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Language really is the most potent trait that has ever evolved. | Język to najpotężniejsza zdolność, jaka kiedykolwiek wyewoluowała. | en-pl |
It is the most valuable trait we have for converting new lands and resources into more people and their genes that natural selection has ever devised. | Es la característica más valiosa que tenemos para convertir nuevas tierras y recursos en más gente y sus genes que la selección natural jamás haya ideado. | en-es |
Language really is the voice of our genes. | Język to głos naszych genów. Język to głos naszych genów. | en-pl |
Now having evolved language, though, we did something peculiar, even bizarre. | Sad kad smo razvili jezik, učinili smo nešto neobično, čak bizarno. | en-hr |
As we spread out around the world, we developed thousands of different languages. | Καθώς εξαπλωθήκαμε σε όλο τον κόσμο, αναπτύξαμε χιλιάδες διαφορετικές γλώσσες. | en-el |
Currently, there are about seven or 8,000 different languages spoken on Earth. | Trenutno na Zemlji govorimo okoli sedem ali osem tisoč različnih jezikov. | en-sl |
Now you might say, well, this is just natural. | Nu zou je kunnen zeggen, nou ja, dat is maar natuurlijk. | en-nl |
As we diverge, our languages are naturally going to diverge. | Тъй като ние се различаваме, е естествено нашите езици да се различават. | en-bg |
But the real puzzle and irony is that the greatest density of different languages on Earth is found where people are most tightly packed together. | Mas o verdadeiro quebra-cabeças, a ironia, é que a maior densidade de diferentes línguas, na Terra, encontra-se onde as pessoas estão mais juntas. | en-pt |
If we go to the island of Papua New Guinea, we can find about 800 to 1,000 distinct human languages, different human languages, spoken on that island alone. | Ако отидем на остров Папуа-Нова Гвинея, можем да открием около 800 до 1000 отделни човешки езици, различни човешки езици, говорени само на този остров. | en-bg |
There are places on that island where you can encounter a new language every two or three miles. | 岛上一些地方 你每走上两三英里 就能碰上一种新语言 | en-zh-cn |
Now, incredible as this sounds, I once met a Papuan man, and I asked him if this could possibly be true. | Lai arī cik neticami tas izklausītos, es reiz satiku kādu papuasu vīru un vaicāju, vai tā patiešām ir. | en-lv |
And he said to me, "Oh no. | Og han sagde til mig: "Ah nej, | en-da |
They're far closer together than that." | Están moito máis preto ca iso." | en-gl |
And it's true; there are places on that island where you can encounter a new language in under a mile. | Ir tai tiesa; yra saloje vietų, kur jūs galite atrasti naują kalbą mažiau nei už mylios. | en-lt |
And this is also true of some remote oceanic islands. | A tako je i na nekim zabačenim okeanskim ostrvima. | en-sr |
And so it seems that we use our language, not just to cooperate, but to draw rings around our cooperative groups and to establish identities, and perhaps to protect our knowledge and wisdom and skills from eavesdropping from outside. | И така изглежда, че ние използваме нашия език, не само за да си сътрудничим, но и да чертаем пръстени около нашите съвместни групи и да установяваме идентичности, и може би да защитаваме нашите знания, и мъдрост, и умения от подслушване отвън. | en-bg |
And we know this because when we study different language groups and associate them with their cultures, we see that different languages slow the flow of ideas between groups. | I això ho sabem perquè quan estudiem diferents grups lingüístics i els associem amb la seva cultura veiem que les llengües diferents alentien el fluxe d'idees entre grups. | en-ca |
They slow the flow of technologies. | Opóźnia przepływ technologii, | en-pl |
And they even slow the flow of genes. | Ze vertragen zelfs de stroom van genen. | en-nl |
Now I can't speak for you, but it seems to be the case that we don't have sex with people we can't talk to. | ผมคงพูดแทนคุณไม่ได้ แต่มันดูเหมือนเรื่องจริง ว่าเราไม่ค่อยมีเซ็กส์กับคนที่เราพูดด้วยไม่รู้เรื่อง | en-th |
