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So what are these characteristics that I'm talking about? These are them. | Over welke eigenschappen heb ik het dan? | en-nl |
We consider first that life has a body. | 首先是具备形体 | en-zh-cn |
Now this is necessary to distinguish the self from the environment. | Isto é necessário para distinguir o "eu mesmo" do meio ambiente. | en-pt |
Life also has a metabolism. Now this is a process by which life can convert resources from the environment into building blocks so it can maintain and build itself. | La vie a aussi un métabolisme. C'est un processus par lequel la vie peut convertir les ressources de l'environnement en blocs de construction pour se maintenir et se construire. | en-fr |
Life also has a kind of inheritable information. | Sự sống còn phải có thông tin di truyền. | en-vi |
Now we, as humans, we store our information as DNA in our genomes and we pass this information on to our offspring. | Wij mensen slaan onze informatie als DNA op in ons genoom en we geven deze informatie door aan onze nakomelingen. | en-nl |
If we couple the first two -- the body and the metabolism -- we can come up with a system that could perhaps move and replicate, and if we coupled these now to inheritable information, we can come up with a system that would be more lifelike, and would perhaps evolve. | Αν ζευγαρώσουμε τα δύα πρώτα -το σώμα και το μεταβολισμό- θα πάρουμε ένα σύστημα που θα μπορούσε ίσως να κινηθεί και να ανατυπωθεί και αν ζευγαρώναμε αυτά τα δύο σε κληρονομήσιμες πληροφορίες θα παίρναμε ένα σύστημα που θα έμοιαζε πιο πολύ σε μια μορφή ζωής και ίσως να εξελισσόταν κιόλας. | en-el |
And so these are the things we will try to do in the lab, make some experiments that have one or more of these characteristics of life. | W laboratorium zrobimy więc eksperymentalne twory, które będą posiadać jedną lub więcej charakterystycznych cech życia. | en-pl |
So how do we do this? Well, we use a model system that we term a protocell. | Alors, comment faisons-nous cela? Et bien, nous utilisons un système modèle que nous appelons une protocellule. | en-fr |
You might think of this as kind of like a primitive cell. It is a simple chemical model of a living cell, and if you consider for example a cell in your body may have on the order of millions of different types of molecules that need to come together, play together in a complex network to produce something that we call... | 你也许觉得这会是种 原始形态的细胞 它是一个活细胞的简单化学模型 比如说你体内的一个细胞 由成千上万个不同的分子 组成起来 成为一个复杂系统 来生成我们赖以生存的东西 | en-zh-cn |
In the laboratory what we want to do is much the same, but with on the order of tens of different types of molecules -- so a drastic reduction in complexity, but still trying to produce something that looks lifelike. | No laboratório, o que queremos fazer é muito parecido, mas na ordem de dezenas de diferentes tipos de moléculas -- portanto, uma drástica redução em complexidade, mas ainda tentando produzir algo que pareça vivo. | en-pt-br |
And so what we do is, we start simple and we work our way up to living systems. | Tak więc zaczynamy jak najprościej stopniowo dążąc w kierunku żywych organizmów. | en-pl |
Consider for a moment this quote by Leduc, a hundred years ago, considering a kind of synthetic biology: "The synthesis of life, should it ever occur, will not be the sensational discovery which we usually associate with the idea." | Stéphane Leduc, sto lat temu, rozważając koncepcję "biologii syntetycznej" powiedział: "Synteza życia, jeżeli kiedykolwiek się uda, nie będzie odkryciem tak sensacyjnym, jakim zwykle nam się wydaje." | en-pl |
That's his first statement. So if we actually create life in the laboratories, it's probably not going to impact our lives at all. | Dat is zijn eerste verklaring. Als we echt leven gaan maken in laboratoria, zal dat ons leven waarschijnlijk niet gaan beïnvloeden. | en-nl |
"If we accept the theory of evolution, then the first dawn of synthesis of life must consist in the production of forms intermediate between the inorganic and the organic world, or between the non-living and living world, forms which possess only some of the rudimentary attributes of life" -- so, the ones I just discus... | "만약 우리가 진화론을 채택한다면, 생명체 합성의 첫 시작은 생명체의 기본적인 특성 중 일부만을 가지고 있고 다른 특성들은 자연환경의 진화적인 행위에 의한 발생 과정에서 천천히 추가가 되는 무기체와 유기체의 사이, 혹은 무생물계와 생물계의 사이의 중간적인 형태를 만들어내는 것에 존재해야만 합니다" | en-ko |
