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As opposed to learning with made-up sentences, people are learning with real content, which is inherently interesting. | 꾸며서 만든 문장과는 달리 실제 컨텐츠를 사용하니까 본질적으로 더 흥미가 있지요. | en-ko |
But perhaps more surprisingly, the translations that we get from people using the site, even though they're just beginners, the translations that we get are as accurate as those of professional language translators, which is very surprising. | Mas talvez mais surpreendente do que isso, as traduções que obtemos através dos utilizadores do site, embora sejam de principiantes, são tão precisas como as dos tradutores linguísticos profissionais, o que é bastante surpreendente. | en-pt |
This is a sentence that was translated from German into English. | Đây là một câu được dịch từ tiếng Đức sang tiếng Anh. Trên cùng là tiếng Đức. | en-vi |
The top is the German. The middle is an English translation that was done by a professional translator who we paid 20 cents a word for this translation. | V strede je anglický preklad od profesionálneho prekladateľa, ktorý za tento preklad dostal 20 centov za slovo. Dole je preklad od užívateľov Duolingo, | en-sk |
And the bottom is a translation by users of Duolingo, none of whom knew any German before they started using the site. | Geen ervan kende Duits voordat ze begonnen met het gebruik van de site. | en-nl |
If you can see, it's pretty much perfect. | Vous voyez que c'est presque parfait. | en-fr-ca |
Of course, we play a trick here to make the translations as good as professional language translators. | Claro que usamos aqui um truque para tornar as traduções tão boas como as dos tradutores profissionais. | en-pt |
We combine the translations of multiple beginners to get the quality of a single professional translator. | om de kwaliteit van een professionele vertaler te krijgen. | en-nl |
Now, even though we're combining the translations, the site actually can translate pretty fast. | ואפילו שאנחנו מאחדים תרגומים, האתר למעשה מתרגם די מהר. | en-he |
So let me show you, this is our estimates of how fast we could translate Wikipedia from English into Spanish. | Така че, нека да ви покажа, това е преценката ни за това колко бързо може да преведем Wikipedia от английски на испански. Не забравяйте, че това струва 50 милиона долара. | en-bg |
So if we wanted to translate Wikipedia into Spanish, we could do it in five weeks with 100,000 active users. | Pra nese deshirojme ta perkthejme Wikipedian ne Spanjollisht mundemi ta bejme kete ne pese jave me 100,000 shfrytzues aktive | en-sq |
And we could do it in about 80 hours with a million active users. | A přibližně za 80 hodin s milionem aktivních uživatelů. | en-cs |
Since all the projects my group has worked on so far have gotten millions of users, we're hopeful that we'll be able to translate extremely fast. | Cum în toate proiectele la care grupul meu a lucrat au avut milioane de utilizatori, avem speranța că vom putea traduce acest proiect foarte repede. | en-ro |
Now, the thing that I'm most excited about with Duolingo is I think this provides a fair business model for language education. | Lucrul care mă entuziasmează cel mai mult legat de Duolingo e că sunt convins că oferă un model de afaceri echitabil pentru învățarea limbilor străine. Iată despre ce vorbesc: | en-ro |
So here's the thing: The current business model for language education is the student pays, and in particular, the student pays Rosetta Stone 500 dollars. | actualul model de afacere pentru învățarea limbilor străine e că studentul plătește, mai exact plătește 500 de dolari firmei Rosetta Stone. (Râsete) | en-ro |
(Laughter) That's the current business model. | Това е настоящият бизнес модел. Проблемът с този бизнес модел | en-bg |
The problem with this business model is that 95 percent of the world's population doesn't have 500 dollars. | c'est que 95% des gens de la planète n'ont pas 500 dollars. | en-fr-ca |
