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Now there's good reason to believe that you would want to be able to distinguish external events from internal events. | Nun gibt es einen guten Grund dafür zu glauben, dass Sie in der Lage sein wollen externe von internen Vorgängen zu unterscheiden. | en-de |
Because external events are actually much more behaviorally relevant than feeling everything that's going on inside my body. | Çünkü dış kaynaklı olaylar, kendi vücudumda olup bitenleri hissedebilmekten öte daha çok davranışsallıkla alakalıdır. | en-tr |
So one way to reconstruct that is to compare the prediction -- which is only based on your movement commands -- with the reality. | Так один із способів для відновлення цього це порівняти пророкування - яке базується тільки на основі вашої взаємодії - з реальністю. | en-uk |
Any discrepancy should hopefully be external. | Svaka razlika trebala bi biti pod utjecajem vanjske sile. | en-hr |
So as I go around the world, I'm making predictions of what I should get, subtracting them off. | Kiedy chodzę po świecie, przewiduję wyniki odejmując rozbieżności. | en-pl |
Everything left over is external to me. | Restul mi se par elemente externe. | en-ro |
What evidence is there for this? | Kakvi dokazi postoje za ovo? | en-sr |
Well there's one very clear example where a sensation generated by myself feels very different then if generated by another person. | יש דוגמא אחת מאוד ברורה בה תחושה שאני בעצמי יוצר, גורמת הרגשה מאוד שונה מאשר אותה תחושה הנוצרת על-ידי אדם אחר. | en-he |
And so we decided the most obvious place to start was with tickling. | לכן החלטנו שהדבר המובן מאליו להתחיל בו הוא דיגדוג. | en-he |
It's been known for a long time, you can't tickle yourself as well as other people can. | Người ta đã biết từ lâu rằng bản thân con người không thể tự gây kích thích cũng như là những người khác có thể làm điều đó. | en-vi |
But it hasn't really been shown, it's because you have a neural simulator, simulating your own body and subtracting off that sense. | แต่ยังไม่เคยมีใครแสดงได้ว่า มันเป็นเพราะเรามี ตัวจำลองเชิงประสาท จำลองร่างกายขึ้นมา แล้วหักลบความรู้สึกนั้นออก | en-th |
So we can bring the experiments of the 21st century by applying robotic technologies to this problem. | Wir nutzen Experimente des 21. Jahrhunderts, indem wir bei diesem Problem Robotertechnologien anwenden. | en-de |
And in effect, what we have is some sort of stick in one hand attached to a robot, and they're going to move that back and forward. | І по суті, те, що у нас є, якісь палиці з однієї сторони додається до робота, і вони будуть рухатися вперед і назад. | en-uk |
And then we're going to track that with a computer and use it to control another robot, which is going to tickle their palm with another stick. | その動きをコンピュータで追跡し それをもうひとつのロボットに反映し 彼らの手のひらを別の棒でくすぐらせたのです | en-ja |
And then we're going to ask them to rate a bunch of things including ticklishness. | بعدش ما ازشون میخوایم که یه سری چیزها، از جمله حس قلقلک رو برای ما درجه بندی کنن. بعدش ما ازشون میخوایم که یه سری چیزها، از جمله حس قلقلک رو برای ما درجه بندی کنن. | en-fa |
I'll show you just one part of our study. | Ik zal je een deel van onze studie laten zien. | en-nl |
And here I've taken away the robots, but basically people move with their right arm sinusoidally back and forward. | И тук съм премахнал роботите, но хора движат техните десни ръце по синусоида -- назад и напред. | en-bg |
And we replay that to the other hand with a time delay. | A tento pohyb vykonávame na druhú ruku, ale s oneskorením. | en-sk |
Either no time delay, in which case light would just tickle your palm, or with a time delay of two-tenths of three-tenths of a second. | 시간 격차가 없거나 아주 작을 때 당신은 간지러움을 느끼지만, 2/10초나 3/10초의 시간 격차에서는 그렇지 않습니다. | en-ko |
So the important point here is the right hand always does the same things -- sinusoidal movement. | Và điều quan trọng là tay phải luôn luôn chỉ làm đúng một chuyện -- di chuyển theo hình sin. | en-vi |
The left hand always is the same and puts sinusoidal tickle. | Το αριστερό πάντα τα ίδια και γαργαλιέται ημιτονοειδώς. | en-el |
All we're playing with is a tempo causality. | 唯一我们改变的就是因与果之间的步调 | en-zh-cn |
And as we go from naught to 0.1 second, it becomes more ticklish. | Als we gaan van nul naar 0,1 seconden, kietelt het meer. | en-nl |
As you go from 0.1 to 0.2, it becomes more ticklish at the end. | Από το ένα στα δύο δέκατα του δευτερολέπτου, γίνεται πάλι πιο έντονο. | en-el |