So we start simple, we make some structures that may have some of these characteristics of life, and then we try to develop that to become more lifelike. | إذن نبدأ بنموذج بسيط، نصنع بعض البُنى التي قد تملك بعض خصائص الحياة هذه ثم نحاول تطويرها لتصبح أشبه بالكائن الحي. | en-ar |
This is how we can start to make a protocell. | Саме так ми можемо почати створювати протоклітину. | en-uk |
We use this idea called self-assembly. | 我们应用的概念是自我集成 | en-zh-cn |
What that means is, I can mix some chemicals together in a test tube in my lab, and these chemicals will start to self-associate to form larger and larger structures. | Adică, pot să amestec câteva chimicale într-o eprubetă în laboratorul meu, iar aceste chimicale vor începe să se combine singure pentru a forma structuri din ce în ce mai mari. | en-ro |
So say on the order of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of molecules will come together to form a large structure that didn't exist before. | Yani on binlerce, yüz binlerce molekül daha önce var olmayan bir yapı oluşturmak üzere bir araya geliyorlar. | en-tr |
And in this particular example, what I took is some membrane molecules, mixed those together in the right environment, and within seconds it forms these rather complex and beautiful structures here. | A toto je konkrétny príklad. Zobral som nejaké membránové molekuly, zmiešal ich dokopy v tomto pravom prostredí a v priebehu sekundy vytvorili tieto pomerne zložité a prekrásne štruktúry. | en-sk |
These membranes are also quite similar, morphologically and functionally, to the membranes in your body, and we can use these, as they say, to form the body of our protocell. | Ці мембрани також досить подібні, морфологічно і функціонально, до мембран у вашому тілі, і ми можемо їх використовувати, як кажуть, для створення тіла нашої протоклітини. | en-uk |
Likewise, we can work with oil and water systems. | По същия начин, можем да работим с масни и водни системи. | en-bg |
As you know, when you put oil and water together, they don't mix, but through self-assembly we can get a nice oil droplet to form, and we can actually use this as a body for our artificial organism or for our protocell, as you will see later. | כפי שאתם יודעים, כששמים יחד שמן ומים, הם לא מתערבבים, אבל על ידי הרכבה עצמית ביכולתנו לגרום לטיפת שמן להיווצר, ואנו יכולים להשתמש בה בתור גוף עבור האורגניזם המלאכותי או הפרוטו-תא שלנו, כפי שתראו בהמשך. | en-he |
So that's just forming some body stuff, right? | Отже, ми формуємо якісь тіла, так? | en-uk |
Some architectures. | Bir takım mimariler. | en-tr |
What about the other aspects of living systems? | E gli altri aspetti dei sistemi viventi? | en-it |
So we came up with this protocell model here that I'm showing. | Chúng tôi tạo ra một mẫu tế bào nguyên mẫu như tôi cho các bạn xem ở đây. | en-vi |
We started with a natural occurring clay called montmorillonite. | 我们是从一种叫做蒙脱土的 天然粘土着手 | en-zh-cn |
This is natural from the environment, this clay. | Esta arcilla proviene del medio ambiente | en-es |
It forms a surface that is, say, chemically active. | Она создает поверхность, которая, скажем, химически активна. | en-ru |
It could run a metabolism on it. | Poderia manter um metabolismo nela. | en-pt-br |
Certain kind of molecules like to associate with the clay. For example, in this case, RNA, shown in red -- this is a relative of DNA, it's an informational molecule -- it can come along and it starts to associate with the surface of this clay. | โมเลกุลบางชนิดชอบที่จะเข้าไปยุ่งเกี่ยวกับดินนี้ ยกตัวอย่างเช่น อาร์เอ็นเอ ที่เห็นเป็นสีแดง --มันมีความสัมพันธ์ุกับดีเอ็นเอ มันเป็นโมเลกุลเกี่ยวกับข้อมูลเหมือนกัน -- มันเข้ามา และก็เริ่มที่จะมาอยู่ใกล้ๆ กับพื้นผิวของดินนี้ | en-th |
This structure, then, can organize the formation of a membrane boundary around itself, so it can make a body of liquid molecules around itself, and that's shown in green here on this micrograph. | Die Struktur kann dann die Formation einer Membrangrenze um sich selbst organisieren also kann es einen Körper flüssiger Moleküle um sich selbst formen, und das ist hier auf diesem Mikrograph in grün dargestellt. | en-de |
