wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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157664 | Physiological plant disorder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physiological%20plant%20disorder | Physiological plant disorder
Brown spot markings or lines on one side of a mature apple are indicative of a spring hailstorm.
Plants affected by salt stress are able to take water from soil, due to an osmotic imbalance between soil and plant.
# Nutrient deficiencies.
Poor growth and a variety of disorders such as le... | 800 |
157664 | Physiological plant disorder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physiological%20plant%20disorder | Physiological plant disorder
another nutrient. Plant nutrient deficiencies can be avoided or corrected using a variety of approaches including the consultation of experts on-site, the use of soil and plant-tissue testing services, the application of prescription-blend fertilizers, the application of fresh or well-decom... | 801 |
157664 | Physiological plant disorder | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physiological%20plant%20disorder | Physiological plant disorder
. Plant nutrient deficiencies can be avoided or corrected using a variety of approaches including the consultation of experts on-site, the use of soil and plant-tissue testing services, the application of prescription-blend fertilizers, the application of fresh or well-decomposed organic ma... | 802 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
Prunella Scales
Prunella Margaret Scales ("née" Illingworth; born 22 June 1932) is an English actress best known for her role as Basil Fawlty's wife Sybil in the BBC comedy "Fawlty Towers" and her BAFTA award-nominated role as Queen Elizabeth II in "A Question of Attribution" ("Screen One", BBC 1991) b... | 803 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
the Second World War. Scales herself (and her brother) were evacuated to Near Sawrey (then in Lancashire, now in Cumbria).
# Career.
Scales started her career in 1951 as an assistant stage manager at the Bristol Old Vic. Throughout her career she has often been cast in comic roles. Her early work incl... | 804 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
of Letters"; on television she starred in the London Weekend Television/Channel 4 series "Mapp & Lucia" based on the novels by E. F. Benson. She played Queen Elizabeth II in Alan Bennett's "A Question of Attribution".
In 1973, Scales was cast with Ronnie Barker in "One Man's Meat" which formed part of ... | 805 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
(1982) she played Mistress Page and the "Theatre Night" series (BBC) she appeared with her husband Timothy West in the Joe Orton farce "What the Butler Saw" (1987) playing Mrs Prentice.
For ten years, Prunella appeared with Jane Horrocks in advertisements for UK supermarket chain Tesco. In 1996, Scales... | 806 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
Scales played 'The Client', an evil government minister funding inter-genetic time travel experiments. The same year she played Dr. Minny Stinkler in the comedy film "Mad Cows", directed by Sara Sugarman. In 1993 Scales voiced Mrs Tiggy-Winkle in The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends.
In 2000 she appea... | 807 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
Australia at the same time in different productions. Scales appeared in a one-woman show called ""An Evening with Queen Victoria"", which also featured the tenor Ian Partridge singing songs written by Prince Albert.
Also in 2003, she voiced the speaking ("cawing") role of Magpie, the eponymous thief in... | 808 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
"The Youth of Old Age", produced in 2008 by the Wireless Theatre Company, and available to download free of charge on their website. She appeared in a production of "Carrie's War", the Nina Bawden novel, at the Apollo Theatre in 2009. In 2008, she appeared in Agatha Christie's, "A Pocket Full of Rye", a... | 809 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
by John Mayfield, and available for download.
She starred in a Virgin Short "Stranger Danger" alongside Roderick Cowie in 2012. In 2013 she made a guest appearance in the popular BBC radio comedy "Cabin Pressure" as Wendy Crieff, the mother of Captain Martin Crieff.
Alongside husband Timothy West she ... | 810 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
for "The Telegraph".
# Personal life.
Scales is married to the actor Timothy West, with whom she has two sons; the elder is actor and director Samuel West. Their younger son Joseph participated in two episodes of "Great Canal Journeys" filmed in France. Scales also has a step-daughter, Juliet, by West... | 811 |
157655 | Prunella Scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prunella%20Scales | Prunella Scales
ernational orphan charity providing homes and mothers for orphaned and abandoned children. She supports the charity's annual World Orphan Week campaign, which takes place each February.