And by 0.2 of a second, it's equivalently ticklish to the robot that just tickled you without you doing anything. | ב-0.2 שניות, זה מדגדג באותה מידה כמו הרובוט שדיגדג מבלי שהמשתתף עשה משהו. | en-he |
So whatever is responsible for this cancellation is extremely tightly coupled with tempo causality. | Било што да е одговорно за ова одложување тоа е екстремно тесно поврзано со временската поврзаност. | en-mk |
And based on this illustration, we really convinced ourselves in the field that the brain's making precise predictions and subtracting them off from the sensations. | Bu örneğe dayalı olarak, kendimizi şuna inandırdık ki beyin kesin tahminler yapıyor ve bunları hislerden siliyor | en-tr |
Now I have to admit, these are the worst studies my lab has ever run. | 现在我要承认，这个是我实验室里进行过的最糟糕的实验 | en-zh-cn |
Because the tickle sensation on the palm comes and goes, you need large numbers of subjects with these stars making them significant. | Protože lechtivost dlaně kolísá, potřebujete značný počet subjektů, abyste získali statisticky signifikantní výsledky. | en-cs |
So we were looking for a much more objective way to assess this phenomena. | We gingen dus op zoek naar een meer objectieve manier om dit fenomeen te beoordelen. | en-nl |
And in the intervening years I had two daughters. | Ve bu zaman zarfında iki tane kızım oldu. | en-tr |
And one thing you notice about children in backseats of cars on long journeys, they get into fights -- which started with one of them doing something to the other, the other retaliating. | 于是关于长途旅行里小孩子坐在后座上，你注意到一件事 那就是他们会互相掐架-- 开始于其中一个对另一个动了什么手脚，另一个就要还手 | en-zh-cn |
It quickly escalates. | به زودی دعوا بالا میگیره. | en-fa |
And children tend to get into fights which escalate in terms of force. | Kłótnie dzieci zaostrzają się pod względem siły. | en-pl |
Now when I screamed at my children to stop, sometimes they would both say to me the other person hit them harder. | Kad sam viknuo mojim ćerkama da prestanu, nekad bi mi obe rekle da je ona druga udarala jače. | en-sr |
Now I happen to know my children don't lie, so I thought, as a neuroscientist, it was important how I could explain how they were telling inconsistent truths. | Történetesen tudom, hogy a gyerekeim nem hazudnak, ezért idegtudósként arra gondoltam, hogy fontos lehet, hogy meg tudjam magyarázni, hogy lehet az, hogy egymásnak ellentmondó igazságokat állítanak. | en-hu |
And we hypothesize based on the tickling study that when one child hits another, they generate the movement command. | Zo štúdie o šteklení vznikla hypotéza, že ak jedno dieťa buchne druhé, zadá pohybový príkaz. | en-sk |
They predict the sensory consequences and subtract it off. | הוא חוזה את התוצאות החושיות ומחסיר אותן. | en-he |
So they actually think they've hit the person less hard than they have -- rather like the tickling. | Ze denken dat ze de persoon minder hard raken dan in werkelijkheid - een beetje zoals het kietelen. | en-nl |
Whereas the passive recipient doesn't make the prediction, feels the full blow. | Dok pasivni primalac ne pravi to predviđanje i zato oseća punu jačinu udarca. | en-sr |
So if they retaliate with the same force, the first person will think it's been escalated. | Als ze terugslaan met dezelfde kracht, zal de eerste persoon denken dat het geëscaleerd is. | en-nl |
So we decided to test this in the lab. | Odlučili smo da to testiramo u laboratoriji. | en-sr |
(Laughter) Now we don't work with children, we don't work with hitting, but the concept is identical. | (笑聲) 我們不是用小孩做測試，我們也不是測試打架， 不過概念上是完全一樣的。 | en-zh-tw |
We bring in two adults. We tell them they're going to play a game. | Portiamo due adulti. Diciamo loro che giocheranno a un gioco. | en-it |
And so here's player one and player two sitting opposite to each other. | Hier is speler één en speler twee. Ze zitten tegenover elkaar. | en-nl |
And the game is very simple. | Jocul e foarte simplu. | en-ro |
We started with a motor with a little lever, a little force transfuser. | Стартираме с двигател с малък лост, слаб силов преобразувател. | en-bg |
And we use this motor to apply force down to player one's fingers for three seconds and then it stops. | משתמשים במנוע להפעיל כוח כלפי מטה על אצבע של שחקן 1 במשך 3 שניות ואז להפסיק. | en-he |
And that player's been told, remember the experience of that force and use your other finger to apply the same force down to the other subject's finger through a force transfuser -- and they do that. | Annak a játékosnak azt mondtuk, hogy jegyezze meg azt a nyomás-élményt, és használja a másik ujját arra, hogy ugyanakkora nyomást fejtsen ki a másik alany ujjára egy erőátvivő karon keresztül -- és így is tettek. | en-hu |