So just through self-assembly, mixing things together in the lab, we can come up with, say, a metabolic surface with some informational molecules attached inside of this membrane body, right? | خب.. درست ازطریق خودگرداوری ..مخلوط کردن اجسام باهمدیگه درآزمایشگاه ما میتونیم بفکر یک سطح متابولیکی باهمدیگه درآزمایشگاه ما میتونیم بفکر یک سطح متابولیکی با برخی مولکولهای اطلاعاتی متصل به درون غشای این بدنه باشیم.درسته؟ با برخی مولکولهای اطلاعاتی متصل به درون غشای این بدنه باشیم.درسته؟ | en-fa |
So we're on a road towards living systems. | และเราก็กำลังจะเดินทางไปสู่ระบบสิ่งมีชีวิต | en-th |
But if you saw this protocell, you would not confuse this with something that was actually alive. | 하지만 여러분들께서 이 프로토셀을 보신다고 해도 실제로 살아있는 것들과 절대 헷갈리진 않으실 겁니다 | en-ko |
It's actually quite lifeless. Once it forms, it doesn't really do anything. | Sie ist sogar sehr lebenslos. Wenn sie sich einmal bildet, tut sie eigentlich nicht wirklich etwas. | en-de |
So, something is missing. | Donc, il manque quelque chose. | en-fr |
Some things are missing. | Neke stvari nedostaju. | en-sr |
So some things that are missing is, for example, if you had a flow of energy through a system, what we'd want is a protocell that can harvest some of that energy in order to maintain itself, much like living systems do. | และสิ่งที่ขาดไปก็คือ ยกตัวอย่าง ถ้าคุณมีการถ่ายทอดพลังงาน ผ่านระบบนั้น สิ่งที่เราต้องการ ก็คือโปรโตเซลล์ ที่สามารถเก็บเกี่ยวพลังงาน ไว้ใช้ดำรงชีวิตของมัน เหมือนกับที่ระบบสิ่งมีชีวิตทำ | en-th |
So we came up with a different protocell model, and this is actually simpler than the previous one. | Proto jsme přišli s jinou protobuňkou. | en-cs |
In this protocell model, it's just an oil droplet, but a chemical metabolism inside that allows this protocell to use energy to do something, to actually become dynamic, as we'll see here. | Σε αυτό το μοντέλο έχουμε απλά μια σταγόνα λαδιού κι ένα χημικό μεταβολισμό μέσα που επιτρέπει σε αυτό το πρωτοκύτταρο να χρησιμοποιήσει ενέργεια για να γίνει δυναμικό όπως θα δούμε εδώ. | en-el |
You add the droplet to the system. | Dodajemy kroplę do systemu. | en-pl |
It's a pool of water, and the protocell starts moving itself around in the system. | Bu bir su havuzu. Ön-hücre sistemin içinde gezmeye başlıyor. | en-tr |
Okay? Oil droplet forms through self-assembly, has a chemical metabolism inside so it can use energy, and it uses that energy to move itself around in its environment. | ¿Bien? Las gotas de aceite que se forman mediante autoensamblaje tienen un metabolismo químico interno que les permite usar energía y pueden usar esa energía para moverse por sí mismas en su ambiente. | en-es |
As we heard earlier, movement is very important in these kinds of living systems. | Kao što smo ranije čuli, kretanje je jako važno kod ovih tipova živog sistema. | en-sr |
It is moving around, exploring its environment, and remodeling its environment, as you see, by these chemical waves that are forming by the protocell. | Ortamda dolaşıyor. Çevresini keşfediyor ve gördüğünüz gibi kimyasal dalgalar oluşturarak çevresini yeniden modelliyor. | en-tr |
So it's acting, in a sense, like a living system trying to preserve itself. | Donc, elle agit, en quelque sorte, comme un système vivant qui essaye de se conserver. | en-fr |
We take this same moving protocell here, and we put it in another experiment, get it moving. Then I'm going to add some food to the system, and you'll see that in blue here, right? | We nemen hier dezelfde bewegende protocel en gebruiken ze in een ander experiment, krijgen ze in beweging. Dan ga ik wat eten toevoegen aan het systeem. Je ziet dat hier in het blauw. | en-nl |
So I add some food source to the system. | Така че аз добавих източник на храна към системата. | en-bg |
The protocell moves. It encounters the food. | プロトセルが動き 食糧に遭遇して | en-ja |
It reconfigures itself and actually then is able to climb to the highest concentration of food in that system and stop there. | Podešava se i onda se može popeti na najvišu koncentraciju hrane u sustavu i tu stati. | en-hr |
Alright? So not only do we have this system that has a body, it has a metabolism, it can use energy, it moves around. | מבינים? אז לא רק שלמערכת הזו יש גוף, יש לה חילוף חומרים, היא מסוגלת להשתמש באנרגיה, היא נעה בפנים. | en-he |