Scales is a patron of the Lace Market Theatre in Nottingham.
In 2005, she named the P&O cruise ship, "Artemis".
## ... | 812 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
The Unseen (band)
The Unseen is an American punk rock band that was formed in 1993 in Hingham, Massachusetts. One of the more prominent bands to revive street punk, The Unseen were originally called The Extinct.
# History.
The Unseen formed in Hingham, Massachusetts in 1993. They then moved to Bost... | 813 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
Russo on second guitar and vocals as well as drums and bass during live shows when the band switched instruments for certain songs. Most shows would begin with Russo and Tripp singing lead, and then the show would end with Paul playing drums and Civitarese singing lead. Russo went on to play in The Pi... | 814 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
the full-length "What The Fuck Will Change?" and "Until We Die" before deciding to concentrate on his duties with The Unseen. However shortly after his departure he and Unseen guitarist Scott along with Mike Graves and Peter Curtis (then both members of A Global Threat) formed Self Destruct. They rele... | 815 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
More recently Civitarese joined up with various member of Boston's hardcore scene to form the hardcore/metal band "Tenebrae.".
There has been some controversy concerning the band, including allegations that in recent years they have "sold out". Also that the band should have called it quits after los... | 816 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
political message of the first few albums. Darkbuster, a band from The Unseen's area of origin, even released a joke song called "I Hate The Unseen". Members of Darkbuster and The Unseen are friends.
They have toured Europe, North America, Australia, Japan, and Mexico with many punk bands from The Bo... | 817 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
Civitarese.
2006 also saw the release of Tripp's book "So This Is Readin'?", which details the life and hardships of being in an underground band with dry comedy. It started as a lengthy band history on the band's website, but after a few amusing "chapters" he was contacted by a publishing company to... | 818 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
the band shot a music video. In support of the new album, the band joined the thirteenth Warped Tour in 2007 and launched a US–Canada tour in March 2008.
The Unseen remained inactive, until May 25, 2013, when they played at Punk Rock Bowling at the Fremont Country Club in Las Vegas. They have continu... | 819 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
Guitar, Bass, Drums (1995-1997,1998–2003)
- Marc Carlson - Vocals (1993–1995)
- Brian "Chainsaw" Riley - Rhythm Guitar, Vocals (1997 - 1999)
- Ian Galloway - Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vocals **Touring (2003-2004,2006,2008)
# Studio albums.
- "Lower Class Crucifixion" (1997) (originally released by V... | 820 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
"Too Young To Know... Too Reckless To Care" (1995 Rodent Popsicle Records)
- "Protect And Serve" (1996 VML records)
- "Raise Your Finger Raise Your Fist" (1996 VML records)
- "Tom and BootBoys Split" (1998 Pogo 77 records)
- "Boston's Finest - Split with Toxic Narcotic" (1998 ADD/Rodent popsicle r... | 821 |
157678 | The Unseen (band) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Unseen%20(band) | The Unseen (band)
False Hope" from Explode
- "Scream Out" from State of Discontent
- "You Can Never Go Home" from State of Discontent
- "Break Away" from Internal Salvation
# In popular culture.
- The Unseen are featured as background music in two skits for the TV series Jackass.
- Mark Unseen makes a cameo appea... | 822 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
Battle of Malplaquet
The Battle of Malplaquet, one of the bloodiest of modern times, was fought near the border of France on 11 September 1709, by the forces of Louis XIV of France commanded by Marshal Villars against a Dutch-British army led by Duke of Marlborough. After a string of defeats, fail... | 823 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
by-now-familiar tactics of flank attacks to draw off troops from the centre incurred serious attrition by massed French musketry and skilful use of artillery. By the time Marlborough's assault on the denuded enemy centre came, his Allied army was badly weakened, and there was no attempt at pursuit ... | 824 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
the nominal winners from invading France.