And player two's been told, remember the experience of that force. | На вториот играч му е кажано, запамети го доживувањето од таа сила. | en-mk |
Use your other hand to apply the force back down. | از انگشت دیگه ات برای وارد کردن همون مقدار نیرو استفاده کن. | en-fa |
And so they take it in turns to apply the force they've just experienced back and forward. | Takto sa teda striedajú vo vyvíjaní tlaku, ktorý práve pocítili. | en-sk |
But critically, they're briefed about the rules of the game in separate rooms. | Önemli bir detay, oyuncular oyunun kuralları hakkında ayrı odalarda bilgilendiriliyorlar. | en-tr |
So they don't know the rules the other person's playing by. | Tako da ne znaju po kojim pravilima igra druga osoba. | en-hr |
And what we've measured is the force as a function of terms. | Și am măsurat variațiile forței. | en-ro |
And if we look at what we start with, a quarter of a Newton there, a number of turns, perfect would be that red line. | I jeśli spojrzymy na początek, ćwierć niutona tutaj, kilka rund, ideałem byłaby ta czerwona linia. | en-pl |
And what we see in all pairs of subjects is this -- a 70 percent escalation in force on each go. | А що ми бачимо у всіх парах суб'єктів це - 70 відсотків ескалації в силу на кожному ходу. | en-uk |
So it really suggests, when you're doing this -- based on this study and others we've done -- that the brain is canceling the sensory consequences and underestimating the force it's producing. | この結果から示されるのは 他の研究からもわかるように 脳は感覚からの入力を相殺しており 加えている力を過小評価しているということです | en-ja |
So it re-shows the brain makes predictions and fundamentally changes the precepts. | Так він ще раз показує, мозок робить передбачення і принципово змінює заповіді. | en-uk |
So we've made inferences, we've done predictions, now we have to generate actions. | Do sada smo pravili zaključke i predviđanja, a sada treba da generišemo akcije. | en-sr |
And what Bayes' rule says is, given my beliefs, the action should in some sense be optimal. | Và định luật Bayes nói rằng, với sự tin tưởng của tôi, hành động nên ở một mức độ tối ưu. | en-vi |
But we've got a problem. | Mas temos um problema. | en-pt |
Tasks are symbolic -- I want to drink, I want to dance -- but the movement system has to contract 600 muscles in a particular sequence. | Taken zijn symbolisch: ik wil drinken, ik wil dansen - maar het bewegingssysteem moet 600 spieren aanspannen in een bepaalde volgorde. | en-nl |
And there's a big gap between the task and the movement system. | 况且有一个巨大的鸿沟 横在动作任务和运动系统之间 | en-zh-cn |
So it could be bridged in infinitely many different ways. | Diferența poate fi compensată în multe moduri. | en-ro |
So think about just a point to point movement. | hãy nghĩ về việc chuyển động từ một điểm đến một điểm khác. | en-vi |
I could choose these two paths out of an infinite number of paths. | Ich könnte diese beiden Nervenbahnen aus einer unendlichen Zahl von Nervenbahnen wählen. | en-de |
Having chosen a particular path, I can hold my hand on that path as infinitely many different joint configurations. | Durch die Auswahl einer bestimmten Nervenbahn, kann ich meine Hand auf diese Nervenbahn legen, wie unendlich viele verschiedene Gelenkformationen. | en-de |
And I can hold my arm in a particular joint configuration either very stiff or very relaxed. | Ve kolumu belirli bir eklem düzenlemesi ile ya çok katı ya da gevşek tutabilirim. | en-tr |
So I have a huge amount of choice to make. | ดังนั้นผมจึงมีสิ่งที่ต้องเลือกมหาศาล | en-th |
Now it turns out, we are extremely stereotypical. | כעת מתברר שאנו מאוד צפויים. | en-he |
We all move the same way pretty much. | ما همه مون تقریبا بصورت یکسان حرکت میکنیم. | en-fa |
And so it turns out we're so stereotypical, our brains have got dedicated neural circuitry to decode this stereotyping. | Jesteśmy tak stereotypowi, że nasze mózgi mają specjalny obwód nerwowy który dekoduje tworzenie stereotypów. | en-pl |
So if I take some dots and set them in motion with biological motion, your brain's circuitry would understand instantly what's going on. | فإذا قمت بأخذ بعض النقاط ثم قمت بتحريكها وفق حركة بيولوجية، سوف تتمكّن دوائر دماغنا على الفور من فهم ما يجري. | en-ar |
Now this is a bunch of dots moving. | Agora isso é um monte de pontos se movendo. | en-pt-br |
