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On the right side, my retina is perfectly symmetrical. | На дясното око, ретината ми е идеално симетрична. | en-bg |
You see the going down towards the fovea where the optic nerve begins. | Fovea (kör nokta) ya doğru alt bölümde optik sinirin başladığı yeri görüyorsunuz. | en-tr |
But on my left retina there is a bump, which is marked there by the red arrow. | Nhưng với võng mạc bên trái thì có một chỗ u lên được đánh dấu bởi mũi tên màu đỏ. | en-vi |
And it corresponds to a little cyst that is located below. | Ve bu orada aşağıda ufak bir kist olduğuna işaret ediyor. | en-tr |
And that is exactly what causes the warping of my visual image. | I és això exactament el que causa la deformació de la meva visió. | en-ca |
So just think of this: you have a grid of neurons, and now you have a plane mechanical change in the position of the grid, and you get a warping of your mental experience. | Помислите само о овоме: имате мрежу неурона, и онда се деси механичка промена равни у позицији те мреже, и добијате увртање свог менталног искуства. | en-sr |
So this is how close your mental experience and the activity of the neurons in the retina, which is a part of the brain located in the eyeball, or, for that matter, a sheet of visual cortex. | Zo dicht staat je mentale ervaring bij de activiteit van de neuronen in het netvlies. Dat is een deel van de hersenen dat in de oogbal zit, of nog een laag van de visuele cortex. | en-nl |
So from the retina you go onto visual cortex. | So gehen Sie von der Retina bis zum visuellen Kortex. | en-de |
And of course, the brain adds on a lot of information to what is going on in the signals that come from the retina. | Mozek k němu ovšem připojí řadu dalších, doplňujících údajů. | en-cs |
And in that image there, you see a variety of islands of what I call image-making regions in the brain. | A na ovoj slici možete vidjeti različite otoke koje zovem regije za stvaranje slika u mozgu. | en-hr |
You have the green for example, that corresponds to tactile information, or the blue that corresponds to auditory information. | Sie haben zum Beispiel das Grün, das zur taktilen Information gehört, oder das Blau, das zur auditiven Information gehört. | en-de |
And something else that happens is that those image-making regions where you have the plotting of all these neural maps, can then provide signals to this ocean of purple that you see around, which is the association cortex, where you can make records of what went on in those islands of image-making. | А још нешто друго што се дешава је да ти "региони-који-праве-слике", на које су издељене све оне неуралне мапе, затим могу да пренесу сигнале у овај океан љубичасте боје коју видите около, што представља асоцијативни кортекс, где можете да бележите шта се дешавало у тим острвцима где се праве слике. | en-sr |
And the great beauty is that you can then go from memory, out of those association cortices, and produce back images in the very same regions that have perception. | 還有真正漂亮的 是可以讓你從記憶中， 提取出這些連結區的腦迴， 再製造出影像 在處理感覺的區域。 | en-zh-tw |
So think about how wonderfully convenient and lazy the brain is. | Pensate com'è splendidamente conveniente e pigro il cevello. | en-it |
So it provides certain areas for perception and image-making. | הוא מספק לנו אזורים מסויימים לתפישה וליצירת דימויים | en-he |
And those are exactly the same that are going to be used for image-making when we recall information. | I to su upravo ta koja će se koristiti za stvaranje slika kada se prisjetimo informacija. | en-hr |
So far the mystery of the conscious mind is diminishing a little bit because we have a general sense of how we make these images. | Μέχρι στιγμής το μυστήριο του συνειδητού νου αποκαλύπτεται κάπως επειδή έχουμε μια γενική ιδέα για το πώς δημιουργούμε αυτές τις εικόνες. | en-el |
But what about the self? | Maar hoe zit het met het zelf? | en-nl |
The self is really the elusive problem. | O eu é realmente o problema elusivo. | en-pt |
And for a long time, people did not even want to touch it, because they'd say, "How can you have this reference point, this stability, that is required to maintain the continuity of selves day after day?" | Và trong suốt một thời gian dài, thậm chí không ai muốn chạm tới nó, bởi vì họ nói, "Bằng cách nào chúng ta có một điểm tham khảo cố định, một điểm bền vững cần thiết để duy trì sự liên tục của bản ngã từ ngày này qua ngày khác?" | en-vi |