It can sense its local environment and actually find resources in the environment to sustain itself. | Het kan reageren op zijn lokale omgeving en middelen vinden in de omgeving om zichzelf te onderhouden. | en-nl |
Now, this doesn't have a brain, it doesn't have a neural system. This is just a sack of chemicals that is able to have this interesting and complex lifelike behavior. | Nos, ennek nincs agya, nincs idegrendszere. Ez csak egy zacskó kémiai anyag, amely képes erre az érdekes és összetett, életszerű viselkedésre. | en-hu |
If we count the number of chemicals in that system, actually, including the water that's in the dish, we have five chemicals that can do this. | 假如我們算一下這系統內 的化學物，包含了在盤子裡 的水，我們有5 個化學物質 可以完成這個。 | en-zh-tw |
So then we put these protocells together in a single experiment to see what they would do, and depending on the conditions, we have some protocells on the left that are moving around and it likes to touch the other structures in its environment. | Jadi kemudian kami menaruh sel-sel proto tadi bersama dalam sebuah eksperimen untuk melihat apa yang akan mereka lakukan dan bergantung pada kondisi-kondisi, kami memiliki beberapa sel-sel proto di kiri yang bergerak ke sekitarnya dan ia suka menyentuh struktur lain di sekitar lingkungannya. | en-id |
On the other hand we have two moving protocells that like to circle each other, and they form a kind of a dance, a complex dance with each other. | От друга страна имаме две движещи се протоклетки, които обичат да се обикалят, и те формират нещо като танц, сложен танц една с друга. | en-bg |
Right? So not only do individual protocells have behavior, what we've interpreted as behavior in this system, but we also have basically population-level behavior similar to what organisms have. | Niet alleen vertonen de individuele protocellen gedrag, wat wij hebben geïnterpreteerd als gedrag in dit systeem, maar we zien ook in principe gedrag op populatieniveau, vergelijkbaar met wat organismen doen. | en-nl |
So now that you're all experts on protocells, we're going to play a game with these protocells. | Pošto se sada svi stručnjaci za proto-ćelije, igraćemo se malo sa ovim proto-ćelijama. | en-sr |
We're going to make two different kinds. | We gaan twee verschillende soorten maken. | en-nl |
Protocell A has a certain kind of chemistry inside that, when activated, the protocell starts to vibrate around, just dancing. | 原生細胞 A 有一種化學成分在 裡面，當活躍時，這個原生細胞 會開始在周圍動來動去，像在跳舞。 | en-zh-tw |
So remember, these are primitive things, so dancing protocells, that's very interesting to us. (Laughter) The second protocell has a different chemistry inside, and when activated, the protocells all come together and they fuse into one big one. Right? | Nhớ nhé, đây là những thứ hết sức thô sơ, nên những tế bào nguyên mẫu nhảy múa, khá là thú vị đấy. (Tiếng cười) Tế bào nguyên mẫu thứ hai có một loại hóa chất khác bên trong, mà khi được kích thích, tế bào sẽ gộp lại với nhau và hợp nhất thành một khối lớn. | en-vi |
And we just put these two together in the same system. | 我们把这两种原始细胞 放到一个系统里 | en-zh-cn |
So there's population A, there's population B, and then we activate the system, and protocell Bs, they're the blue ones, they all come together. They fuse together to form one big blob, and the other protocell just dances around. And this just happens until all of the energy in the system is basically used up, and then... | 這是人口A, 這是人口B, 我們啟動這個系統, 原生細胞Bs , 它們是藍色的, 全部組合成一塊。融合在一起 形成一個大的滴夜，而其他的原生細胞 在周圍跳舞。這發生在 這個系統中，直到這些能源 被用完為止，然後，遊戲結束。 | en-zh-tw |
So then I repeated this experiment a bunch of times, and one time something very interesting happened. | Powtórzyłem ten eksperyment wielokrotnie aż za którymś razem zdarzyło się coś bardzo interesującego. | en-pl |
So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB. | Coloquei essas protocélulas juntas no sistema, e protocélula A e protocélula B se fundiram para formar uma protocélula híbrida AB. | en-pt-br |
That didn't happen before. There it goes. | Isso não aconteceu antes. | en-pt-br |
There's a protocell AB now in this system. | İşte böyle. Şimdi sistemde ön-hücre AB var. | en-tr |
Protocell AB likes to dance around for a bit, while protocell B does the fusing, okay? | Proto-ćelija AB voli da malo pleše tu, dok proto-ćelija B odrađuje sjedinjavanje, u redu? | en-sr |