# Prelude.
After a late start to the campaigning season owing to the unusually harsh winter preceding it, the allied campaign of 1709 began in mid-June. Unable to bring the French army under Marshal Villars to battle owing to strong French defensive lines... | 825 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
the lesser fortress of Mons, hoping by taking it to outflank the French defensive lines in the west. Villars moved after him, under new orders from Louis XIV to prevent the fall of Mons at all costs—effectively an order for the aggressive Marshal to give battle. After several complicated manoeuvres... | 826 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
serving under him.
The allies had about 86,000 troops and 100 guns and the French had about 75,000 and 80 guns, and they were encamped within cannon range of each other near what is now the France/Belgium border. At 9:00 am on 11 September, the Austrians attacked with the support of Prussian and D... | 827 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
so that he could not come to Villars' aid.
Villars was able to regroup his forces, but Marlborough and Savoy attacked again, assisted by the advance of a detachment under General Henry Withers advancing on the French left flank, forcing Villars to divert forces from his centre to confront them. At... | 828 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
A fierce cavalry battle now ensued, in which Boufflers personally led the elite troops of the Maison du Roi. He managed six times to drive the Allied cavalry back upon the redans, but every time the French cavalry in its turn was driven back by British infantry fire. Finally, by 3:00 pm Boufflers, ... | 829 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
please God to give your majesty's enemies another such victory, they are ruined."
# First-hand account.
A first-hand account of the Battle of Malplaquet is given in the book "Amiable Renegade: The Memoirs of Peter Drake (1671–1753)" on pages 163 to 170. Captain Drake, an Irishman who served as a ... | 830 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
the battlefield, but with double the casualties. In contrast with the Duke's previous victories, however, the French army was able to withdraw in good order and relatively intact, and remained a potent threat to further allied operations. As Winston Churchill noted in "": "The enemy had been beaten... | 831 |
157668 | Battle of Malplaquet | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle%20of%20Malplaquet | Battle of Malplaquet
failed and the fortress fell on 20 October. News of Malplaquet, the bloodiest battle of the eighteenth century, stunned Europe; a rumour abounded that even Marlborough had died, possibly inspiring the popular French folk song, ""Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre"".
For the last of his four great batt... | 832 |
157688 | Die for the Government | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die%20for%20the%20Government | Die for the Government
Die for the Government
Die for the Government is the debut album by the U.S. punk rock band Anti-Flag, released in 1996. After this album, bassist Andy Flag played with Anti-Flag on their EP "North America Sucks", but left soon after as they couldn't get along as a band. The CD booklet bids fare... | 833 |
157688 | Die for the Government | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die%20for%20the%20Government | Die for the Government
er this album, bassist Andy Flag played with Anti-Flag on their EP "North America Sucks", but left soon after as they couldn't get along as a band. The CD booklet bids farewell to Andy Flag.
The front cover gives the title "Die for the Government", but side of the CD reads "Die for Your Governme... | 834 |
157672 | Bremen (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremen%20(state) | Bremen (state)
Bremen (state)
Bremen (), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called "Land Bremen" ("State of Bremen"), although this is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen as well as the s... | 835 |
157672 | Bremen (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremen%20(state) | Bremen (state)
is further downstream than the main parts of Bremen and serves as a North Sea harbour (the name "Bremerhaven" means "Bremen's harbour"). Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of Lower Saxony ("Niedersachsen"). The two cities are the only administrative subdivisions the state h... | 836 |
157672 | Bremen (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremen%20(state) | Bremen (state)
Empire annexed the city-state. Upon the first, albeit only preliminary, defeat of Napoléon Bonaparte, Bremen resumed its pre-1811 status as city-state in 1813.
The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Bremen's—as well as Frankfurt's, Hamburg's, and Lübeck's—independence after pressuring by Bremen's emissar... | 837 |
157672 | Bremen (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremen%20(state) | Bremen (state)
Germany in its following forms of government.