So it's extremely unfair towards the poor. | C'est donc extrêmement injuste envers les pauvres. | en-fr |
This is totally biased towards the rich. | Es ist völlig auf Reiche ausgerichtet. Bei Duolingo hingegen | en-de |
Now, see, in Duolingo, because while you learn, you're actually creating value, you're translating stuff -- which, for example, we could charge somebody for translations, so this is how we could monetize this. | dok učite zapravo stvarate vrednost, prevodite stvari -- za šta bismo mogli da nekog platimo. Ovo je način da to unovčimo. | en-sr |
Since people are creating value while they're learning, they don't have to pay with their money, they pay with their time. | Понеже хората създават нещо стойностно, докато се учат, те не трябва да плащат пари, те плащат с времето си. | en-bg |
But the magical thing here is that is time that would have had to have been spent anyways learning the language. | Mais ce qui est magique ici, c'est qu'ils paient avec leur temps, mais que c'est du temps qu'ils auraient passé de toute façon à apprendre la langue. | en-fr |
So the nice thing about Duolingo is, I think, it provides a fair business model -- one that doesn't discriminate against poor people. | Ce qui est bien avec Duolingo c'est que je crois que ça apporte un modèle économique équitable, qui ne défavorise pas les pauvres. Voici donc le site. | en-fr |
So here's the site. Thank you. | Спасибо. (Аплодисменты) | en-ru |
(Applause) We haven't yet launched, but if you go there, you can sign up to be part of our private beta, which is probably going to start in three or four weeks. | Tu je naša stránka. Ešte nie je spustená, ale môžete sa prihlásiť na testovanie, ktoré začne asi o tri alebo štyri týždne. Duolingo sme ešte nespustili. | en-sk |
We haven't yet launched it. | اما به هر حال من اولین کسی هستم که در مورد اون صحبت میکنه | en-fa |
By the way, I'm the one talking here, but Duolingo is the work of a really awesome team, some of whom are here. So thank you. | Já agora, eu sou um porta-voz. O Duolingo é o trabalho de uma equipa fantástica, estão aqui alguns dos seus membros. | en-pt |
I'm here to spread the word about the magnificence of spiders and how much we can learn from them. | Tôi đến đây để chia sẻ với mọi người về sự kì diệu của loài nhện và những gì chúng ta có thể học từ chúng. | en-vi |
Spiders are truly global citizens. | Spindlar är verkligen världsmedborgare. | en-sv |
You can find spiders in nearly every terrestrial habitat. | Vous pouvez trouver les araignées dans presque tous les habitats terrestres. | en-fr |
This red dot marks the Great Basin of North America, and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity project there with some collaborators. | Este ponto vermelho marca a Grande Bacia da América do Norte onde estou envolvida num projecto de biodiversidade alpina com alguns colaboradores. | en-pt |
Here's one of our field sites, and just to give you a sense of perspective, this little blue smudge here, that's one of my collaborators. | Tady je jedno z našich pracovišť v terénu, a jen pro představu, o jaký jde úhel pohledu, tato malá šmouha tady je jeden z mých spolupracovníků. | en-cs |
This is a rugged and barren landscape, yet there are quite a few spiders here. | Esta é uma paisagem acidentada e estéril, mas ainda assim existem aqui bastantes aranhas. | en-pt |
Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider grappling with a beetle. | Kivien alta paljastui tämän rapuhämähäkin ja kovakuoriaisen painiottelu. | en-fi |
Spiders are not just everywhere, but they're extremely diverse. | Οι αράχνες είναι παντού, και υπάρχουν και πάρα πολλά διαφορετικά είδη. | en-el |
There are over 40,000 described species of spiders. | فيوجد 40،000 نوع من العناكب. | en-ar |
To put that number into perspective, here's a graph comparing the 40,000 species of spiders to the 400 species of primates. | 霊長目が400種程度な一方 クモは40000種いることを グラフにするとその差を掴んでもらえるでしょうか グラフにするとその差を掴んでもらえるでしょうか | en-ja |