And I thought about a solution to this problem. | И аз измислих решение на този проблем. | en-bg |
It's the following. | Ez pedig a következő: | en-hu |
We generate brain maps of the body's interior and use them as the reference for all other maps. | We genereren breinkaarten van de binnenkant van het lichaam en gebruiken die als referentie voor alle andere kaarten. | en-nl |
So let me tell you just a little bit about how I came to this. | دعوني احدثكم قليلا عن كيف توصلت الى هذا | en-ar |
I came to this because, if you're going to have a reference that we know as self -- the Me, the I in our own processing -- we need to have something that is stable, something that does not deviate much from day to day. | Potřebujeme referenční bod, kterému říkáme "já". Vědomí subjektivní jednoty našich aktivit. Potřebujeme tedy něco stabilního. Jednotku, která v zásadě zůstává pořád stejná. | en-cs |
Well it so happens that we have a singular body. | Het is een feit dat we één enkel lichaam hebben. | en-nl |
We have one body, not two, not three. | ما یک بدن داریم، نه دوتا، نه سه تا. | en-fa |
And so that is a beginning. | Và đó là sự bắt đầu. | en-vi |
There is just one reference point, which is the body. | Es gibt nur einen Referenzpunkt, nämlich den Körper. | en-de |
But then, of course, the body has many parts, and things grow at different rates, and they have different sizes and different people; however, not so with the interior. | Però el cos, per descomptat, té molts membres, que creixen a ritmes diferents, tenen diferents mides i persones diferents; però, no succeeix el mateix amb l'interior. | en-ca |
The things that have to do with what is known as our internal milieu -- for example, the whole management of the chemistries within our body are, in fact, extremely maintained day after day for one very good reason. | Оне ствари које се тичу онога што зовемо "наша унутрашња средина" на пример, целокупно управљање хемијским процесима у нашем телу је, заправо, фантастично одржавано из дана у дан, и то због веома доброг разлога. | en-sr |
If you deviate too much in the parameters that are close to the midline of that life-permitting survival range, you go into disease or death. | Eğer bunların hayatın devamına izin veren ortalama parametrelerinde bir sapma olursa, hastalanırsınız ya da ölürsünüz. | en-tr |
So we have an in-built system within our own lives that ensures some kind of continuity. | Así que tenemos un sistema incorporado en nuestras vidas que asegura cierto tipo de continuidad. | en-es |
I like to call it an almost infinite sameness from day to day. | Tôi thích gọi nó là một sự bất biến không dừng lại từ ngày này qua ngày khác. | en-vi |
Because if you don't have that sameness, physiologically, you're going to be sick or you're going to die. | Want als je die gelijkheid niet hebt, fysiologisch gezien, dan word je ziek of sterf je. | en-nl |
So that's one more element for this continuity. | Portanto, esse é mais um elemento para essa continuidade. | en-pt-br |
And the final thing is that there is a very tight coupling between the regulation of our body within the brain and the body itself, unlike any other coupling. | Şi ultimul lucru, e o legătură foarte strânsă între reglarea corpului nostru în creier şi corpul însuşi, mai strânsă decât orice altă legătură. | en-ro |
So for example, I'm making images of you, but there's no physiological bond between the images I have of you as an audience and my brain. | Так, зараз я маю образ кожного з вас, але між моїм мозком і образом вас як глядачів не існує жодного фізіологічного зв'язку. | en-uk |
However, there is a close, permanently maintained bond between the body regulating parts of my brain and my own body. | Van azonban egy közeli folyamatosan fenntartott kapcsolat az agyamnak a testemet szabályozó része és a saját testem közt. | en-hu |
So here's how it looks. Look at the region there. | Eccone l'immagine. Guardate questa zona. | en-it |
There is the brain stem in between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord. | Ствол мозга находится между корой головного мозга и спинным мозгом. | en-ru |