Bremen, which in 1935 had become a regular city at the de facto abolition of statehood of all component German states within the Third Reich, was reestablished as a state in 1947. Being—at that time—actually located in the British Zone of Occupation the Cont... | 838 |
157672 | Bremen (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremen%20(state) | Bremen (state)
joined the then West German Federal Republic of Germany.
# Politics.
## Political system.
The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 83-member Bürgerschaft (citizens' assembly), elected by the citizens in the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.
The executive is constituted by the Senate of Breme... | 839 |
157672 | Bremen (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremen%20(state) | Bremen (state)
of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by the senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the Social Democratic Party.
On a municipal level, the two cities in the state are administered separately:
- The administration of ... | 840 |
157672 | Bremen (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremen%20(state) | Bremen (state)
Mayor and Senate President, in an SPD-CDU grand coalition. As promised he resigned after half of the legislative period. The Mayor and Senate President from 8 November 2005, until 17 July 2015, was Jens Böhrnsen.
## 2007 state elections.
The 2007 elections were held on 13 May.
## Coat of arms.
The co... | 841 |
157672 | Bremen (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremen%20(state) | Bremen (state)
e held on 13 May.
## Coat of arms.
The coat of arms and flag of Bremen state include:
# Economy.
The unemployment rate stood at 9.5% in October 2018 and was the highest of all 16 German states.
# Education.
The University of Bremen is the largest university in Bremen. Furthermore, Bremen has a Univ... | 842 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher. She is known for her two best-selling novels, "The Fountainhead" and "Atlas Shrugged", and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Educated in Russia, she moved to the Un... | 843 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
of essays until her death in 1982.
Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion. She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected altruism. In politics, she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism and statism as well as anar... | 844 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
mixed reviews and academia generally ignored or rejected her philosophy, though academic interest has increased in recent decades. The Objectivist movement attempts to spread her ideas, both to the public and in academic settings. She has been a significant influence among libertarians and American conservativ... | 845 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
later said she found school unchallenging and began writing screenplays at the age of eight and novels at the age of ten. At the prestigious , her closest friend was Vladimir Nabokov's younger sister, Olga. The two girls shared an intense interest in politics and would engage in debates at the Nabokov mansion:... | 846 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
and the family fled to the Crimean Peninsula, which was initially under control of the White Army during the Russian Civil War. While in high school, she realized that she was an atheist and valued reason above any other human virtue. After graduating from high school in the Crimea in June 1921, she returned w... | 847 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
At the university she was introduced to the writings of Aristotle and Plato, who would be her greatest influence and counter-influence, respectively. She also studied the philosophical works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Able to read French, German and Russian, she also discovered the writers Fyodor Dostoevsky, Vict... | 848 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
a year at the State Technicum for Screen Arts in Leningrad. For an assignment she wrote an essay about the Polish actress Pola Negri, which became her first published work.
By this time she had decided her professional surname for writing would be "Rand", possibly because it is graphically similar to a vowell... | 849 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
with the skyline of Manhattan that she cried what she later called "tears of splendor". Intent on staying in the United States to become a screenwriter, she lived for a few months with her relatives, one of whom owned a movie theater and allowed her to watch dozens of films free of charge. She then left for Ho... | 850 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
citizen on March 3, 1931. Taking various jobs during the 1930s to support her writing, she worked for a time as the head of the costume department at RKO Studios. She made several attempts to bring her parents and sisters to the United States, but they were unable to acquire permission to emigrate.
## Early f... | 851 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
jury's vote, one of two different endings would be performed. In 1941, Paramount Pictures produced a movie loosely based on the play. Rand did not participate in the production and was highly critical of the result. "Ideal" is a novel and play written in 1934 which were first published in 2015 by her estate. T... | 852 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
literal, but only in the intellectual sense. The plot is invented, the background is not ..." Initial sales were slow and the American publisher let it go out of print, although European editions continued to sell. After the success of her later novels, Rand was able to release a revised version in 1959 that h... | 853 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
major novel, "The Fountainhead". It presents a vision of a dystopian future world in which totalitarian collectivism has triumphed to such an extent that even the word 'I' has been forgotten and replaced with 'we'. It was published in England in 1938, but Rand initially could not find an American publisher. As... | 854 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
public speaking experiences; she enjoyed fielding sometimes hostile questions from New York City audiences who had viewed pro-Willkie newsreels. This activity brought her into contact with other intellectuals sympathetic to free-market capitalism. She became friends with journalist Henry Hazlitt and his wife, ... | 855 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
"woman". Rand also became friends with libertarian writer Isabel Paterson. Rand questioned Paterson about American history and politics long into the night during their many meetings and gave Paterson ideas for her only non-fiction book, "The God of the Machine".