There are two orders of magnitude more spiders than primates. | Ka dy renditje madhësie më shumë të merimangave se të primatëve. | en-sq |
Spiders are also extremely old. | Pauci su ujedno i veoma stari. | en-hr |
On the bottom here, this is the geologic timescale, and the numbers on it indicate millions of years from the present, so the zero here, that would be today. | Ở đáy cùng này là niên đại địa chất, và con số ở trên biểu thị hàng triệu năm kể từ hiện tại và con số 0 ở đây là thời điểm hôm nay. | en-vi |
So what this figure shows is that spiders date back to almost 380 million years. | この表が示すように クモの起源は３億８千万年前に遡ります | en-ja |
To put that into perspective, this red vertical bar here marks the divergence time of humans from chimpanzees, a mere seven million years ago. | Ca sa avem o imagine mai clara, aceasta bara verticala de aici arata evolutia oamenilor plecand de la cimpanzei, abia acum sapte milioane de ani. | en-ro |
All spiders make silk at some point in their life. | Minden pókfaj sző pókselymet az élete során. | en-hu |
Most spiders use copious amounts of silk, and silk is essential to their survival and reproduction. | Повечето паяци използват изобилно количество коприна и коприната е жизнено важна за тяхното оцеляване и възпроизвеждане. | en-bg |
Even fossil spiders can make silk, as we can see from this impression of a spinneret on this fossil spider. | Fosil örümcekler bile ağ örebilir bu fosil örümceği üzerindeki lif memeciği izlerinden görebileceğimiz gibi. | en-tr |
So this means that both spiders and spider silk have been around for 380 million years. | To znači da su i pauci i njihova svila svuda okolo nas već otprilike 380 milijuna godina. | en-hr |
It doesn't take long from working with spiders to start noticing how essential silk is to just about every aspect of their life. | Изучая пауков, очень быстро начинаешь замечать, какое значение имеет шелк практически в каждом аспекте их жизни. | en-ru |
Spiders use silk for many purposes, including the trailing safety dragline, wrapping eggs for reproduction, protective retreats and catching prey. | A pókok sokféleképpen használják a pókselymet. Például biztonsági kötélnek, de ebbe csomagolják petéiket is, fészket készítenek belőle pihenőhelynek és pókselyemmel vadásznak. | en-hu |
There are many kinds of spider silk. | هناك العديد من انواع خيوط العنكبوت | en-ar |
For example, this garden spider can make seven different kinds of silks. | Par exemple, cette araignée de jardin peut faire sept différentes sortes de soie. | en-fr |
When you look at this orb web, you're actually seeing many types of silk fibers. | وقتي به حلقه هاي اين تار نگاه مي كنيد، مي تونيد در واقع انواع متفاوتي از فيبرهاي تار رو ببينيد. | en-fa |
The frame and radii of this web is made up of one type of silk, while the capture spiral is a composite of two different silks: the filament and the sticky droplet. | Scheletul si razele panzei de paianjen sunt realizate dintr-un anumit tip de matase, pe cand spiralele sunt realizate dintr-o compozitie a doua tipuri diferite de matase: filamentul si un mic strop de lipici. | en-ro |
How does an individual spider make so many kinds of silk? | Kako jedan pauk uspeva da napravi toliko vrsta svile? | en-sr |
To answer that, you have to look a lot closer at the spinneret region of a spider. | Sen selvittämiseksi täytyy katsoa tarkemmin hämähäkin kehruunystyjen seutua. | en-fi |
So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for those of us spider silk biologists, this is what we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter) We spend long days ... | Pra mëndafshi del nga gjendrat tjerrëse, ato që ne biologët e mëndafshit të merimangës, kjo ështe ajo që në e quajmë "tyta pushkës" e merimangës. (Të qeshura) Ne kalojnë ditë të gjata ... | en-sq |
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life. | نخنديد! اين زندگي منه . | en-fa |
