wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
|---|---|---|---|---|
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
1936 "We the Living"
- 1943 "The Fountainhead"
- 1957 "Atlas Shrugged"
Other fiction:
- 1934 "Night of January 16th"
- 1938 "Anthem"
- 2015 "Ideal"
Non-fiction:
- 1961 "For the New Intellectual"
- 1964 "The Virtue of Selfishness"
- 1966 ""
- 1969 "The Romantic Manifesto"
- 1971 ""
- 1979 "Introduc... | 900 |
339 | Ayn Rand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayn%20Rand | Ayn Rand
he Living"
- 1943 "The Fountainhead"
- 1957 "Atlas Shrugged"
Other fiction:
- 1934 "Night of January 16th"
- 1938 "Anthem"
- 2015 "Ideal"
Non-fiction:
- 1961 "For the New Intellectual"
- 1964 "The Virtue of Selfishness"
- 1966 ""
- 1969 "The Romantic Manifesto"
- 1971 ""
- 1979 "Introduction to Ob... | 901 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
Raymond IV ( 1041 – 28 February 1105), sometimes called Raymond of Saint-Gilles or Raymond I of Tripoli, was a powerful noble in southern France and one of the leaders of the First Crusade (1096–99). He was the Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Margrave... | 902 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
Bertrand of Provence died and his margravial title to Provence passed to Raymond. A bull of Urban's dated 22 July 1096 names Raymond "comes Nimirum Tholosanorum ac Ruthenensium et marchio Provintie Raimundus" ("Raymond, count of Nîmes, Toulouse and Rouergue and margrave of Provence").
# T... | 903 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
the richest of the crusaders, Raymond left Toulouse at the end of October 1096, with a large company that included his wife Elvira, his infant son (who would die on the journey) and Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, the papal legate. He ignored requests by his niece, Philippa (the rightful heires... | 904 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
support against Bohemond, mutual enemy of both Raymond and Alexius.
He was present at the siege of Nicaea and the Battle of Dorylaeum in 1097, but his first major role came in October 1097 at the siege of Antioch. The crusaders heard a rumour that Antioch had been deserted by the Seljuk T... | 905 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
in a controversial rediscovery of the Holy Lance by a monk named Peter Bartholomew.
The "miracle" raised the morale of the crusaders, and to their surprise they were able to rout Kerbogha outside Antioch. The Lance itself became a valuable relic among Raymond's followers, despite Adhemar ... | 906 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
of Antioch.
# Extending his territorial reach.
Many of the minor knights and foot soldiers preferred to continue their march to Jerusalem, and they convinced Raymond to lead them there in the autumn of 1098. Raymond led them out to besiege Ma'arrat al-Numan, although he left a small deta... | 907 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
of Tripoli, and began the siege of Arqa on 14 February 1099, apparently with the intent of founding an independent territory in Tripoli that could limit the power of Bohemond to expand the Principality of Antioch to the south.
The siege of Arqa, a town outside Tripoli, lasted longer than ... | 908 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
the crown of the new Kingdom of Jerusalem, but refused, as he was reluctant to rule in the city in which Jesus had suffered. He said that he shuddered to think of being called "King of Jerusalem". It is also likely that he wished to continue the siege of Tripoli rather than remain in Jerus... | 909 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
than give it to Godfrey, and in the resulting dispute Ascalon remained unoccupied. It was not taken by the crusaders until 1153. Godfrey also blamed him for the failure of his army to capture Arsuf. When Raymond went north, in the winter of 1099–1100, his first act was one of hostility aga... | 910 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
of the doomed Crusade of 1101, where he was defeated at Mersivan in Anatolia. He escaped and returned to Constantinople. In 1102 he traveled by sea from Constantinople to Antioch, where he was imprisoned by Tancred, regent of Antioch during the captivity of Bohemond, and was only dismissed... | 911 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
before Tripoli was captured.
# Spouses and progeny.
Raymond IV of Toulouse was married three times, and twice excommunicated for marrying within forbidden degrees of consanguinity.
- His first wife was his cousin, daughter of Geoffrey I of Provence and the mother of his son Bertrand.