Rand's first major success as a writer came in... | 856 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
by the Bobbs-Merrill Company on the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it. While completing the novel, Rand was prescribed the amphetamine Benzedrine to fight fatigue. The drug helped her to work long hours to meet her deadline for delivering the novel,... | 857 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
to Hollywood to write the screenplay. Finishing her work on that screenplay, she was hired by producer Hal B. Wallis as a screenwriter and script-doctor. Her work for Wallis included the screenplays for the Oscar-nominated "Love Letters" and "You Came Along". Rand also worked on other projects, including a pla... | 858 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
involved with the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a Hollywood anti-Communist group, and wrote articles on the group's behalf. She also joined the anti-Communist American Writers Association. A visit by Isabel Paterson to meet with Rand's California associates led to a final fal... | 859 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
of Russia". Rand argued that the film grossly misrepresented conditions in the Soviet Union, portraying life there as much better and happier than it actually was. She wanted to also criticize the lauded 1946 film "The Best Years of Our Lives" for what she interpreted as its negative presentation of the busine... | 860 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
about its editing, acting, and other elements.
## "Atlas Shrugged" and Objectivism.
In the years following the publication of "The Fountainhead", Rand received numerous letters from readers, some of whom the book profoundly influenced. In 1951, Rand moved from Los Angeles to New York City, where she gathered... | 861 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
discuss philosophy. She later began allowing them to read the drafts of her new novel, "Atlas Shrugged", as the manuscript pages were written. In 1954 Rand's close relationship with the younger Nathaniel Branden turned into a romantic affair, with the consent of their spouses.
"Atlas Shrugged", published in 1... | 862 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
which the most creative industrialists, scientists, and artists respond to a welfare state government by going on strike and retreating to a mountainous hideaway where they build an independent free economy. The novel's hero and leader of the strike, John Galt, describes the strike as "stopping the motor of th... | 863 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
of Objectivism in the form of a lengthy monologue delivered by Galt.
Despite many negative reviews, "Atlas Shrugged" became an international bestseller. In an interview with Mike Wallace, Rand declared herself "the most creative thinker alive". However, Rand was discouraged and depressed by the reaction of in... | 864 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
wrote articles for Objectivist periodicals that she edited. Rand later published some of these articles in book form. Critics, including some former NBI students and Branden himself, later described the culture of NBI as one of intellectual conformity and excessive reverence for Rand, with some describing NBI ... | 865 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
and the problem was concentrated among Rand's closest followers in New York. Rand was unimpressed with many of the NBI students and held them to strict standards, sometimes reacting coldly or angrily to those who disagreed with her.
## Later years.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Rand developed and promoted ... | 866 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
from the audience. During these speeches and Q&A sessions, she often took controversial stances on political and social issues of the day. These included supporting abortion rights, opposing the Vietnam War and the military draft (but condemning many draft dodgers as "bums"), supporting Israel in the Yom Kippu... | 867 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
in 1964, whose candidacy she promoted in several articles for "The Objectivist Newsletter".
In 1964, Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Patrecia Scott, whom he later married. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden kept the affair hidden from Rand. When she learned of it in 1968, though her romant... | 868 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
lung cancer in 1974 after decades of heavy smoking. In 1976, she retired from writing her newsletter and, after her initial objections, she allowed social worker Evva Pryor, an employee of her attorney, to enroll her in Social Security and Medicare. During the late 1970s her activities within the Objectivist m... | 869 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
Alan Greenspan. A floral arrangement in the shape of a dollar sign was placed near her casket. In her will, Rand named Leonard Peikoff to inherit her estate.
