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Flare connections require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a flare tool. A flare nut then compresses this bell-shaped end onto a male fitting. Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sea salt aerosol, which originally comes from sea spray, is one of the most widely distributed natural aerosols. Sea salt aerosols are characterized as non-light-absorbing, highly hygroscopic, and having coarse particle size. Some sea salt dominated aerosols could have a single scattering albedo as large as ~0.97. Due ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The zero-phonon line and the phonon sideband jointly constitute the line shape of individual light absorbing and emitting molecules (chromophores) embedded into a transparent solid matrix. When the host matrix contains many chromophores, each will contribute a zero-phonon line and a phonon sideband to the absorption an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an advanced type of high-precision radiation that is the next generation of 3DCRT. IMRT also improves the ability to conform the treatment volume to concave tumor shapes, for example when the tumor is wrapped around a vulnerable structure such as the spinal cord or a majo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Threonine proteases, such as the proteasome protease subunit and ornithine acyltransferases use the secondary hydroxyl of threonine in a manner analogous to the use of the serine primary hydroxyl. However, due to the steric interference of the extra methyl group of threonine, the base member of the triad is the N-termi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The binding constant, or affinity constant/association constant, is a special case of the equilibrium constant K, and is the inverse of the dissociation constant. It is associated with the binding and unbinding reaction of receptor (R) and ligand (L) molecules, which is formalized as:
:R + L RL
The reaction is charact... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A widely use Code for the procedures, direction, and guidance for determining the thermo-hydraulic performance of a closed feedwater heater is the ASME PTC 12.1 Feedwater Heater Standard. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A western blot is a technique by which specific proteins can be detected from a mixture of proteins. Western blots can be used to determine the size of isolated proteins, as well as to quantify their expression. In western blotting, proteins are first separated by size, in a thin gel sandwiched between two glass plates... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Barbas is known for her research on metabolomics, a field she was first introduced to while she was a Marie Curie fellow. Her early research centered on the analysis of vitamins and development of chemical methods to analyze compounds such as caffeine. Her subsequent research has developed methods to analyze organic co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Titanium boride (TiB) is intentionally added to the melt for grain refinement to improve mechanical properties.
Phosphorus is added to the melt hypereutectic alloys for modification of the silicon phase for better mechanical properties. This creates AlP inclusions.
Boron treatment inclusions ( (Ti, V)B ) form when boro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Seaborgs subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153. He proposed an extended periodic table with an additional period of 50 elements (thus reaching element ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
He was a medical doctor from the Faculty of Paris and received his degree in medicine in 1669, after presenting a thesis under the presidency of Guy-Crescent Fagon, first physician to the king, against the use of tobacco. Claude Berger was related to Fagon, but the latter only knew him during this thesis. He then grant... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It can complement X-ray crystallography for studies of very small crystals (<0.1 micrometers), both inorganic, organic, and proteins, such as membrane proteins, that cannot easily form the large 3-dimensional crystals required for that process. Protein structures are usually determined from either 2-dimensional crystal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
FAIRE uses the biochemical properties of protein-bound DNA to separate nucleosome-depleted regions in the genome. Cells will be subjected to cross-linking, ensuring that the interaction between the nucleosomes and DNA are fixed. After sonication, the fragmented and fixed DNA is separated using a phenol-chloroform extra... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Finally since
we find that
Since the Gibbs free energy per mole of the mixture is
then
At last we can calculate the molar entropy of mixing since
and | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001566171 Dietary Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease], (with E. Virginia Dobbin and Alex V. Nichols), 256 pages, 1958, Putnam
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001588231 What we do know about heart attacks], 180 pages, 1958, Putnam
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Numerous biomolecules exhibit the ability to dissolve certain metal cations. Thus, proteins, polysaccharides, and polynucleic acids are excellent polydentate ligands for many metal ions. Organic compounds such as the amino acids glutamic acid and histidine, organic diacids such as malate, and polypeptides such as phyt... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By targeting proteins, heavy metals have been known to disrupt the function and activity carried out by proteins. It is important to note that heavy metals fall into categories consisting of transition metals as well as a select amount of metalloid. These metals, when interacting with native, folded proteins, tend to p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Common species that isotope markers are used for include proteins. In this case, amino acids with stable isotopes of either carbon, nitrogen, or hydrogen are incorporated into polypeptide sequences. These polypeptides are then put through mass spectrometry. Because of the exact defined change that these isotopes incur ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1967, the first Tc procedures were carried out in Auckland, New Zealand. Mo was initially supplied by Amersham, UK, then by the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) in Lucas Heights, Australia. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-dimensional scales of time, temperature, length, and heat transfer may be defined as
where
;Note:
:In a typical combustion process, so that .