And it is within that region that I'm going to highlight now that we have this housing of all the life-regulation devices of the body. | Y esa región que ahora les marcaré, es el alojamiento de todos los dispositivos reguladores de la vida del cuerpo. | en-es |
This is so specific that, for example, if you look at the part that is covered in red in the upper part of the brain stem, if you damage that as a result of a stroke, for example, what you get is coma or vegetative state, which is a state, of course, in which your mind disappears, your consciousness disappears. | 也是這麼的功能專一，假設， 如果你看看這裡標示成紅色的部份 在腦幹的上面那一部份， 如果你因為，假設中風，而毀損這個區塊， 那你就會昏迷 或是陷入植物人的狀態， 這則是一個狀態，當然， 你的心智就消失了， 你的意識消失了。 | en-zh-tw |
What happens then actually is that you lose the grounding of the self, you have no longer access to any feeling of your own existence, and, in fact, there can be images going on, being formed in the cerebral cortex, except you don't know they're there. | Оно што се заправо дешава је да губите утемељеност о себи, више немате приступ ниједном осећају свог постојања, и заправо, могу се и даље правити слике, формиране у кори великог мозга, али разлика је што ви не знате да су ту. | en-sr |
You have, in effect, lost consciousness when you have damage to that red section of the brain stem. | Abbiamo, appunto, perso coscienza, nel momento in cui abbiamo danneggiato la zona rossa del tronco encefalico. | en-it |
But if you consider the green part of the brain stem, nothing like that happens. | 但如果你看看脑干中绿色的部分， 没有发生像那样的事情。 | en-zh-cn |
It is that specific. | Jest to tak specyficzne. | en-pl |
So in that green component of the brain stem, if you damage it, and often it happens, what you get is complete paralysis, but your conscious mind is maintained. | 所以在那腦幹綠色的組成結構， 如果你毀損它，而這很常發生， 那你就會變得完全癱瘓， 但你有意識的心智仍是好的。 | en-zh-tw |
You feel, you know, you have a fully conscious mind that you can report very indirectly. | Anda merasa, Anda mengetahui, Anda punya pikiran yang sangat terang tetapi yang tidak dapat Anda ungkapkan. | en-id |
This is a horrific condition. You don't want to see it. | Dette er en fryktelig tilstand. Dere vil ikke se den. | en-nb |
And people are, in fact, imprisoned within their own bodies, but they do have a mind. | 而人們其實，就是，被囚禁 在他們自己的身體裡。 但他們是有心智的。 | en-zh-tw |
There was a very interesting film, one of the rare good films done about a situation like this, by Julian Schnabel some years ago about a patient that was in that condition. | Böyle bir durumla ilgili olarak yapılan nadir fimlerden bir tanesi Julian Schnabel tarafından yıllar önce bu tür bir problemi olan bir hastayla ilgili olarak yapılmıştı. | en-tr |
So now I'm going to show you a picture. | Ќе ви покажам една слика. | en-mk |
I promise not to say anything about this, except this is to frighten you. | Bununla ilgili bir şey söylemeyeceğime söz veriyorum, onun sizi korkutması dışında. | en-tr |
It's just to tell you that in that red section of the brain stem, there are, to make it simple, all those little squares that correspond to modules that actually make brain maps of different aspects of our interior, different aspects of our body. | אומר רק שבחלק האדום הזה של גזע המוח, ישנם, כדי לפשט את העניין, כל הריבועים הקטנים שמקבילים ליחידות שלמעשה מהוות יחד מפות מוח של היבטים שונים של פנים גופנו, היבטים שונים של הגוף שלנו. | en-he |
They are exquisitely topographic and they are exquisitely interconnected in a recursive pattern. | Jsou důkladně topograficky uspořádané a propojené. Tvoří rekurzivní systém. | en-cs |
And it is out of this and out of this tight coupling between the brain stem and the body that I believe -- and I could be wrong, but I don't think I am -- that you generate this mapping of the body that provides the grounding for the self and that comes in the form of feelings -- primordial feelings, by the way. | Dari sinilah, dari dalam keterhubungan yang sangat erat di antara batang otak dengan tubuh saya percaya ---dan saya bisa salah, tetapi saya pikir saya tidak salah -- yang dengannya Anda menghasilkan pemetaan tubuh ini yang menyediakan sebuah pendasaran mengenai diri dan yang terungkap dalam bentuk perasaan-perasaan - p... | en-id |
So what is the picture that we get here? | Akkor tehát milyen kép rajzolódott ki előttünk? | en-hu |