# Philosophy.
Rand called her philosophy "Objectivism", describing its essence as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the ... | 870 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
all forms of religion.
In epistemology, she considered all knowledge to be based on sense perception, the validity of which she considered axiomatic, and reason, which she described as "the faculty that identifies and integrates the material provided by man's senses". She rejected all claims of non-perceptual... | 871 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
"exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself". She referred to egoism as "the virtue of selfishness" in her book of that title, in which she presented her solution to the is-ought problem by describing a meta-ethical theory that based morality in the needs of... | 872 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
only moral social system because in her view it was the only system based on the protection of those rights. She opposed statism, which she understood to include theocracy, absolute monarchy, Nazism, fascism, communism, democratic socialism, and dictatorship. Rand believed that natural rights should be enforce... | 873 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
theory based in subjectivism that could only lead to collectivism in practice.
In aesthetics, Rand defined art as a "selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments". According to her, art allows philosophical concepts to be presented in a concrete form that can be easil... | 874 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
in the history of philosophy she could only recommend "three A's"—Aristotle, Aquinas, and Ayn Rand. In a 1959 interview with Mike Wallace, when asked where her philosophy came from she responded: "Out of my own mind, with the sole acknowledgement of a debt to Aristotle, the only philosopher who ever influenced... | 875 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
against Nietzsche's ideas, and the extent of his influence on her even during her early years is disputed. Rational egoism was embodied by Russian author Nikolay Chernyshevsky in the 1863 novel "What Is to Be Done?" and several critics claim that "What Is to Be Done?" is one of the sources of inspiration for R... | 876 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
Kant and exaggerated their differences.
Rand said her most important contributions to philosophy were her "theory of concepts, [her] ethics, and [her] discovery in politics that evil—the violation of rights—consists of the initiation of force". She believed epistemology was a foundational branch of philosophy... | 877 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
lifetime, her work evoked both extreme praise and condemnation. Rand's first novel, "We the Living", was admired by the literary critic H. L. Mencken, her Broadway play "Night of January 16th" was both a critical and popular success, and "The Fountainhead" was hailed by "The New York Times" reviewer Lorine Pru... | 878 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
changes made to her script by the producer. Rand believed that her first novel, "We the Living", was not widely reviewed, but Rand scholar Michael S. Berliner writes "it was the most reviewed of any of her works", with approximately 125 different reviews being published in more than 200 publications. Overall t... | 879 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
"The New York Times" was one that Rand greatly appreciated. Pruette called Rand "a writer of great power" who wrote "brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly", and stated that "you will not be able to read this masterful book without thinking through some of the basic concepts of our time". There were other posit... | 880 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
and Rand's style "offensively pedestrian".
Rand's 1957 novel "Atlas Shrugged" was widely reviewed and many of the reviews were strongly negative. In "National Review", conservative author Whittaker Chambers called the book "sophomoric" and "remarkably silly". He described the tone of the book as "shrillness w... | 881 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
Mimi Reisel Gladstein later wrote that "reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs", calling it "execrable claptrap" and "a nightmare"—they also said it was "written out of hate" and showed "remorseless hectoring and prolixity".
Rand's nonfiction received far fewer ... | 882 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
attention from reviewers.
On the 100th anniversary of Rand's birth in 2005, Edward Rothstein, writing for "The New York Times", referred to her fictional writing as quaint utopian "retro fantasy" and programmatic neo-Romanticism of the misunderstood artist while criticizing her characters' "isolated rejection... | 883 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
Club asked club members what the most influential book in the respondent's life was. Rand's "Atlas Shrugged" was the second most popular choice, after the Bible. Rand's books continue to be widely sold and read, with over 29 million copies sold (with about 10% of that total purchased for free distribution to s... | 884 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
work.
