that transfer a methyl group from the methyl donor SAM to the N6 of an adenine in a 5-GANTC-3 recognition sites of hemimethylated DNA. Based on the order of the conserved motifs that form the SAM binding, the active site and the target recognition domain in the sequence of CcrM ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The x-ray beam used for topography is generated by an x-ray source, typically either a laboratory x-ray tube (fixed or rotating) or a synchrotron source. The latter offers advantages due to its higher beam intensity, lower divergence, and its continuous wavelength spectrum. X-ray tubes are still useful, however, due to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A foundational discourse on the field of chemometrics by Kowalski, "Chemometrics: Views and Propositions," was published in 1975. In it he defines chemometrics as "any and all methods that can be used to extract useful chemical information from raw data." Kowalski takes up the question of what constitutes "new and viab... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The experimental determination of reaction rates involves measuring how the concentrations of reactants or products change over time. For example, the concentration of a reactant can be measured by spectrophotometry at a wavelength where no other reactant or product in the system absorbs light.
For reactions which take... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Olefin metathesis has several industrial applications. Almost all commercial applications employ heterogeneous catalysts using catalysts developed well before the Nobel-Prize winning work on homogeneous complexes. Representative processes include:
*The Phillips Triolefin and the Olefin conversion technology. This proc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The development of high-speed and high-sensitivity pump–probe imaging techniques has enabled applications in several fields, such as materials science, biology, and art. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*ALAS1 Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase type 1 (type 2 is erythroid and associated with porphyria)
*ARHGEF2 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor
*ARMET Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor
*AES amino terminal enhancer of split
*BECN1 involved in autophagy and partners with PI3K
*BUD31 formerly Maternal G10... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Palladium(II) acetate has been described as being "among the most extensively used transition metal complexes in metal-mediated organic synthesis". Many coupling reactions utilize this reagent, which is soluble in organic solvents and which contains a built-in Bronsted base (acetate). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lucie Blanquies was a woman scientist who worked in Madame Curie's laboratory in Paris from 1908 to 1910. She measured the power of the alpha particles emitted by different radioactive materials. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polymers with an all-carbon backbone, such as polyolefins, are usually resistant to hydrolysis. Condensation polymers like polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes and polycarbonates can be degraded by hydrolysis of their carbonyl groups, to give lower molecular weight molecules. Such reactions are exceedingly slow at amb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On March 28, 2013, a team of bioengineers from Stanford University led by Drew Endy announced that they had created the biological equivalent of a transistor, which they named a "transcriptor". That is, they created a three-terminal device with a logic system that can control other components. The transcriptor regula... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Whole cell and tissue analysis is possible using a microPIXE beam, this method is also referred to as nuclear microscopy. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organelle biogenesis is the biogenesis, or creation, of cellular organelles in cells. Organelle biogenesis includes the process by which cellular organelles are split between daughter cells during mitosis; this process is called organelle inheritance. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
General transcription factors (GTFs) or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates. Many of them are involved in the formation of a preinitiation complex, which, together with RNA polymerase II, bind to and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Contrary to bacteria and fungi, most plant metabolic pathways are not grouped into biosynthetic gene clusters, but instead are scattered as individual genes. Some exceptions have been discovered: steroidal glycoalkaloids in Solanum, polyketides in Pooideae, benzoxazinoids in Zea mays, triterpenes in Avena sativa, Cucur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrothermal vents contribute dissolved Si to the ocean Si reservoir. Currently, it is challenging to determine the magnitude of hydrothermal Si fluxes, due to lack of data on the δSi values associated with this flux. There are only two published data points of the δSi value of hydrothermal vents (−0.4‰ and −0.2‰). | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The binding of the negatively charged nucleic acids to the positively charged iron particles occurs relatively fast. After complex formation, the loaded particles are incubated together with the target cells on a magnetic plate. The magnetic field causes the iron particles to be rapidly drawn towards the surface of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because most deoxyribozymes suffer from product inhibition and thus exhibit single-turnover behavior, it is sometimes argued that deoxyribozymes do not exhibit "true" catalytic behavior since they cannot undergo multiple-turnover catalysis like most biological enzymes. However, the general definition of a catalyst requ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate condense to form 3-deoxy--arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP), in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme DAHP synthase. DAHP is then transformed to 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ), in a reaction catalyzed by DHQ synthase. Although this reaction requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In contact with water, hydrogen is created. Hence, sodium–potassium alloys are used as desiccants in drying solvents prior to distillation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phage λ is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects E. coli. The λ chromosome is 48.5kb long and can carry inserts up to 25kb. These inserts replace non-essential viral sequences in the λ chromosome, while the genes required for formation of viral particles and infection remain intact. The insert DNA is replicated with... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Topical administration to the eye is usually characterised by very poor drug bioavailability due to several natural defence mechanisms, including nasolacrymal drainage, blinking, and poor permeability of the cornea. Enhancement of the corneal permeability to drug molecules is one of the strategies to improve the effici... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electromagnetic devices with a vortex layer were proposed in 1967 by D.D. Logvinenko and O.P. Shelyakov. The monograph "intensification of technological processes on devices with a vortex layer", written by these authors, showed the effective use of these devices in:
* mixing of liquids and gases
* mixing of loose mate... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Similar to imprint nanolithography, capillary nanolithography employs a patterned elastomeric mold. However, instead of utilizing high pressure, when the temperature is raised above the Tg, capillary forces enable the polymer to fill the voids within the mold. Suh and Jon used molds made from (PUA). These were placed ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mass-analyzed ion kinetic-energy spectrometry (MIKES) is a mass spectrometry technique by which mass spectra are obtained from a sector instrument that incorporates at least one magnetic sector plus one electric sector in reverse geometry (the beam first enters the magnetic sector). The accelerating voltage V, and the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In synaptic vesicle fusion, the vesicle must be within a few nanometers of the target membrane for the fusion process to begin. This closeness allows the cell membrane and the vesicle to exchange lipids which is mediated by certain proteins which remove water that comes between the forming junction. Once the vesicle ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Heterotrimeric G protein complexes are composed of three distinct protein subunits named alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) subunits. The alpha subunits contain the GTP binding/GTPase domain flanked by long regulatory regions, while the beta and gamma subunits form a stable dimeric complex referred to as the beta-gamma ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rate for the hydrolysis of cobalt(III) ammine halide complexes are deceptive, appearing to be associative but proceeding by an alternative pathway. The hydrolysis of [Co(NH)Cl] follows second order kinetics: the rate increases linearly with concentration of hydroxide as well as the starting complex. Based on this i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Alus are the most common SINE in primates. They are approximately 350 base pairs long, do not encode proteins and can be recognized by the restriction enzyme AluI (hence the name). Their distribution may be important in some genetic diseases and cancers. Copy and pasting Alu RNA requires the Alu's adenine-rich end and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Previous efforts to understand how sulfur metabolism and biosynthetic pathways relied on expensive labeling experiments using radioactive S. By leveraging natural assimilatory processes, stable isotope ratios can be used to track the sources of sulfur for plants, plant organs used in sulfur acquisition, the movement of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Seraj studied at the University of Dhaka, Bangladesh obtaining a B.Sc. in 1980. She completed her M.Sc. from the same university in 1982. She obtained her PhD in biochemistry from University of Glasgow in 1986 and went to University of Liverpool for post-doctoral work in the following year. After completing her post-do... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxygen isotopic ratios are commonly compared to both the VSMOW and the VPDB references. Traditionally oxygen in water is reported relative to VSMOW while oxygen liberated from carbonate rocks or other geologic archives is reported relative to VPDB. As in the case of hydrogen, the oxygen isotopic scale is defined by two... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By analyzing the isotopic compositions of stable and radiogenic nuclides in meteorites, Dauphas investigates the timing and processes that lead to the formation of Solar System bodies and the establishment of habitable conditions on Earth and Mars. He used iron isotopes to study how the iron biogeochemical cycle of the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Conservative replacements in proteins often have a better effect on function than non-conservative replacements. The reduced effect of conservative replacements on function can also be seen in the occurrence of different replacements in nature. Non-conservative replacements between proteins are far more likely to be re... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Upon illumination of a dark-adapted leaf, there is a rapid rise in fluorescence from Photosystem II (PSII), followed by a slow decline. First observed by Kautsky et al., 1932, this is called the Kautsky Effect. This variable rise in chlorophyll fluorescence is due to photosystem II. Fluorescence from photosystem I is n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Parvoviruses are a family of DNA viruses that have single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes enclosed in rugged, icosahedral protein capsids 18–26 nanometers (nm) in diameter. Unlike most other ssDNA viruses, which have circular genomes that form a loop, parvoviruses have linear genomes with short terminal sequences at each ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Wood is a natural organic material consisting primarily of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin. Regarding mechanical properties, the fibers are strong in tension, and the lignin matrix resists compression. Thus wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters and using b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 2005, Meyers et al. Proposed the following mechanism for the decarboxylative cross-coupling reaction. The initial and rate determining step is the decarboxylation. The ipso carbon of the arene ring is thought to coordinate to the palladium centre initially and is followed by the expulsion of carbon dioxide, forming ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The rotational friction factors are rarely observed directly. Rather, one measures the exponential rotational relaxation(s) in response to an orienting force (such as flow, applied electric field, etc.). The time constant for relaxation of the axial direction vector is
whereas that for the equatorial direction vector... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethanol is formed in E. coli by the reduction of acetyl coenzyme A using NADH. This two-step reaction requires the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHE).