:Therefore, . That is, fuel consumption time is much longer than ignition time, so fuel consumption is essentially negligible in the study of ignition.
:This is why the fuel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Urine excretion of pregnanetriol can be measured over a period of 24 hours. Elevated urine pregnanetriol levels suggest adrenogenital syndrome. In monitoring treatment with cortisol replacement, elevated urine pregnanetriol levels indicate insufficient dosage of cortisol. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The potential role of bioaerosols in climate change offers an abundance of research opportunities. Specific areas of study include monitoring bioaerosol impacts on different ecosystems and using meteorological data to forecast ecosystem changes. Determining global interactions is possible through methods like collectin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A neutron moisture meter is a moisture meter utilizing neutron scattering. The meters are most frequently used to measure the water content in soil or rock. The technique is non-destructive, and is sensitive to moisture in the bulk of the target material, not just at the surface.
Water, due to its hydrogen content, is ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sporopollenin is a biological polymer found as a major component of the tough outer (exine) walls of plant spores and pollen grains. It is chemically very stable (one of the most inert among biopolymers) and is usually well preserved in soils and sediments. The exine layer is often intricately sculptured in species-sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*[http://www.google.com/patents?id=l5wdAAAAEBAJ&dq=ininventor:%22heinz+falk%22&as_drrb_ap=q&as_minm_ap=1&as_miny_ap=2008&as_maxm_ap=1&as_maxy_ap=2008&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2008&as_maxm_is=1&as_maxy_is=2008 Process for the N-alkylation or ureas] US Pat. 5124451 - Filed Jul 10, 1991 - Chemie Linz GmbH
*[ht... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats and proteins are consumed as reactants, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the citric acid cycle. The pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1970s, Dr. K.L. Rao, a dams designer and former irrigation minister proposed "National Water Grid". He was concerned about the severe shortages of water in the South and repetitive flooding in the North every year. He suggested that the Brahmaputra and Ganga basins are water surplus areas, and central and south ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Krupp–Renn process is a direct reduction process that uses a long tubular furnace similar to those found in cement production. The most recent units constructed have a diameter of approximately 4.5 meters and a length of 110 meters. The residence time of the product is influenced by the slope and speed of rotation ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Infragravity waves are thought to be a generating mechanism behind sneaker waves, unusually large and long-duration waves that cause water to surge far onshore and that have killed a number of people in the US Pacific Northwest.
Infragravity waves generated along the Pacific coast of North America have been observed to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Borate buffered saline (abbreviated BBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Borate buffers have an alkaline buffering capacity in the 8–10 range.