-... | 912 |
157667 | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond%20IV,%20Count%20of%20Toulouse | Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse
ymond's death, his nephew William-Jordan in 1109, with the aid of King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, finally captured Tripoli and established the County of Tripoli. William was deposed in the same year by Raymond's eldest son Bertrand, and the county remained in the possession of the counts of T... | 913 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
Animation
Animation is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Computer... | 914 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain.
Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, fli... | 915 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
moving images, animation is also heavily used for video games, motion graphics and special effects. Animation is also prevalent in information technology interfaces.
The physical movement of image parts through simple mechanics – in for instance the moving images in magic lantern shows – can also be consider... | 916 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
meaning "the action of imparting life". The primary meaning of the English word is "liveliness" and has been in use much longer than the meaning of "moving image medium".
# History.
The history of animation started long before the development of cinematography. Humans have probably attempted to depict motio... | 917 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
the stroboscopic principle of modern animation, which would also provide the basis for the zoetrope (1866), the flip book (1868), the praxinoscope (1877) and cinematography.
Charles-Émile Reynaud further developed his projection praxinoscope into the Théâtre Optique with transparent hand-painted colorful pic... | 918 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
and some dialogue were performed live, while some sound effects were synchronized with an electromagnet.
After cinematography became a popular medium, some manufacturers of optical toys adapted small magic lanterns into toy film projectors for short loops of film. By 1902, they were producing many chromolith... | 919 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
apparently moving by themselves and inspired other filmmakers to try the technique.
J. Stuart Blackton also experimented with animation drawn on blackboards and some cutout animation in "Humorous Phases of Funny Faces" (1906).
In 1908, Émile Cohl's "Fantasmagorie" was released with a white-on-black chalklin... | 920 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
in 1910.
Winsor McCay's "Little Nemo" (1911) showcased very detailed drawings. His "Gertie the Dinosaur" (1914) was also an early example of character development in drawn animation.
During the 1910s, the production of animated short films, known as "cartoons", became an industry and cartoon shorts were pro... | 921 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
destroyed producer Federico Valle's film studio incinerated the only known copy of "El Apóstol", and it is now considered a lost film.
In 1919, the silent animated short "Feline Follies" marked the debut of Felix the Cat, becoming the first animated character in the silent film era to gain significant popula... | 922 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
animated film created entirely with Technicolor (using red/green/blue photographic filters and three strips of film in the camera) was Disney's "Flowers and Trees", directed by Burt Gillett. The first full-color animated feature film was "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", also by Walt Disney.
Through the 193... | 923 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
Mr. Magoo, Mighty Mouse, Gandy Goose, Heckle and Jeckle, George and Junior, the Fox and the Crow and the animated adoption of Superman, Baby Huey, Casper the Friendly Ghost, Little Lulu, among others.
In 1958, Hanna-Barbera released "The Huckleberry Hound Show", the first half hour television program to feat... | 924 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
art and industry continues to thrive as of the mid-2010s because well-made animated projects can find audiences across borders and in all four quadrants. Animated feature-length films returned the highest gross margins (around 52%) of all film genres in 2004–2013.
# Techniques.
## Traditional animation.
Tr... | 925 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film.
The traditional cel animation process became obso... | 926 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" (a play on the words "traditional" and "digital") to describe cel animation that uses significant com... | 927 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
"Spirited Away" (Japan, 2001), "The Triplets of Belleville" (France, 2003), and "The Secret of Kells" (Irish-French-Belgian, 2009).
### Full animation.
Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement, hav... | 928 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
works, "The Secret of NIMH" (US, 1982), "The Iron Giant" (US, 1999), and "Nocturna" (Spain, 2007). Fully animated films are animated at 24 frames per second, with a combination of animation on ones and twos, meaning that drawings can be held for one frame out of 24 or two frames out of 24.
### Limited animat... | 929 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in "Gerald McBoing-Boing" (US, 1951), "Yellow Submarine" (UK, 1968), and certain anime produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and ... | 930 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
Life" (US, 2001) and "A Scanner Darkly" (US, 2006). Some other examples are "Fire and Ice" (US, 1983), "Heavy Metal" (1981), and "Aku no Hana" (2013).