Look at "cerebral cortex," look at "brain stem," look at "body," and you get the picture of the interconnectivity in which you have the brain stem providing the grounding for the self in a very tight interconnection with the body. | Pogledajte „moždanu koru“, pogledajte „moždano deblo“, pogledajte „tijelo“ i vidjet ćete međupovezanost u kojoj moždano deblo daje temelje za sebstvo u jako uskoj vezi s tijelom. | en-hr |
And you have the cerebral cortex providing the great spectacle of our minds with the profusion of images that are, in fact, the contents of our minds and that we normally pay most attention to, as we should, because that's really the film that is rolling in our minds. | וישנה קליפת המוח שמספקת את מופע הראווה המופלא שמוחנו יוצר באמצעות שפע דימויים שהם למעשה התוכן של המוח שלנו ולהם אנו בד"כ מקדישים את מרב תשומת הלב, ובצדק, כיוון שזהו באמת הסרט שרץ אצלנו במוח. | en-he |
But look at the arrows. | 하지만 화살표를 보세요. | en-ko |
They're not there for looks. | Nie sú len na efekt. | en-sk |
They're there because there's this very close interaction. | Elles sont là parce qu’il y a une interaction tres étroite. | en-fr |
You cannot have a conscious mind if you don't have the interaction between cerebral cortex and brain stem. | Nem lehet tudatos elméje annak, akinek nincs interakció az agykérge és agytörzse közt. | en-hu |
You cannot have a conscious mind if you don't have the interaction between the brain stem and the body. | Nemôžete mať vedomú myseľ, ak nemáte interakciu medzi mozgovým kmeňom a telom. | en-sk |
Another thing that is interesting is that the brain stem that we have is shared with a variety of other species. | Hal lain yang menarik adalah bahwa batang otak yang kita miliki juga dimiliki oleh berbagai jenis spesies lainnya. | en-id |
So throughout vertebrates, the design of the brain stem is very similar to ours, which is one of the reasons why I think those other species have conscious minds like we do. | بنابراین در میان همه مهره داران، طراحی ساقه مغز خیلی شبیه به ما است، که به نظر من یکی از دلایلیه که اون موجودات هم مثل ما ذهن هشیار دارن. | en-fa |
Except that they're not as rich as ours, because they don't have a cerebral cortex like we do. | No tan rica com la nostra, perquè no tenen la nostra escorça cerebral. | en-ca |
That's where the difference is. | Di sinilah letak perbedaannya. | en-id |
And I strongly disagree with the idea that consciousness should be considered as the great product of the cerebral cortex. | Og jeg stiller meg sterkt imot idéen om at bevissthet skal anses som et produkt av hjernebarken. | en-nb |
Only the wealth of our minds is, not the very fact that we have a self that we can refer to our own existence, and that we have any sense of person. | 只是因为我们有丰富的意识 而不仅仅是因为我们有自我 我们才能认识到 自己的存在 才能有作为人类的感觉 | en-zh-cn |
Now there are three levels of self to consider -- the proto, the core and the autobiographical. | Ada tiga tingkatan diri yang perlu dipertimbangkan -- diri proto, inti dan otobiografis. | en-id |
The first two are shared with many, many other species, and they are really coming out largely of the brain stem and whatever there is of cortex in those species. | Os dois primeiros são compartilhados com muitas, muitas outras espécies, e eles de fato surgem largamente do tronco cerebral e o que quer que haja de córtex nessas espécies. | en-pt-br |
It's the autobiographical self which some species have, I think. | Chính là bản ngã tự thuật là cái chỉ vài loài có, tôi nghĩ vậy. | en-vi |
Cetaceans and primates have also an autobiographical self to a certain degree. | I cetacei e i primati hanno anche un sé autobiografico di un certo livello. | en-it |
And everybody's dogs at home have an autobiographical self to a certain degree. | I każdy z naszych psów również ma Ja autobiograficzne, do pewnego stopnia. | en-pl |
But the novelty is here. | Но, новоста се наоѓа овде. | en-mk |
The autobiographical self is built on the basis of past memories and memories of the plans that we have made; it's the lived past and the anticipated future. | Bản ngã tự thuật được xây dựng phần lớn dựa trên các kí ức và kí ức về những kế hoạch mà chúng ta từng làm; nó sống trong quá khứ và dự đoán tương lai. | en-vi |
And the autobiographical self has prompted extended memory, reasoning, imagination, creativity and language. | Životopisné "já" umožnilo vznik dlouhodobé paměti, racionálního uvažování, představivosti, tvořivosti a jazyka. | en-cs |