acetyl-CoA + NADH + H → acetaldehyde + NAD + CoA
acetaldehyde + NADH + H → ethanol + NAD | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
If good health physics controls are maintained in a laboratory where radionuclides are used, it is unlikely that the overall radiation dose received by workers will be of much significance. Nevertheless, the effects of low doses are mostly unknown so many regulations exist to avoid unnecessary risks, such as skin or in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
He is a founding scientist and current director of 908 Devices incorporated, a company which focuses on building handheld mass spectrometry devices for applications in laboratory analysis, safety and security, as well as for use in the life sciences. In 2017 908 Devices Inc. received the Federal Laboratory Consortium E... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cucurbiturils are amidals (less precisely aminals) and synthesized from urea 1 and a dialdehyde (e.g., glyoxal 2) via a nucleophilic addition to give the intermediate glycoluril 3. This intermediate is condensed with formaldehyde to give hexamer cucurbit[6]uril above 110 °C. Ordinarily, multifunctional monomers such as... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MIRO Analytical is a Swiss manufacturer of laser-based gas analyzers and isotope analyzers.
The company is based in Zurich, Switzerland and was founded 2018. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Dimetcote should be applied by specific sprays. Here is a list of several suitable items of equipment typically used by manufacturers. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The formose reaction is of importance to the question of the origin of life, as it leads from simple formaldehyde to complex sugars like ribose, a building block of RNA. In one experiment simulating early Earth conditions, pentoses formed from mixtures of formaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and borate minerals such as colema... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Toc34 is an integral protein in the outer chloroplast membrane that's anchored into it by its hydrophobic C-terminal tail. Most of the protein, however, including its large guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding domain projects out into the stroma.
Toc34s job is to catch some chloroplast preproteins in the cytosol and ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a Haworth projection is a common way of writing a structural formula to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective. Haworth projection approximate the shapes of the actual molecules better for furanoses—which are in reality nearly planar—than for pyranose... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of a charged impermeant ion (for example, a protein) on one side of a membrane will result in an asymmetric distribution of permeant charged ions. The Gibbs–Donnan equation at equilibrium states (assuming permeant ions are Na and Cl):Equivalently, | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For most substrates, in the absence of an oxidant, the dihydrophenanthrene intermediate may reversibly open to the corresponding cis-stilbene. However, suitably substituted stilbenes cyclize irreversibly if an aromatizing elimination or hydrogen shift process can take place. Examples of these transformations are provid... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Plant roots acidify soil by releasing protons and organic acids so as to chemically weather soil minerals. Decaying remains of dead plants on soil may also form organic acids which contribute to soil acidification. Acidification from leaf litter on the O-horizon is more pronounced under coniferous trees such as pine, s... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Heat can be used to trigger the electrocyclization topochemical polymerization. For example, Kana M. Sureshan et al. have developed a series of bio-compatible polymer crystals based on [3+2] Topochemical Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (TAAC) reaction and [3+2] topochemical ene-azide cycloaddition (TEAC) reaction. The monom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A variety of heteroatom-containing substituents promote lateral lithiation of an ortho methyl group. Generally, better results are obtained when the heteroatom is in the β position rather than the α position, as the latter tends to promote ortho lithiation. Lithation of primary benzylic positions is slower than lithiat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The phenomenon of upstream contamination could be relevant to industrial and biotechnological processes, and may be connected even to movements of the protoplasm. It could imply that some of the good practices in industrial and biotechnological procedures need revision. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Industrial process imaging, or industrial process tomography or process tomography are methods used to form an image of a cross-section of vessel or pipe in a chemical engineering or mineral processing, or petroleum extraction or refining plant.