(Laughter) We spend long days and nights staring at this part of the spider. | ちょっと 笑わないで 真剣に取り組んでいるんです(笑) 学者は長時間昼夜を問わず クモの先端部を観察しています | en-ja |
And this is what we see. | To, co widzimy. | en-pl |
You can see multiple fibers coming out of the spinnerets, because each spinneret has many spigots on it. | شما مي تونيد دسته هاي چندتايي فيبري كه از بخش تار ساز بيرون مي آيند رو ببينيد، چرا كه هر بخش تارساز چندين برآمدگي داره. | en-fa |
Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot, and if you were to trace the fiber back into the spider, what you would find is that each spigot connects to its own individual silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside. | 每一條絲纖維從其中的一個噴嘴噴出， 而如果你順著纖維回溯到蜘蛛體內， 你會發現 每一個噴頭都連接著一個獨有的絲腺。 絲腺看起來像是一個 含有很多絲蛋白的囊袋。 | en-zh-tw |
So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect an orb-web-weaving spider, and I hope you do, what you would find is a bounty of beautiful, translucent silk glands. | Takže pokud jste někdy měli příležitost kuchat pavouka tkajícího kruhovou pavučinu, a já doufám, že ano, našli byste mimořádné množství krásných, průsvitných snovacích žláz. | en-cs |
Inside each spider, there are hundreds of silk glands, sometimes thousands. | Dentro de cada aranha há centenas de glândulas de seda, às vezes milhares. | en-pt |
These can be grouped into seven categories. | Elas podem ser agrupadas em sete categorias. | en-pt-br |
They differ by size, shape, and sometimes even color. | Ze verschillen in grootte, in vorm en soms zelfs in kleur. | en-nl |
In an orb-web-weaving spider, you can find seven types of silk glands, and what I have depicted here in this picture, let's start at the one o'clock position, there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used to make the outer silk of an egg sac. | Kod pauka koji plete kružne mreže možete naći sedam vrsta paučinastih žlezda, i kad pogledamo šta se nalazi na slici, da počnemo sa vrha: postoje cevaste paučinaste žlezde koje proizvode svilenu opnu za jaje. | en-sr |
There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk glands which combine to make the sticky capture spiral of an orb web. | Janë gjëndrat e mëndafshit të agreguar dhe flagelliform, të cilat kombinohen për të bërë ngjitëse spiralen që kap gjahun në rrjetë. | en-sq |
Pyriform silk glands make the attachment cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere silk lines to a substrate. | Pirifrom lif bezeleri bağlayıcı bileşimi üretir bu, lifleri diğer maddelere bağlamak için gereken liftir. | en-tr |
There's also aciniform silk, which is used to wrap prey. | También hay seda aciniforme usada para envolver la presa. | en-es |
Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction. | 小壶状腺丝则用于建构蛛网 | en-zh-cn |
And the most studied silk line of them all: major ampullate silk. | I najczęściej badany, jedwab wiodący, | en-pl |
This is the silk that's used to make the frame and radii of an orb web, and also the safety trailing dragline. | 這是被用來製造圓型蜘蛛網 的外框和半徑的絲，也被用作 安全防護索使用。 | en-zh-tw |
But what, exactly, is spider silk? | Ma cos'è esattamente la tela di ragno? | en-it |
Spider silk is almost entirely protein. | Паяковата коприна е почти изцяло един протеин. | en-bg |
Nearly all of these proteins can be explained by a single gene family, so this means that the diversity of silk types we see today is encoded by one gene family, so presumably the original spider ancestor made one kind of silk, and over the last 380 million years, that one silk gene has duplicated and then diverged, sp... | Skoro všechny tyto proteiny můžeme objasnit pomocí jediné rodiny genů, takže to znamená, že rozmanitost typů hedvábných vláken, které dnes známe, je zakódováno v jedné rodině genů, podle všeho původní předek pavouka vyráběl jeden druh hedvábí a za posledních 380 milionů let, byl onen jeden gen kopírován a pak zase děle... | en-cs |