### Live-action/animation.
Live-action/animation is a technique combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots or live action actors into animated sh... | 931 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the medium used to create the animation. Computer software is widely available to create this type of animation; traditional stop motion animation is usually less e... | 932 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
"The Tale of the Fox" (France, 1937), "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (US, 1993), "Corpse Bride" (US, 2005), "Coraline" (US, 2009), the films of Jiří Trnka and the adult animated sketch-comedy television series "Robot Chicken" (US, 2005–present).
- Puppetoon, created using techniques developed by George Pal... | 933 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. Examples of clay-animated works include "The ... | 934 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
which a long bread-like "loaf" of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the animation camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images within.
- Cutout animation is a type of stop-moti... | 935 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
music video Live for the moment, from Verona Riots band (produced by Alberto Serrano and Nívola Uyá, Spain 2014).
- Silhouette animation is a variant of cutout animation in which the characters are backlit and only visible as silhouettes. Examples include "The Adventures of Prince Achmed" (Weimar Republic, 1... | 936 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
(1963), and the work of Willis H. O'Brien on films, "King Kong" (1933).
- Go motion is a variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop-motion. The technique was invented by Industrial Light & Magic and Phil Tippe... | 937 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
magazines, etc.), which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.
- Brickfilm are a subgenre of object animation involving using Lego or other similar brick toys to make an ani... | 938 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
Examples of pixilation include "The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb" and "Angry Kid" shorts, and the academy award-winning "Neighbours" by Norman McLaren.
## Computer animation.
Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a comp... | 939 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
versions of traditional animation techniques, interpolated morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.
2D animation has many applications, including analog computer animation, Flash animation, and PowerPoint animation. Cinemagraphs are still photographs in the form of an animated GIF file of which... | 940 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
profile of the arm."
### 3D animation.
3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The animator usually starts by creating a 3D polygon mesh to manipulate. A mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D ob... | 941 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
and effects, fire and water simulations. These techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics.
#### 3D terms.
- Cel-shaded animation is used to mimic traditional animation using computer software. Shading looks stark, with less blending of colors. Examples include "Skyland" (2007, France), "The Iron Gian... | 942 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
live-action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into CG characters. Examples include "Polar Express" (2004, US), "Beowulf" (2007, US), "A Christmas Carol" (2009, US), "The Adventures of Tintin" (2011, US) "kochadiiyan" (2014, India)
- Photo-realistic animation is used prima... | 943 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
rather than robotic.
- Audio-Animatronics and Autonomatronics is a form of robotics animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by Walt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or song). They are fixed to whatever supports them. ... | 944 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
or a shaft. The animation illusion is created by putting the viewer in a linear motion, parallel to the installed picture frames. The concept and the technical solution were invented in 2007 by Mihai Girlovan in Romania.
- Chuckimation is a type of animation created by the makers of the television series "Ac... | 945 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
water, fire, fog, and lasers, with high-definition projections on mist screens.
- Drawn on film animation: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, for example by Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage.
- Paint-on-glass animation: a technique for making animate... | 946 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
makes use of a screen filled with movable pins that can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel anima... | 947 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, they also be geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, they appear as... | 948 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
that generate the illusion of movement, that is, an animation. Animations are currently in many areas of technology and video, such as cinema, television, video games or the internet. Generally, these works require the collaboration of several animators. The methods to create these images depend on the animat... | 949 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
animation works (i.e., longer than a few seconds) has developed as a form of filmmaking, with certain unique aspects. Traits common to both live-action and animated feature-length films are labor-intensity and high production costs.
The most important difference is that once a film is in the production phase... | 950 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
It is pointless for a studio to pay the salaries of dozens of animators to spend weeks creating a visually dazzling five-minute scene if that scene fails to effectively advance the plot of the film. Thus, animation studios starting with Disney began the practice in the 1930s of maintaining story departments w... | 951 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual styles, but must subordinate their individuality in a consistent way to whatever style is employed on a particular film. Since the early ... | 952 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
film before animation begins. Character designers on the visual development team draw model sheets to show how each character should look like with different facial expressions, posed in different positions, and viewed from different angles. On traditionally animated projects, maquettes were often sculpted to... | 953 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
continuing to use story departments) and screenplays had become commonplace for animated films by the late 1980s.