Process imaging is used for the development of process equipment such as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In organic chemistry and organometallic chemistry, carbon–hydrogen bond activation ( activation) is a type of organic reaction in which a carbon–hydrogen bond is cleaved and replaced with a bond (X ≠ H is typically a main group element, like carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen). Some authors further restrict the term C–H act... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Rydberg ionization spectroscopy is a spectroscopy technique in which multiple photons are absorbed by an atom causing the removal of an electron to form an ion. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The most basic optical tweezer setup will likely include the following components: a laser (usually Nd:YAG), a beam expander, some optics used to steer the beam location in the sample plane, a microscope objective and condenser to create the trap in the sample plane, a position detector (e.g. quadrant photodiode) to me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Perdeuteration of one component of a multi-component system can provide contrast for neutron scattering experiments, where the contrast obtained by using deuterated solvents is insufficient. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is an aspartic protease that specifically hydrolyzes the peptide bond in Phe105-Met106 of κ- casein and is considered to be the most efficient protease for the cheesemaking industry. However, there are milk-clotting proteases able to cleave other peptide bonds in the κ-casein chain, such as the e... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The method combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis using a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) with a sensitive DNA screening-technique that identifies single base mutations (also called point mutations) in a target gene. The TILLING method relies on the formation of DNA heteroduple... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a 1988 study conducted by Hugo Scheer and Harmut Kayser, biliproteins were extracted from the large white butterfly and puss moth and their respective properties were examined. Their properties were compared to those of plant and algae biliproteins, and their distinguishing features were taken into account.
Unlile ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The operon must respond to changes in the metabolic state of the cell. It is subject to growth rate dependent control, stringent control (control during the various stresses the cell is exposed to) and other forms of control. Hence it stops biosynthesis if guanine can be obtained from the external medium, increases it... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The heteronuclear single quantum coherence or heteronuclear single quantum correlation experiment, normally abbreviated as HSQC, is used frequently in NMR spectroscopy of organic molecules and is of particular significance in the field of protein NMR. The experiment was first described by Geoffrey Bodenhausen and D. J.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amable Liñán introduced a modified mixture fraction in 1991 that is appropriate for systems where the fuel and oxidizer have different Lewis numbers. If and are the Lewis number of the fuel and oxidizer, respectively, then Liñán's mixture fraction is defined as
where
The stoichiometric mixture fraction is given by | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The combination of vancomycin powder and povidone-iodine lavage has shown promise in reducing the risk of periprosthetic joint infection in hip and knee arthroplasties. In several studies, this combination was found to be more effective than vancomycin alone in preventing joint infection, with lower rates of infection ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The system size expansion, also known as van Kampen's expansion or the Ω-expansion, is a technique pioneered by Nico van Kampen used in the analysis of stochastic processes. Specifically, it allows one to find an approximation to the solution of a master equation with nonlinear transition rates. The leading order term ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This is the hybrid of both of the above techniques. The upper part of ascending chromatography can be folded over a rod in order to allow the paper to become descending after crossing the rod. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The following provides a simple example for computing the steady-state give a simple mathematical model.
Consider the open chemical system composed of two reactions with rates and :
We will assume that the chemical species and are fixed external species and is an internal chemical species that is allowed to change. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For a sphere in a fluid, the characteristic length-scale is the diameter of the sphere and the characteristic velocity is that of the sphere relative to the fluid some distance away from the sphere, such that the motion of the sphere does not disturb that reference parcel of fluid. The density and viscosity are those b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Microdialysis is a minimally-invasive sampling technique that is used for continuous measurement of free, unbound analyte concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue. Analytes may include endogenous molecules (e.g. neurotransmitter, hormones, glucose, etc.) to assess their biochemical functions in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest propagating wave of unchanging form is a sine wave. A sine wave with water surface elevation η( x, t ) is given by:
where a is the amplitude (in metres) and θ = θ( x, t ) is the phase function (in radians), depending on the horizontal position ( x , in metres) and time ( t , in seconds):
: with and ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bivalent ligands consist of two drug-like molecules (pharmacophores or ligands) connected by an inert linker. There are various kinds of bivalent ligands and are often classified based on what the pharmacophores target. Homobivalent ligands target two of the same receptor types. Heterobivalent ligands target two differ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dorothy Martin Simon (September 18 1919 – March 25 2016) was an American physical chemist known for her work with aerospace combustion and development of polymers. She made important contributions while at NACA regarding heat shield construction and improvement of rocket engine designs. Her work with DuPont resulted in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a plot of energy versus frequency or wavelength of light (not to be confused with a spectrum of flux density vs frequency or wavelength). It is used in many branches of astronomy to characterize astronomical sources. For example, in radio astronomy they are used to show the emi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Scorpion® probes
*Molecular Beacon probes
*TaqMan® probes
*LNA® (Locked Nucleic Acid) probes
*Cycling Probe Technology (CPT) | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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