And out of that came the instruments of culture -- religions, justice, trade, the arts, science, technology. | Og ut av det kom instrumentene av kultur -- religion, rettsystem, handel, kunst, vitenskap, teknologi. | en-nb |
And it is within that culture that we really can get -- and this is the novelty -- something that is not entirely set by our biology. | Ve kültür içindedir ki ki biz özgün biçimde biyolojimiz tarafından (tümüyle) belirlenmeyen bir şeye sahip olduk. | en-tr |
It is developed in the cultures. | Nó được phát triển trong các nền văn hóa. | en-vi |
It developed in collectives of human beings. | Развиено во колективи на човечки битија. | en-mk |
And this is, of course, the culture where we have developed something that I like to call socio-cultural regulation. | Và nó, dì nhiên, là nền văn hóa nơi mà chúng ta phát triển thứ mà tôi hay gọi là sự điều hòa xã hội - văn hóa. | en-vi |
And finally, you could rightly ask, why care about this? | E afinal, você poderia justamente perguntar, por que se importar com isso? | en-pt-br |
Why care if it is the brain stem or the cerebral cortex and how this is made? | 為什麼要在乎它是腦幹或大腦迴 和這是怎麼製造的? | en-zh-tw |
Three reasons. First, curiosity. | Tres raons. La primera, la curiositat. | en-ca |
Primates are extremely curious -- and humans most of all. | הפרימאטים הם סקרניים מאוד-- ובני-האדם במיוחד. | en-he |
And if we are interested, for example, in the fact that anti-gravity is pulling galaxies away from the Earth, why should we not be interested in what is going on inside of human beings? | I si ens interessa, per exemple, el fet que la antigravetat allunya galàxies de la Terra, Per què no estarem interessats en el que succeeix a l'interior dels éssers humans? | en-ca |
Second, understanding society and culture. | Segon, comprendre la societat i la cultura. | en-ca |
We should look at how society and culture in this socio-cultural regulation are a work in progress. | この社会文化的な調整の中で 社会と文化が どうなっているのか 研究が進められています | en-ja |
And finally, medicine. | I ostatnie - medycyna. | en-pl |
Let's not forget that some of the worst diseases of humankind are diseases such as depression, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction. | Mezi nejhroznější choroby, které lidstvo sužují, patří nemoci jako deprese, Alzheimerova nemoc, drogová závislost | en-cs |
Think of strokes that can devastate your mind or render you unconscious. | 想想那些可以摧毁意识、 消除意识的中风 | en-zh-cn |
You have no prayer of treating those diseases effectively and in a non-serendipitous way if you do not know how this works. | Non esiste possibilità di trattare efficacemente questi mali e in un modo non casuale, se non se ne conosce il funzionamento. | en-it |
So that's a very good reason beyond curiosity to justify what we're doing, and to justify having some interest in what is going on in our brains. | Böylece merakın ötesinde ne yaptığımız konusunda çok iyi bir nedene sahibiz ve beyinlerimizde neler olduğunu öğrenmek konusunda mantıklı bir gerekçeye. | en-tr |
I study how the brain processes information. That is, how it takes information in from the outside world, and converts it into patterns of electrical activity, and then how it uses those patterns to allow you to do things -- to see, hear, to reach for an object. | Μελετώ τους τρόπους που ο εγκέφαλος επεξεργάζεται πληροφορίες. Δηλαδή, πως προσλαμβάνει πληροφορίες απο τον έξωτερικό κόσμο,και τις μετατρέπει σε μοτίβα ηλεκτρικής δραστηριότητας, και μετά πώς χρησιμοποιεί αυτά τα μοτίβα για να μας επιτρέψει να κάνουμε πράγματα-- να δούμε, να ακούσουμε, να φτάσουμε ένα αντικείμενο. | en-el |
So I'm really a basic scientist, not a clinician, but in the last year and a half I've started to switch over, to use what we've been learning about these patterns of activity to develop prosthetic devices, and what I wanted to do today is show you an example of this. | من یک دانشمند علوم بنیادی هستم و نه یک پزشک درمانی ولی در یه سال نیم گذشته شروع کردم به تغییر،تا از آموخته های این الگوها برای گسترش اندامهای مصنوعی استفاده کنم برای گسترش اندامهای مصنوعی کاری که میخوام امروز انجام بدم اینه که بهتون یه مثال از این عمل نشون بدم | en-fa |
It's really our first foray into this. | זהו באמת הניסיון הראשון שלנו | en-he |
It's the development of a prosthetic device for treating blindness. | Το θέμα είναι η ανάπτυξη ενός προσθετικού εργαλείου για τη θεραπεία της τύφλωσης. | en-el |
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