# Criticism.
Criticism of animation has been common in media and cinema since its inception. With its popularity, a large amount of criticism has arisen, especially animated feature-length films... | 954 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for animated shorts from the year 1932, during the 5th Academy Awards function. The first winner of the Academy Award was the short "Flowers and Trees", a production by Walt Disney Productions. The Academy Award for a feature-length animated motion picture wa... | 955 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
other countries have instituted an award for best-animated feature film as part of their national film awards: Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Animation (since 2008), BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006), César Award for Best Animated Film (since 2011), Golden Rooster Award for Best Animation (... | 956 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
Animated Film.
The Annie Award is another award presented for excellence in the field of animation. Unlike the Academy Awards, the Annie Awards are only received for achievements in the field of animation and not for any other field of technical and artistic endeavor. They were re-organized in 1992 to create... | 957 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
principles of animation
- Animated war film
- Animation department
- Animation software
- Anime
- Architectural animation
- Avar (animation variable)
- Computer-generated imagery
- Independent animation
- International Animated Film Association
- International Tournée of Animation
- List of motion ... | 958 |
593 | Animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animation | Animation
- Animated war film
- Animation department
- Animation software
- Anime
- Architectural animation
- Avar (animation variable)
- Computer-generated imagery
- Independent animation
- International Animated Film Association
- International Tournée of Animation
- List of motion picture topics
- Model s... | 959 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest mora... | 960 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
of Democrats in opening the prairie lands to slavery, reentered politics in 1854. He became a leader in the new Republican Party and gained national attention in 1858 for debating national Democratic leader Stephen A. Douglas in the 1858 Illinois Senate campaign. He then ran for President in 1860, sweep... | 961 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
suppress the rebellion and restore the Union.
As the leader of the moderate faction of the Republican Party, Lincoln confronted Radical Republicans, who demanded harsher treatment of the South; War Democrats, who rallied a large faction of former opponents into his camp; anti-war Democrats (called Copp... | 962 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
averted British intervention by defusing the "Trent" Affair. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade that shut down the South's trade. As the war progressed, he maneuvered to end slavery, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863; orderin... | 963 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Court House, he was shot by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Confederate sympathizer, on April 14, 1865, and died the following day. Abraham Lincoln is remembered as the United States' martyr hero. He is consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U.S. presidents.
# Family ... | 964 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
the family's westward migration, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln's paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky, in the 1780s. Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, i... | 965 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They produced three children: Sarah, born on February 10, 1807; Abraham, on February 12, 1809; and Thomas, who died in infancy.
Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms in Kentucky. Thomas became embroiled in legal disputes, and lost all but of his land in cou... | 966 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties.
In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. He owned farms, town lots and livestock, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, served on country slave pat... | 967 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
household that included her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Dennis Hanks, Nancy's 19-year-old orphaned cousin. Those who knew Lincoln later recalled that he was distraught over his sister's death; she died on January 20, 1828, while giving birth to a stillborn son.
On December 2, 1819, Thomas married S... | 968 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
to read.
## Education.
Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal schooling (from travelling teachers) was intermittent, totaling less than 12 months; however, he was an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that he read and reread the... | 969 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
adept at using an axe. Tall for his age, Lincoln was strong and athletic. He became known for his strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of a group of ruffians known as "the Clary's Grove boys".
## Illinois.
In early March 1830, partly out of fear of a milk sick... | 970 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
relocated to Illinois, Abraham became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part because of his father's lack of education, although occasionally lending him money. In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham left home. He lived in New Salem ... | 971 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
of typhoid fever. In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.
Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Mary if she returned to New Salem. Mary arrived in November 1836, and Lincoln courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, Lincoln wrote Mary a lett... | 972 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's married sister. While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, Lincoln was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose." In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near Lincoln's law office. Mary kept house, often with the help ... | 973 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and died of heart failure at the age of 18 on July 16, 1871. Robert reached adulthood and produced children. The Lincolns' last descendant, great-grandson Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died in 1985. Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children", and the Lincolns were not ... | 974 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done."