Rand's contemporary admirers included fellow novelists, such as Ira Levin, Kay Nolte Smith and L. Neil Smith; and later writers such as Erika Holzer and Terry Goodkind have been influenced by her. Other artists who have cited Rand as an important influence on their lives and thought include comic book a... | 885 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
others have said they consider Rand crucial to their success.
Rand and her works have been referred to in a variety of media: on television shows including animated sitcoms, live-action comedies, dramas, and game shows, as well as in movies and video games. She, or a character based on her, figures prominentl... | 886 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
life. A 1997 documentary film, "", was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. "The Passion of Ayn Rand", a 1999 television adaptation of the book of the same name, won several awards. Rand's image also appears on a 1999 U.S. postage stamp illustrated by artist Nick Gaetano.
## Political... | 887 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
Libertarian Party, stated that "without Ayn Rand, the libertarian movement would not exist". In his history of the libertarian movement, journalist Brian Doherty described her as "the most influential libertarian of the twentieth century to the public at large" and biographer Jennifer Burns referred to her as ... | 888 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
for the "National Review" magazine. They published numerous criticisms in the 1950s and 1960s by Whittaker Chambers, Garry Wills, and M. Stanton Evans. Nevertheless, her influence among conservatives forced Buckley and other "National Review" contributors to reconsider how traditional notions of virtue and Chr... | 889 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
Republican Congressmen and conservative pundits have acknowledged her influence on their lives and have recommended her novels.
The financial crisis of 2007–2008 spurred renewed interest in her works, especially "Atlas Shrugged", which some saw as foreshadowing the crisis. Opinion articles compared real-world... | 890 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
Jones" remarked that "Rand's particular genius has always been her ability to turn upside down traditional hierarchies and recast the wealthy, the talented, and the powerful as the oppressed" while equating Randian individual well-being with that of the "Volk" according to Goebbels. Corey Robin of "The Nation"... | 891 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
"guilt by association" for taking her seriously. A few articles about Rand's ideas appeared in academic journals before her death in 1982, many of them in "The Personalist". One of these was "On the Randian Argument" by libertarian philosopher Robert Nozick, who argued that her meta-ethical argument is unsound... | 892 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
such articles appeared during the rest of the 1970s.
### Posthumous overall assessments.
Since Rand's death, interest in her work has gradually increased. In 2009, historian Jennifer Burns identified "three overlapping waves" of scholarly interest in Rand, including "an explosion of scholarship" since the ye... | 893 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
the mainstream philosophical reception to her work in two parts. Her ethical argument, he says, is viewed by most commentators as an unconvincing variant of Aristotle's ethics. Her political theory, he says, "is of little interest", marred by an "ill-thought out and unsystematic" effort to reconcile her hostil... | 894 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
non-fiction works as well as the works of other philosophers of classical liberalism such as Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, or Frederic Bastiat.
Political scientist Charles Murray, while praising Rand's literary accomplishments, criticizes her claim that her only "philosophical debt" was to Aristotle, ins... | 895 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
John David Lewis declared that "Rand wrote the most intellectually challenging fiction of her generation".
### Rand-specific scholarship.
Some scholars focus specifically on Rand's work. In 1987 Allan Gotthelf, George Walsh and David Kelley co-founded the Ayn Rand Society, a group affiliated with the America... | 896 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
interview in the "Chronicle of Higher Education", Sciabarra commented, "I know they laugh at Rand", while forecasting a growth of interest in her work in the academic community.
In 2012, the University of Pittsburgh Press launched an "Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies" series based on the proceedings of ... | 897 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
to her literary work has increased since the 1990s.
Rand scholars Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas B. Rasmussen, while stressing the importance and originality of her thought, describe her style as "literary, hyperbolic and emotional". Political writer and Rand scholar Jack Wheeler writes that despite "the incessa... | 898 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
disagreement with Peikoff, philosopher David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies, now known as The Atlas Society. In 2001, historian John McCaskey organized the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which provides grants for scholarly work on Objectivism in academia. The charitable fo... | 899 |
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