But then something even more interesting happens. | Nhưng sau đó một điều còn thú vị hơn nữa xảy ra. | en-vi |
Watch when these two large protocells, the hybrid ones, fuse together. | Sledujte keď tieto dve veľké protobunky, tie hybridné, sa spolu spoja. | en-sk |
Now we have a dancing protocell and a self-replication event. Right. (Laughter) Just with blobs of chemicals, again. | Agora temos uma protocélula dançarina e uma situação auto-replicadora. Só com gotas de químicos. | en-pt |
So the way this works is, you have a simple system of five chemicals here, a simple system here. When they hybridize, you then form something that's different than before, it's more complex than before, and you get the emergence of another kind of lifelike behavior which in this case is replication. | Vyšli jsme tedy ze dvou systémů o pěti chemikáliích. Ty se zkřížily a vzniklo něco mnohem komplexnějšího. Došlo k emergenci schopnosti replikace. | en-cs |
So since we can make some interesting protocells that we like, interesting colors and interesting behaviors, and they're very easy to make, and they have interesting lifelike properties, perhaps these protocells have something to tell us about the origin of life on the Earth. Perhaps these represent an easily accessibl... | Takže odvtedy môžeme vytvárať nejaké zaujímavé protobunky, ktoré sa nám páčia, zaujímavých farieb, zaujímavo sa správajú, a sú veľmi jednoduché na tvorbu, a majú zaujímavé živé vlastnosti, pravdepodobne tieto protobunky nám môžu povedať niečo o počiatku života na zemi. Možno tieto bunky reprezentujú jednoducho prístupn... | en-sk |
Certainly, there were molecules present on the early Earth, but they wouldn't have been these pure compounds that we worked with in the lab and I showed in these experiments. | לבטח היו קיימות מולקולות בכדה"א הצעיר, אבל הן לא היו התרכובות הטהורות הללו עימן אנו עובדים במעבדה ושהראיתי בניסויים הללו, | en-he |
Rather, they'd be a real complex mixture of all kinds of stuff, because uncontrolled chemical reactions produce a diverse mixture of organic compounds. | むしろ 本当に複雑で あらゆる物が混ざり 制御されていない化学反応で生成した 多種多様な有機化合物の混合物 | en-ja |
Think of it like a primordial ooze, okay? | Immaginatela come un brodo primordiale. | en-it |
And it's a pool that's too difficult to fully characterize, even by modern methods, and the product looks brown, like this tar here on the left. A pure compound is shown on the right, for contrast. | Và nó đúng là một đống thứ rất khó để có thể mô tả một cách đầy đủ thậm chí với phương pháp hiện đại, và sản phẩm nhìn nâu nâu, như chút nhựa đường ở đây, phía bên trái. Một hợp chất tinh khiết được đặt phía bên phải, để thấy sự khác biệt. | en-vi |
So this is similar to what happens when you take pure sugar crystals in your kitchen, you put them in a pan, and you apply energy. | Ez hasonlít ahhoz, ami akkor történik, amikor Önök fognak egy marék tiszta cukorkristályt a konyhájukban, beleteszik egy serpenyőbe, és energiát alkalmaznak. | en-hu |
You turn up the heat, you start making or breaking chemical bonds in the sugar, forming a brownish caramel, right? | Daţi drumul la căldură, începeţi să faceţi sau să desfaceţi legăturile chimice din zahăr formând un caramel maro, corect? | en-ro |
If you let that go unregulated, you'll continue to make and break chemical bonds, forming an even more diverse mixture of molecules that then forms this kind of black tarry stuff in your pan, right, that's difficult to wash out. So that's what the origin of life would have looked like. | これを調整せずに続けると 化学結合の追加と切断が続き さらに多様な分子の混合体となって この種の黒いタール状のものが 鍋の中にできます これは洗い流すのも大変です 生命の起源はこんなふうだったでしょう | en-ja |
You needed to get life out of this junk that is present on the early Earth, four, 4.5 billion years ago. | Había que generar vida con toda esa basura que estaba presente en la Tierra primitiva, hace unos 4500 millones de años. | en-es |
So the challenge then is, throw away all your pure chemicals in the lab, and try to make some protocells with lifelike properties from this kind of primordial ooze. | Така че предизвикателството е, да изхвърлите всички чисти химически вещества от лабораторията, и да се опитате да направите протоклетки с животонаподобяващи характеристики от този вид първоначална тиня. | en-bg |