(Laughter) Now we have to counter that, though, against the evidence we've heard that we might have had some rather distasteful genetic dalliances with the Neanderthals and the Denisovans. | (เสียงหัวเราะ) นี่คือหลักฐานยืนยัน เพื่อปฏิเสธว่า ไม่เคยเกิดการเกี้ยวพาราสีขึ้น ระหว่างมนุษย์ยุคหิน และมนุษย์แถบเทือกเขาอัลไต | en-th |
(Laughter) Okay, this tendency we have, this seemingly natural tendency we have, towards isolation, towards keeping to ourselves, crashes head first into our modern world. | (Śmiech) Nasza tendencja, wydawałoby się całkiem naturalna, do izolacji i separowania się, bierze w łeb w dzisiejszym świecie. | en-pl |
This remarkable image is not a map of the world. | Cette image remarquable n’est pas une mappemonde. | en-fr |
In fact, it's a map of Facebook friendship links. | En fait, c’est un plan des liens d’amitiés sur Facebook. | en-fr |
And when you plot those friendship links by their latitude and longitude, it literally draws a map of the world. | Když tyto "přátelské" vztahy zanesete podle zeměpisné šířky a délky, doslova tak nakreslíte mapu světa. | en-cs |
Our modern world is communicating with itself and with each other more than it has at any time in its past. | Lumea noastră modernă comunică cu ea însăși și cu ceilalți mai mult decât a făcut-o oricând în trecut. | en-ro |
And that communication, that connectivity around the world, that globalization now raises a burden. | Acea comunicare, acea conectivitate globală, globalizarea aduce acum o povară. | en-ro |
Because these different languages impose a barrier, as we've just seen, to the transfer of goods and ideas and technologies and wisdom. | Bởi vì những ngôn ngữ khác nhau này tạo ra một hàng rào, như chúng ta vừa thấy, đối với sự thuyên chuyển của hàng hóa và ý tưởng và công nghệ và trí tuệ. | en-vi |
And they impose a barrier to cooperation. | ئهوان پهرژینێک دادهنێن بۆ هاریکاریکردنی یهکتر | en-ku |
And nowhere do we see that more clearly than in the European Union, whose 27 member countries speak 23 official languages. | И нигде это так ясно не видно, как в Европейском Союзе, где 27 стран-членов говорят на 23 официальных языках. | en-ru |
The European Union is now spending over one billion euros annually translating among their 23 official languages. | ئهوروپای یهکگرتوو ئێستا ساڵانه زیاتر لەیهک بلیۆن یۆرۆ سهرف دهکهن بۆ وهرگێڕان لهنێو (٢٣) زمانه ڕهسمیهکانیاندا | en-ku |
That's something on the order of 1.45 billion U.S. dollars on translation costs alone. | To je niečo okolo 1,45 miliardy dolárov, čisto pre prekladateľské účely. | en-sk |
Now think of the absurdity of this situation. | Pensate all'assurdità di questa situazione. | en-it |
If 27 individuals from those 27 member states sat around table, speaking their 23 languages, some very simple mathematics will tell you that you need an army of 253 translators to anticipate all the pairwise possibilities. | اگر 27 نفر از این 27 کشورهای عضو کنار هم بنشینند، با 23 زبان صحبت کنند، یک محاسبه ساده ریاضی به شما می گوید که شما به ارتشی معادل 253 مترجم نیازمندید تا تمامی احتمالات ممکن را پیش بینی کند | en-fa |
The European Union employs a permanent staff of about 2,500 translators. | Uni Eropa memperkerjakan staf permanen sekitar 2.500 penerjemah. | en-id |
And in 2007 alone -- and I'm sure there are more recent figures -- something on the order of 1.3 million pages were translated into English alone. | A iba roku 2007 -- a som si istý, že existujú ešte iné, presnejšie a novšie záznamy -- niečo okolo 1,3 milióna stránok bolo preložených len do angličtiny. | en-sk |
And so if language really is the solution to the crisis of visual theft, if language really is the conduit of our cooperation, the technology that our species derived to promote the free flow and exchange of ideas, in our modern world, we confront a question. | Un, ja valoda patiesi ir vizuālās piesavināšanās krīzes risinājums, ja valoda patiesi ir šķērslis mūsu sadarbībai, mūsu sugas izstrādāta tehnoloģija, lai veicinātu mūsu ideju apmaiņu un brīvo plūsmu mūsdienu pasaulē, mēs saskaramies ar jautājumu. | en-lv |
And that question is whether in this modern, globalized world we can really afford to have all these different languages. | En die vraag is of we in deze moderne, geglobaliseerde wereld het ons nog kunnen veroorloven om al deze verschillende talen te hebben. | en-nl |