Boric acid has a pK of 9.14 at 25 °C. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During the American Civil War, British India was the main source for saltpeter for the manufacture of gunpowder for the Union armies. This supply was threatened by the British government during the Trent Affair, when Union naval forces stopped a British ship, the RMS Trent, and removed two Confederate diplomats. The Br... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mono-BOC-cystamine (mono BOC protected cystamine) is a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) derivative of cystamine used as crosslinker in biotechnology and molecular biology applications. This compound was originally reported by Hansen et al. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The introduction of whole genome sequencing may have ethical implications. On one hand, genetic testing can potentially diagnose preventable diseases, both in the individual undergoing genetic testing and in their relatives. On the other hand, genetic testing has potential downsides such as genetic discrimination, loss... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Twenty-three out of 25 patients showed high expression of SFRP1 mRNA in leiomyoma than the matched normal myometrium. During the menstrual cycle, the level of SFRP1 mRNA in leiomyoma was highest in the follicular phase. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) decreases estrogen secretion from the ovary. Patie... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ceramography evolved along with other branches of materialography and ceramic engineering. Alois de Widmanstätten of Austria etched a meteorite in 1808 to reveal proeutectoid ferrite bands that grew on prior austenite grain boundaries. Geologist Henry Clifton Sorby, the "father of metallography," applied petrographic... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cellular response in signal transduction cascades involves alteration of the expression of effector genes or activation/inhibition of targeted proteins. Regulation of protein activity mainly involves phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events, leading to its activation or inhibition. It is the case for the vast major... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A random selection of Prof Seppelt's publications:
*Seppelt, K. “Selenoyl difluoride” Inorganic Syntheses, 1980, volume XX, pp. 36–38. .
*Seppelt, K., Pfennig, V. Science 1996, 271, 626-8.
*Kleinhenz, S., Pfennig, V., Seppelt, K. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1687-91.
*Seppelt, K. Accounts of Chemical Research 2003, 36(2), 14... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Isozymes (and allozymes) are variants of the same enzyme. Unless they are identical in their biochemical properties, for example their substrates and enzyme kinetics, they may be distinguished by a biochemical assay. However, such differences are usually subtle, particularly between allozymes which are often neutral v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the case that the flow is incompressible, or equivalently that , the enstrophy can be described as the integral of the square of the vorticity :
or, in terms of the flow velocity:
In the context of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, enstrophy appears in the following useful result:
The quantity in parenthes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O) is required for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in red blood cells. In muscles cells, iron binds oxygen to myoglobin, which regulates its r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Studies have shown that diversity among nonsynonymous substitutions is significantly lower than among synonymous substitutions. This is due to the fact that nonsynonymous substitutions are subject to much higher selective pressures than synonymous mutations. Motoo Kimura (1968) determined that calculated mutation rates... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IChemE Global Awards take place in November in the UK. The awards are highly regarded throughout the process industries for recognising and rewarding chemical engineering excellence and innovation. The first awards took place at the National Motorcycle Museum in Birmingham on 23 March 1994.
There are 16 categories ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The endocannabinoid system is also involved in mediating some of the physiological and cognitive effects of voluntary physical exercise in humans and other animals, such as contributing to exercise-induced euphoria as well as modulating locomotor activity and motivational salience for rewards. In humans, the plasma con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A galactoside is a glycoside containing galactose. The H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by an organic moiety.
Depending on whether the glycosidic bond lies "above" or "below" the plane of the galactose molecule, galactosides are classified as α-galactosides or β-galactosides.
A β-galactoside is a ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A common means of expressing the length of a chain is the degree of polymerization, which quantifies the number of monomers incorporated into the chain. As with other molecules, a polymers size may also be expressed in terms of molecular weight. Since synthetic polymerization techniques typically yield a statistical di... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sprays are assumed to be spherical with radius , even though the assumption is valid for solid particles(liquid droplets) when their shape has no consequence on the combustion. For liquid droplets to be nearly spherical, the spray has to be dilute(total volume occupied by the sprays is much less than the volume of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gold working in the Bronze Age British Isles refers to the use of gold to produce ornaments and other prestige items in the British Isles during the Bronze Age, between and in Britain, and up to about 550 BCE in Ireland. In this period, communities in Britain and Ireland first learned how to work metal, leading to th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Gaddum equation is a further generalisation of the Hill-equation, incorporating the presence of a reversible competitive antagonist. The Gaddum equation is derived similarly to the Hill-equation but with 2 equilibria: both the ligand with the receptor and the antagonist with the receptor. Hence, the Gaddum equation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When iron is in contact with water and oxygen, it rusts. If salt is present, for example in seawater or salt spray, the iron tends to rust more quickly, as a result of chemical reactions. Iron metal is relatively unaffected by pure water or by dry oxygen. As with other metals, like aluminium, a tightly adhering oxide c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like other straight-line forms of the Michaelis–Menten equation, the Eadie–Hofstee plot was used historically for rapid evaluation of the parameters and , but has been largely superseded by nonlinear regression methods that are significantly more accurate when properly weighted and no longer computationally inaccessi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This reagent is inexpensively available for laboratory use. It is a by-product from the production of ortho-toluenesulfonyl chloride (a precursor for the synthesis of the common food additive and catalyst saccharin), via the chlorosulfonation of toluene:
: CHCH + SOCl → CHCHSOCl + HCl | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To quantify the exposure of particular individuals or populations two approaches are used, primarily based on practical considerations: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure me... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are (at least) 10 different ways to classify space groups into classes. The relations between some of these are described in the following table. Each classification system is a refinement of the ones below it. To understand an explanation given here it may be necessary to understand the next one down.