So we're able to then see the self-assembly of these oil droplet bodies again that we've seen previously, and the black spots inside of there represent this kind of black tar -- this diverse, very complex, organic black tar. | My sme potom opäť schopní sledovať samoskladanie týchto tiel z kvapiek oleja, ktoré sme videli predtým, a čierne miesta v ich vnútri reprezentujú tento druh čierneho asfaltu -- tento rôznorodý, veľmi zložitý, organický čierny asfalt. | en-sk |
And we put them into one of these experiments, as you've seen earlier, and then we watch lively movement that comes out. | E nós o colocamos em um desses experimentos, como viram anteriormente, observamos movimentos vigorosos que surgem. | en-pt-br |
They look really good, very nice movement, and also they appear to have some kind of behavior where they kind of circle around each other and follow each other, similar to what we've seen before -- but again, working with just primordial conditions, no pure chemicals. | いい感じです すてきな動きです ある種の習性があるようで 互いに周りを回って 追っかけあっています 先ほどお見せしたのと似ています でも原始的な条件の下で行い 純粋な物質はありません | en-ja |
These are also, these tar-fueled protocells, are also able to locate resources in their environment. | Ove su također, ove protostanice s pogonom na katran, sposobne locirati resurse u svom okolišu. | en-hr |
I'm going to add some resource from the left, here, that defuses into the system, and you can see, they really like that. | من قراره مقداری منبع از سمت چپ اضافه کنم اینجا اون سیستم را منفک میکنه وشما میتوانید ببینید اونو بطورواقعی. | en-fa |
They become very energetic, and able to find the resource in the environment, similar to what we saw before. | Sie sind sehr energetisch geworden, und können jetzt die Nahrungsquelle in ihrer Umgebung finden, ähnlich wie, was wir zuvor gesehen haben. | en-de |
But again, these are done in these primordial conditions, really messy conditions, not sort of sterile laboratory conditions. | Ali opet, ovo se sve događa u praiskonskim uvjetima, stvarno neurednim uvjetima, ni slično sterilnim uvjetima u laboratoriju. | en-hr |
These are very dirty little protocells, as a matter of fact. (Laughter) But they have lifelike properties, is the point. | De hecho, estas pequeñas protocélulas son muy sucias. (Risas) Pero tienen propiedades que simulan vida. | en-es |
So, doing these artificial life experiments helps us define a potential path between non-living and living systems. | Szóval ezek a mesterséges élet-kísérletek segítenek nekünk egy lehetséges útvonalat meghatározni a nem-élő és az élő rendszerek között. | en-hu |
And not only that, but it helps us broaden our view of what life is and what possible life there could be out there -- life that could be very different from life that we find here on Earth. | És nem csak ebben segítenek, hanem abban is, hogy tágítsuk a nézőpontunkat arról, hogy mi az élet, és milyen lehetséges életforma lehet odakint -- életforma, amely nagyon is eltérő lehet attól az élettől, amit itt a Földön találunk. | en-hu |
And that leads me to the next term, which is "weird life." | To me vodi do sledećeg izraza, a to je "čudan život". | en-sr |
This is a term by Steve Benner. | Ovo je izraz Stiva Benera. | en-sr |
This is used in reference to a report in 2007 by the National Research Council in the United States, wherein they tried to understand how we can look for life elsewhere in the universe, okay, especially if that life is very different from life on Earth. If we went to another planet and we thought there might be life th... | Оно используется в ссылке на отчет от 2007 года сделанный Национальным Исследовательским Советом Соединенных Штатов, в котором они пытались понять как мы можем искать жизнь где-либо еще во вселенной, да особенно если эта жизнь очень отличается от жизни на Земле. Если бы мы полетели на другую планету и думали, что там м... | en-ru |
Well, they came up with three very general criteria. First is -- and they're listed here. | Eh bien, ils ont retenu avec trois critères très généraux. Le premier est - et ils sont listés ici. | en-fr |
The first is, the system has to be in non-equilibrium. That means the system cannot be dead, in a matter of fact. | Първият е, системата трябва да бъде в липса на равновесие. Това означава, че системата не може да бъде мъртва, в действителност. | en-bg |
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