There are several features that all these silks have in common. They all have a common design, such as they're all very long -- they're sort of outlandishly long compared to other proteins. | Bütün bu liflerin ortak sahip olduğu birkaç özellik mevcut. Hepsi aynı tarza sahipler, çok uzun olmaları gibi-- diğer proteinlere göre mükemmel uzunluktalar. | en-tr |
They're very repetitive, and they're very rich in the amino acids glycine and alanine. | Są one bardzo powtarzalne i bogate w aminokwasy: glicynę i alaninę. | en-pl |
To give you an idea of what a spider silk protein looks like, this is a dragline silk protein, it's just a portion of it, from the black widow spider. | ismétlődéséből állnak. Hogy érzékeltessem, a pókselyem-fehérje szerkezetét, itt egy biztonsági kötelet láthatnak. Pontosabban, csak a részletét. Konkrétan egy fekete özvegy selymét. | en-hu |
This is the kind of sequence that I love looking at day and night. (Laughter) So what you're seeing here is the one letter abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored in the glycines with green, and the alanines in red, and so you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's. | 这种序列 我每日每夜百看不厌 所以你可以在这里看到 氨基酸仅用一个字母的缩写表示 并且我用绿色标明氨基酸 用红色标明丙氨酸 所以你们看见了很多G's和A's | en-zh-cn |
You can also see that there's a lot of short sequence motifs that repeat over and over and over again, so for example there's a lot of what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's, AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY. | Ayrıca sürekli devam eden bir sürü kısa dizilim olduğunu da görebilirsiniz, mesela çokça bizim tabirimizle polialanin ya da tekrarlı A var AAAAA. GGQlar var. GGYler var. | en-tr |
You can think of these short motifs that repeat over and over again as words, and these words occur in sentences. | Φανταστείτε ότι αυτά τα σύντομα μοτίβα τα οποία επαναλαμβάνονται ξανά και ξανά όπως οι λέξεις, και όλες αυτές οι λέξεις σχηματίζουν φράσεις. | en-el |
So for example this would be one sentence, and you would get this sort of green region and the red polyalanine, that repeats over and over and over again, and you can have that hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of times within an individual silk molecule. | 例えば これが１つの文とすると 緑色が多い部分や 赤色のポリアラニンの繰り返しが 何度も何度も出てきます この部分が一つ一つの糸の分子に 何百も何百も何百も 出てくるのです | en-ja |
Silks made by the same spider can have dramatically different repeat sequences. | Nici wytworzone przez jednego pająka mogą mieć kompletnie różne powtarzające się sekwencje. | en-pl |
At the top of the screen, you're seeing the repeat unit from the dragline silk of a garden argiope spider. | 여기 화면 위에 보이듯이 이동용 거미줄로 부터 반복되는 단위가 정원거미로 부터 만들어 질 수 있는 것입니다. | en-ko |
It's short. And on the bottom, this is the repeat sequence for the egg case, or tubuliform silk protein, for the exact same spider. And you can see how dramatically different these silk proteins are -- so this is sort of the beauty of the diversification of the spider silk gene family. | E' corta. E in basso c'è la sequenza ripetuta della sacca delle uova, la proteina tubuliforme, sempre dello stesso ragno. E potete constatare quanto differiscano queste proteine - dunque questa è la bellezza della diversificazione della famiglia di geni del ragno. | en-it |
You can see that the repeat units differ in length. They also differ in sequence. | Látják: az ismétlődő egységek hossza különböző. De a szekvenciáké is. | en-hu |
So I've colored in the glycines again in green, alanine in red, and the serines, the letter S, in purple. And you can see that the top repeat unit can be explained almost entirely by green and red, and the bottom repeat unit has a substantial amount of purple. | Donc j'ai encore colorié les glycines en vert, l'alanine en rouge, et les sérines, la lettre S, en violet. Et vous pouvez voir que l'unité répétée en haut peut être expliquée presque entièrement en vert et en rouge, et que l'unité répétée en bas a une quantité substantielle de violet. | en-fr |