You will know what this person is doing, whether happy, sad, old, young -- a huge amount of information. | Ви будете знати, що ця людина робить, чи щаслива, сумна, стара, молода - величезна кількість інформації. | en-uk |
If these dots were cars going on a racing circuit, you would have absolutely no idea what's going on. | Якби ці точки були автомобілями, що рухаються на гоночній трасі, Ви абсолютно не знали б, що відбувається. | en-uk |
So why is it that we move the particular ways we do? | Так почему мы передвигаемся определённым способом? | en-ru |
Well let's think about what really happens. | دعونا نفكر في ما يحدث حقا. | en-ar |
Maybe we don't all quite move the same way. | אולי אנו לא לגמרי נעים באותו מסלול. | en-he |
Maybe there's variation in the population. | אולי יש שוני באוכלוסיה. | en-he |
And maybe those who move better than others have got more chance of getting their children into the next generation. | Và có thể một số người, mà di chuyển tốt hơn những người còn lại, có nhiều cơ hội hơn trong việc đưa con cái của họ vào thế hệ kế tiếp. | en-vi |
So in evolutionary scales, movements get better. | Έτσι εξελιγκτικώς, οι κινήσεις μας γίνονται καλύτερες. | en-el |
And perhaps in life, movements get better through learning. | Và có lẽ là trong cuộc sống, sự vận động trở nên tốt hơn thông qua việc học. | en-vi |
So what is it about a movement which is good or bad? | Wat is goed of slecht aan een beweging? | en-nl |
Imagine I want to intercept this ball. | 来想象我要截下这个球 | en-zh-cn |
Here are two possible paths to that ball. | Ето два възможни пътя към тази топка. | en-bg |
Well if I choose the left-hand path, I can work out the forces required in one of my muscles as a function of time. | 假如我选了左手边这条路径 我可以算出某一块肌肉需要施多大力 用关于时间的函数表示 | en-zh-cn |
But there's noise added to this. | ولكن هناك ضجيج وأضاف على ذلك. | en-ar |
So what I actually get, based on this lovely, smooth, desired force, is a very noisy version. | 이 사랑스럽고 부드러운, 원하는 힘을 바탕으로 제가 실제로 얻는 것은 잡음이 매우 심한 정보입니다. | en-ko |
So if I pick the same command through many times, I will get a different noisy version each time, because noise changes each time. | Αν διαλέξω το ίδιο πολλές φορές, θα πάρω διαφορετικούς θορυβώδεις τρόπους, επειδή ο θόρυβος αλλάζει κάθε φορά. | en-el |
So what I can show you here is how the variability of the movement will evolve if I choose that way. | Ovo što vam mogu pokazati jest kako će se varijabilnost pokreta razviti ako izaberem ovaj način. | en-hr |
If I choose a different way of moving -- on the right for example -- then I'll have a different command, different noise, playing through a noisy system, very complicated. | Nếu tôi chọn cách thức di chuyển khác -- chẳng hạn về bên tay phải -- khi đó tôi sẽ có một mệnh lệnh khác, một tín hiệu nhiễu khác, thực hiện thông qua một hệ thống bị nhiễu, là rất phức tạp. | en-vi |
All we can be sure of is the variability will be different. | De lo que podemos estar seguros es de que la variabilidad será diferente. | en-es |
If I move in this particular way, I end up with a smaller variability across many movements. | إذا قُمْتُ بالتحرك بهذه الطريقة الخاصة، سأنتهي مع أصغر تغيّر عبر العديد من الحركات. | en-ar |
So if I have to choose between those two, I would choose the right one because it's less variable. | Takže pokud si musím vybrat mezi těmito dvěma, vybral bych si tu napravo, protože obnáší menší variabilitu. | en-cs |
And the fundamental idea is you want to plan your movements so as to minimize the negative consequence of the noise. | Y la idea principal es que Ud. quiere planificar sus movimientos a fin de minimizar las consecuencias negativas del ruido. | en-es |
And one intuition to get is actually the amount of noise or variability I show here gets bigger as the force gets bigger. | Temos a intuição que a quantidade de ruído ou variabilidade que aqui mostro aumenta à medida que a força aumenta. | en-pt |
So you want to avoid big forces as one principle. | لذلك ترغب في تجنب القوات الكبيرة بصورة مبدئيّة. | en-ar |
So we've shown that using this, we can explain a huge amount of data -- that exactly people are going about their lives planning movements so as to minimize negative consequences of noise. | Мы показали, что используя это, мы можем объяснить огромное количество данных — что в жизни люди пытаются планировать движения, чтобы минимизировать отрицательные последствия шума. | en-ru |
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