To put it this way, nature knows no other circumstance in which functionally equivalent traits coexist. | Казано по друг начин, природата не познава друго обстоятелство, при което функционално еквивалентни черти съжителстват. | en-bg |
One of them always drives the other extinct. | Una de ellas siempre extingue a la otra. | en-es |
And we see this in the inexorable march towards standardization. | Und das können wir anhand des unaufhaltsamen Marschs in Richtung Standardisierung beobachten. | en-de |
There are lots and lots of ways of measuring things -- weighing them and measuring their length -- but the metric system is winning. | Há muitas maneiras de medir as coisas — pesando-as e medindo-lhes o comprimento — mas o sistema métrico está a ganhar. | en-pt |
There are lots and lots of ways of measuring time, but a really bizarre base 60 system known as hours and minutes and seconds is nearly universal around the world. | Hi ha moltes maneres de mesurar el temps, però hi ha un estrany sistema sexagesimal d'hores, minuts i segons, que és gairebé universal. | en-ca |
There are many, many ways of imprinting CDs or DVDs, but those are all being standardized as well. | CD나 DVD를 찍어내는 데도 정말 많은 방법이 있지만 그것들도 다 규격화되고 있음은 마찬가지입니다. | en-ko |
And you can probably think of many, many more in your own everyday lives. | Vzpomenete si asi na mnoho dalších příkladů ze svého každodenního života. | en-cs |
And so our modern world now is confronting us with a dilemma. | โลกปัจจุบันของเรา จึงกำลังประสบกับภาวะกลืนไม่เข้าคายไม่ออก | en-th |
And it's the dilemma that this Chinese man faces, who's language is spoken by more people in the world than any other single language, and yet he is sitting at his blackboard, converting Chinese phrases into English language phrases. | I aquest dilema és el que té aquest xinès, que parla la llengua més parlada en tot el món que cap altra llengua, i tanmateix està aquí a la pissarra convertint frases xineses en frases en anglès. | en-ca |
And what this does is it raises the possibility to us that in a world in which we want to promote cooperation and exchange, and in a world that might be dependent more than ever before on cooperation to maintain and enhance our levels of prosperity, his actions suggest to us it might be inevitable that we have to confront the idea that our destiny is to be one world with one language. | ئەمە چی کاریگەریەکی دەبێت بۆ ئێمە له جیهانێکدا که ئێمە دەمانەوێت پێشی بخەین لههاریکاریکردن و ئاڵوگۆڕکردن له جیهانێکدا کە لە هەموو کاتەکانی پێشوتری زیاتر پشتی پێ ببەستێت لههاریکاریکردنی یهکتر بۆ بهردهوام بوون له پهرهسهندنی ئاستهکانی خۆشگوزەرانی خۆمان کردهوهکانی ئهو پێشنیاری ئهوه دهکات بۆ ئێمه هیچ چارەیەکمان نابێت ئێمه دهبێت ڕووبەڕوی ئهو بیرۆکهیه ببینەوە ئەوەش چارەنوسی ئێمهیە کە یهک جیهان و یهک زمان بێت | en-ku |
(Applause) Matt Ridley: Mark, one question. | (Taps) Matt Ridley: Mark, egy kérdés. | en-hu |
Svante found that the FOXP2 gene, which seems to be associated with language, was also shared in the same form in Neanderthals as us. | 스반테는 언어와 관련된다고 생각되는 FOXP2 유전자가 우리와 마찬가지로 네안데르탈인들도 공유하고 있었다는 걸 발견했는데요. | en-ko |
Do we have any idea how we could have defeated Neanderthals if they also had language? | Chúng ta có ý tưởng nào về cách thức chúng ta vượt lên người Neanderthal nếu họ cũng có ngôn ngữ? | en-vi |
Mark Pagel: This is a very good question. | Mark Pagel: Veľmi dobrá otázka. | en-sk |
So many of you will be familiar with the idea that there's this gene called FOXP2 that seems to be implicated in some ways in the fine motor control that's associated with language. | Dunque molti di voi sanno che esiste questo gene chiamato FOXP2 che sembra essere in qualche modo implicato nel controllo motorio di precisione associato al linguaggio. | en-it |
The reason why I don't believe that tells us that the Neanderthals had language is -- here's a simple analogy: Ferraris are cars that have engines. | La raó per la què jo no crec que això expliqui que els neandertals disposessin de llenguatge és aquesta simple analogia: els Ferraris tenen motor. | en-ca |
My car has an engine, but it's not a Ferrari. | 我的車也有引擎， 但不代表它就是法拉利。 | en-zh-tw |