The deaths of their sons had profound effects on both parents. Abraham suffered from "melancholy", a condition later referred to as clinical depression. Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her hu... | 975 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
tastes, which included imported oysters.
# Early career and militia service.
In 1832, Lincoln and partner Denton Offutt bought a general store on credit in New Salem, Illinois. Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and Lincoln eventually sold his share. That March he entered politic... | 976 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers" and tossed him. Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.
Lincoln served as New Salem'... | 977 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
as a Whig, many Democrats favored him over a more powerful Whig opponent. Lincoln served four successive terms in the Illinois House of Representatives as a Whig from Sangamon County. He supported the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, later serving as a Canal Commissioner. In the 1835–36 ... | 978 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
Henry Clay in supporting the American Colonization Society program of advocating abolition and helping freed slaves to settle in Liberia.
Admitted to the Illinois bar in 1836, he moved to Springfield, Illinois, and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln developed a repu... | 979 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
of Henry Clay". The party, including Lincoln, favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.
Lincoln ran for the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1843, but was defeated by John J.... | 980 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
votes and making speeches that echoed the party line. Lincoln, in collaboration with abolitionist Congressman Joshua R. Giddings, wrote a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He aba... | 981 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
that rises in showers of blood". Lincoln supported the Wilmot Proviso, which if passed would have banned slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.
Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American sold... | 982 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln". Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.
Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, Lincoln, who had pledged in 1846 to serve only... | 983 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
would have effectively ended his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.
# Prairie lawyer.
Lincoln practiced law in Springfield, handling "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer". Twice a year for 16 years, 10 weeks at a time, he app... | 984 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
a riverboat company in a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but Lincoln is the only president to hold a patent.
In 1851, he represented... | 985 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
route, and the corporation retained the right to demand Barret's payment. The decision by the Illinois Supreme Court was cited by many other courts. Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases, in 51 as sole counsel, of which 31 were decided in his favor. From 1853 to 1860, another o... | 986 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a "Farmers' Almanac" showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted.
Lincoln rarely raised objections; but in an 1859 case, where he defended a cou... | 987 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
of slavery in the territories exacerbated sectional tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North. The Compromise of 1850 failed to defuse the issue. In the early 1850s, Lincoln supported sectional mediation, and his 1852 eulogy for Clay focused on the latter's support for gradual emancipa... | 988 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
hoped to prevent the spread of slavery into the territories. Despite this Northern opposition, Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854.
For months after its passage, Lincoln did not publicly comment, but he came to strongly oppose it. On October 16, 1854, in his "Peoria Speec... | 989 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
example of its just influence in the world ..." Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life.
Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting the demise of his party, Lincoln wro... | 990 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
attempts, fearing that it would serve as a platform for extreme abolitionists. Lincoln hoped to rejuvenate the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement.
In the 1854 elections, Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his... | 991 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic c... | 992 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
asserted that Congress had the right to regulate slavery in the territories and called for the immediate admission of Kansas as a free state. Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention, in which he endorsed the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union. At the June 1856 Republican... | 993 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan defeated both his challengers. Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois. Lincoln's vigorous campaigning had made him the leading Republican in Illinois.
### Principles.
Eric Foner (2010) contrasts the abolitionists... | 994 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
self-government as expressed in the Declaration of Independence.
### "Dred Scott".
In March 1857, in "Dred Scott v. Sandford," Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. While many Democrats hoped that "Dred Scott" would ... | 995 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
all men created equal—equal in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness'."
## Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech.
Douglas was up for re-election in 1858, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him. With the former Democrat Trumbull now serving as a Repu... | 996 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.
Accepting the nomination, Lincoln delivered his House Divided Speech, drawing on , "A house divided against itself cannot stand.... | 997 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas. When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, "[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won."
The Senate campaign featured seven debates, the most famous political debates in American history. The... | 998 |
307 | Abraham Lincoln | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%20Lincoln | Abraham Lincoln
joined the abolitionists. The debates had an atmosphere of a prize fight and drew crowds in the thousands. Lincoln's argument was rooted in morality. He claimed that Douglas represented a conspiracy to extend slavery to free states. Douglas's argument was legal, claiming that Lincoln was defying the aut... | 999 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.