gave anot... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Despite being in low formal oxidation states, metal carbonyls are relatively unreactive toward many electrophiles. For example, they resist attack by alkylating agents, mild acids, and mild oxidizing agents. Most metal carbonyls do undergo halogenation. Iron pentacarbonyl, for example, forms ferrous carbonyl halides:
:... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some of the advantages provided by membrane bioreactors are as follows.
* High quality effluent: given the small size of the membrane's pores, the effluent is clear and pathogen free.
* Independent control of solids retention time and hydraulic retention time: As all the biological solids are contained in the bioreacto... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Levomethamphetamine can register on urine drug screens as either methamphetamine, amphetamine, or both, depending on the subject's metabolism and dosage. L-methamphetamine metabolizes completely into L-amphetamine after a period of time. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
β-adrenoceptor agonists are a group of drugs that act selectively on β-receptors in the lungs causing bronchodilation. β-agonists are used to treat asthma and COPD, diseases that cause obstruction in the airways. Prior to their discovery, the non-selective beta-agonist isoprenaline was used. The aim of the drug develop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) uses an inductively coupled plasma to produce excited atoms and ions that emit electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths characteristic of a particular element.
Advantages of ICP-AES are the excellent limit of detection and linear dynamic range, multi-ele... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Originally, n was held to have an integer value between 1 and 4, which reflected the nature of the transformation in question. In the derivation above, for example, the value of 4 can be said to have contributions from three dimensions of growth and one representing a constant nucleation rate. Alternative derivations e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene (tecnazene) is an organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless solid. A related isomer is 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5-nitrobenzene.
It is used as a standard for quantitative analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance.
1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene is also a fungicide used to pre... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both singlet oxygen states have no unpaired electrons and therefore no net electron spin. The Δ is however paramagnetic as shown by the observation of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum. The paramagnetism of the Δ state is due to a net orbital (and not spin) electronic angular momentum. In a magnetic fie... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry is the study of the distribution of sulfur isotopes in biological and geological materials. In addition to its common isotope, S, sulfur has three rare stable isotopes: S, S, and S. The distribution of these isotopes in the environment is controlled by many biochemical and physical proces... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Swamee equation is used to solve directly for the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor (f) for a full-flowing circular pipe for all flow regimes (laminar, transitional, turbulent). It is an exact solution for the Hagen–Poiseuille equation in the laminar flow regime and an approximation of the implicit Colebrook–White eq... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hysteresis is used to measure the compression properties of nanocomposite hydrogels, which shows that this material can withstand around 90% compression. This data shows that nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit superior strength relative to conventionally-made hydrogels, which would have broken down under less compression. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Non-substrate-like inhibitors do not take after dipeptidic nature of DPP-4 substrates. They are non-covalent inhibitors and usually have an aromatic ring that occupies the S1-pocket, instead of the proline mimetic.