What silk biologists do is we try to relate these sequences, these amino acid sequences, to the mechanical properties of the silk fibers. | Lo que los biólogos de seda hacemos es tratar de relacionar estas secuencias de aminoácidos, a las propiedades mecánicas de las fibras de seda. | en-es |
Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk completely outside their body. | Nun ist es wirklich praktisch, dass Spinnen ihre Seide vollständig außerhalb ihres Körpers nutzen. | en-de |
This makes testing spider silk really, really easy to do in the laboratory, because we're actually, you know, testing it in air that's exactly the environment that spiders are using their silk proteins. | így rendkívül egyszerű laboratóriumban kísérletezni velük. Pont ugyanolyan körülmények között, mint a természetben, ahol a pókok a selymet használják. | en-hu |
So this makes quantifying silk properties by methods such as tensile testing, which is basically, you know, tugging on one end of the fiber, very amenable. | To umnožava svojstva svile metodama poput ispitivanja rastezljivosti, koja se temelji na potezanju za kraj niti, i vrlo je pouzdana. | en-hr |
Here are stress-strain curves generated by tensile testing five fibers made by the same spider. | Nämä jännitys-venymäkäyrät on saatu vetokokeilla saman hämähäkin viidestä eri kuidusta. | en-fi |
So what you can see here is that the five fibers have different behaviors. | Assim, o que você pode ver aqui é que as cinco fibras têm diferentes comportamentos. | en-pt-br |
Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis, that's stress. If you look at the maximum stress value for each of these fibers, you can see that there's a lot of variation, and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk, is the strongest of these fibers. | А именно, если посмотреть на вертикальную ось, это давление. Если посмотреть на максимальное значение каждого волокна, можно увидеть существенные различия, и, фактически, самые сильные волокна это главные волокна желез ampullate. | en-ru |
We think that's because the dragline silk, which is used to make the frame and radii for a web, needs to be very strong. | Forse perché questo tipo di seta, usato per la struttura di base e i raggi della tela, deve essere molto robusto. | en-it |
On the other hand, if you were to look at strain -- this is how much a fiber can be extended -- if you look at the maximum value here, again, there's a lot of variation and the clear winner is flagelliform, or the capture spiral filament. | もう１つの力 どこまで伸ばせるかという 歪みを見ましょう 最大歪みを見ると またも 繊維間で大きな違いがあります 鞭毛 または 横糸が あきらかに勝ります | en-ja |
In fact, this flagelliform fiber can actually stretch over twice its original length. | Ez a fajta pókselyem eredeti hosszának akár kétszeresére is nyúlhat. | en-hu |
So silk fibers vary in their strength and also their extensibility. | Yani lif fiberleri güç olarak farklılar ve esneklik olarak da. | en-tr |
In the case of the capture spiral, it needs to be so stretchy to absorb the impact of flying prey. | Në rastin spirales së kapjes së gjahut, ajo duhet të jetë i zgjatueshëm për të absorbuar përplasjen me prenë fluturuese. | en-sq |
If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then basically when an insect hit the web, it would just trampoline right off of it. | Pokud by nebyla schopná se tak natáhnout, pak v podstatě ve chvíli, kdy hmyz narazí do pavučiny, stala by se z ní přímo trampolína. | en-cs |
So if the web was made entirely out of dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just bounce right off. But by having really, really stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually able to absorb the impact of that intercepted prey. | 그래서 만약 거미줄이 안전선으로 만들어 졌다면 곤충이 거미줄에 부딛혀도 그냥 튕겨져 나가 버릴 겁니다. 그러나 포획사 처럼 쭉 늘어나는 소재는 거미집이 충격을 흡수하고 포획된 먹잇감을 잡아 두는 역할을 할 수 있습니다. | en-ko |
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