In 1999, Merck started a drug development program on DPP-4 inhibitors. When they started internal screeni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Acyl ligands are intermediates in many carbonylation reactions, which are important in some catalytic reactions. Metal acyls arise usually via insertion of carbon monoxide into metal–alkyl bonds. Metal acyls also arise from reactions involving acyl chlorides with low-valence metal complexes or by the reaction of organo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dominant forms of nitrogen in wetlands that are of importance to wastewater treatment include organic nitrogen, ammonia, ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Total nitrogen refers to all nitrogen species. Wastewater nitrogen removal is important because of ammonias toxicity to fish if discharged into watercourses. Excess... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Galvanization consists of an application on the object to be protected of a layer of metallic zinc by either hot-dip galvanizing or electroplating. Zinc is traditionally used because it is cheap, adheres well to steel, and provides cathodic protection to the steel surface in case of damage of the zinc layer. In more co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A typical thermal spray system consists of the following:
*Spray torch (or spray gun) – the core device performing the melting and acceleration of the particles to be deposited
*Feeder – for supplying the powder, wire or liquid to the torch through tubes.
*Media supply – gases or liquids for the generation of the flame... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In budding yeast, SIR proteins are found at the silent mating type loci, telomeres, and at the rDNA locus. At the silent mating type loci and at the telomeres, SIR proteins participate in transcriptional silencing of genes within their domain of localization. At the rDNA locus, SIR proteins are thought to primarily be ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Soil texture influences the soil chemistry pertaining to the soil's ability to maintain its structure, the restriction of water flow and the contents of the particles in the soil. Soil texture considers all particle types and a soil texture triangle is a chart that can be used to calculate the percentages of each parti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Eagle effect, Eagle phenomenon, or paradoxical zone phenomenon, named after Harry Eagle who first described it, originally referred to the paradoxically reduced antibacterial effect of penicillin at high doses, though recent usage generally refers to the relative lack of efficacy of beta lactam antibacterial drugs... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The next major change in shutter hardware coincided with the American Civil War era. Heavy presses and punches were in use in factories around the country and a maturing rail transportation system opened inland areas for the products of the factories. Iron was the norm up until that time – steel had been expensive to p... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PI3K/ AKT/mTOR pathway is a central regulator of ovarian cancer. PIM kinases are over expressed in many types of cancers and they also contribute to the regulation of ovarian cancer. PIM are directly and indirectly found to activate mTOR and its upstream effectors like AKT. Besides, PIM kinases can cause phosphorylatio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Duplex sequencing tagged adapters can be used in combination with the majority of NGS adapters. In the figures and workflow section of this article, Illumina sequencing adapters are used as an example following the original published protocol. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Xenon dioxide, or xenon(IV) oxide, is a compound of xenon and oxygen with formula XeO which was synthesized in 2011. It is synthesized at 0 °C by hydrolysis of xenon tetrafluoride in aqueous sulfuric acid: | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
It is assumed that the absorbance of each species is proportional to the concentration of that species, according to the Beer–Lambert law.
where λ is a wavelength, is the optical path length of the cuvette which contains the solution of the N compounds (chromophores),
is the molar absorbance (also known as the extinc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An interesting feature of these phases is that both polar and nonpolar compounds can be retained over some range of mobile phase composition (organic/aqueous). The retention mechanism of polar compounds has recently been shown to be the result of the formation of a hydroxide layer on the surface of the silica hydride.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Davis and Bahcall continued their work to understand where they may have gone wrong or what they were missing, along with other astrophysicists who also did their own research on the subject. Many reviewed and redid Bahcall's calculations in the 1970s and 1980s, and although there was more data making the results more ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription. For instance, in eukaryotes the genetic material (DNA), and therefore transcription, is primarily localized to the nucleus, where it is separated from the cytoplasm (in which translation occurs) by the nuclear membrane. This allows for the tempora... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In phase I, a variety of enzymes act to introduce reactive and polar groups into their substrates. One of the most common modifications is hydroxylation catalysed by the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase system. These enzyme complexes act to incorporate an atom of oxygen into nonactivated hydrocarbons, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Each of these mechanisms can act in isolation or in combination with others. Assuming each effect is independent, the observed line profile is a convolution of the line profiles of each mechanism. For example, a combination of the thermal Doppler broadening and the impact pressure broadening yields a Voigt profile.
How... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on the membranes of leukocytes including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, cells of the adaptive immuni... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
MgCu can be prepared by hydrogenation of MgCu or the reaction of magnesium hydride and metallic copper at elevated temperature and pressure:
: 2 MgCu + 3 H → 3 MgH + MgCu
: MgH + 2 Cu → MgCu + H
MgCu can also be prepared by reacting of stoichiometric amounts of metals at about 380 °C in the presence of excess copper. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Charles Darwin was the first to observe the transport of dust particles but Louis Pasteur was the first to research microbes and their activity within the air. Prior to Pasteur’s work, laboratory cultures were used to grow and isolate different bioaerosols.
Since not all microbes can be cultured, many were undetected b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
For each element, the following table shows the spectral lines which appear in the visible spectrum at about 400-700 nm. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many of the crystallographic point groups share the same internal structure. For example, the point groups , 2, and m contain different geometric symmetry operations, (inversion, rotation, and reflection, respectively) but all share the structure of the cyclic group C. All isomorphic groups are of the same order, but n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A halogen bond is almost collinear with the halogen atom's other, conventional bond, but the geometry of the electron-charge donor may be much more complex.
* Multi-electron donors such as ethers and amines prefer halogen bonds collinear with the lone pair and donor nucleus.
* Pyridine derivatives tend to donate haloge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levels of β-TG is used to index platelet activation. It is measured by ELISA in blood plasma or urine, and often in conjunction with PF4. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The continuum in the spectrum is the light with wavelengths between the lines. Polarization in the continuum is due to Rayleigh scattering by neutral hydrogen atoms (H I) and Thomson scattering by free electrons. Most of the opacity in the sun is due to the hydride ion, H which however does not alter polarization. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During assembly of the bacteriophage (phage) T4 virion, the morphogenetic proteins encoded by the phage genes interact with each other in a characteristic sequence. Maintaining an appropriate balance in the amounts of each of these proteins produced during viral infection appears to be critical for normal phage T4 mor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jet pumps are commonly used to extract water from water wells. The main pump, often a centrifugal pump, is powered and installed at ground level. Its discharge is split, with the greater part of the flow leaving the system, while a portion of the flow is returned to the jet pump installed below ground in the well. This... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A prime mover is a machine that converts energy of various forms into energy of motion.
* Steam turbine plants use the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam to turn the blades of a turbine. Almost all large non-hydro plants use this system. About 90 percent of all electric power produced in the world is through... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The scalar approach defines flux density as a scalar-valued function of a direction and sense in space prescribed by the investigator at a point prescribed by the investigator. Sometimes this approach is indicated by the use of the term hemispheric flux. For example, an investigator of thermal radiation, emitted from t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the 1980s, the company began piping wastewater up to 14 miles to evaporation ponds on or near Ivanpah Dry Lake, east of Interstate 15 near Nevada. This pipeline repeatedly ruptured during cleaning operations to remove mineral deposits called scale. The scale is radioactive because of the presence of thorium and radi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metathesis using Grubbs-type alkylidene complexes can be used to synthesize terminal carbido-containing complexes. One example is RuC(PCy)Cl with a Ru-C distance of 163 pm, typical for a triple bond. The complex can be obtained by metathesis of vinyl acetate to give [Ru(CH-p-CHMe)(PCy)Cl] results in a metastable Ru(Cl)... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are examples of a new class of compounds that, on the basis of their chemical formulae, would appear to be Zintl phases, e.g., KIn, which is metallic and paramagnetic. Molecular orbital calculations have shown that the anion is (In) and that the extra electron is distributed over the cations and, possibly, the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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