Now the simple answer then is that genes alone don't, all by themselves, determine the outcome of very complicated things like language. | Bây giờ câu trả lời đơn giản cho vấn đề đó là chỉ riêng một mình yếu tố gene không quyết định kết quả của một thứ phức tạp như ngôn ngữ. | en-vi |
What we know about this FOXP2 and Neanderthals is that they may have had fine motor control of their mouths -- who knows. | Ciò che sappiamo del FOXP2 e dei Neanderthal è che potrebbero aver avuto un sofisticato controllo motorio della bocca -- chi lo sa. | en-it |
But that doesn't tell us they necessarily had language. | To nám však nehovorí, že mali schopnosť reči. | en-sk |
MR: Thank you very much indeed. | 马特·瑞德里：非常感谢 | en-zh-cn |
Humans in the developed world spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors, where they breathe in and come into contact with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye: microorganisms. | Manusia di negara maju menghabiskan lebih dari 90 persen hidupnya di dalam ruangan di mana mereka bernafas dan bersinggungan dengan triliunan bentuk kehidupan yang tidak kasat mata: mikroorganisme. | en-id |
Buildings are complex ecosystems that are an important source of microbes that are good for us, and some that are bad for us. | Os edificios son ecosistemas complexos que son unha fonte importante de microbios que son bos para nós, e algúns que son malos para nós. | en-gl |
What determines the types and distributions of microbes indoors? | Was bestimmt die Arten und die Verteilung von Mikroben in Gebäuden? | en-de |
Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes that enter through windows and through mechanical ventilation systems. | Сградите са колонизирани от пренасяни от въздуха микроби, които проникват през прозорците и през механичните вентилационни системи. | en-bg |
And they are brought inside by humans and other creatures. | Och de bringas inomhus av människor och andra varelser. | en-sv |
The fate of microbes indoors depends on complex interactions with humans, and with the human-built environment. | Osud mikróbov vnútri budov závisí od komplexnej interakcie s ľuďmi a s prostredím, ktoré ľudia vytvorili. | en-sk |
And today, architects and biologists are working together to explore smart building design that will create healthy buildings for us. | I dziś, architekci i biolodzy współpracują by odkryć inteligentny projekt, który stworzy dla nas zdrowe budynki. | en-pl |
We spend an extraordinary amount of time in buildings that are extremely controlled environments, like this building here -- environments that have mechanical ventilation systems that include filtering, heating and air conditioning. | 我們花非常大量的時間 待在建築物內， 建築物是被高度控制的環境， 像這座建築物-- 裝設有機械通風系統 包括過濾， 暖氣和空氣調節設備。 | en-zh-tw |
Given the amount of time that we spend indoors, it's important to understand how this affects our health. | Givet den mängd tid vi spenderar inomhus, är det viktigt att förstå hur detta påverkar vår hälsa. | en-sv |
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center, we carried out a study in a hospital where we sampled air and pulled the DNA out of microbes in the air. | در مرکز زیست شناسی و زيستمحيط حفاظت شده، ما مطالعهای را در یک بیمارستان انجام دادیم در آن بيمارستان ما از هوا نمونهبردراي كرده و دي ان اي ميكروبهاي موجود در هوا را استخراج کردیم. | en-fa |
And we looked at three different types of rooms. | Analizamos tres tipos diferentes de habitacións. | en-gl |
We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated, which are the data points in the blue. | Observamos o ambiente que é ventilado mecanicamente, que são os pontos azuis nesta tabela. | en-pt-br |
We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated, where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation in a wing of the building and pry open the windows that were no longer operable, but they made them operable for our study. | 自然換気の部屋では 建物の端で 病院の許可を得て 換気装置のスイッチを切り 窓をこじ開けました もう動かなくなっている窓でしたが 研究のために何とか開けてくれました | en-ja |
And we also sampled the outdoor air. | E tamén tomamos mostras do aire exterior. | en-gl |
If you look at the x-axis of this graph, you'll see that what we commonly want to do -- which is keeping the outdoors out -- we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation. | यदि आप इस ग्राफ के x-अक्ष को देखो, आप देखेंगे कि हम सामान्यतः क्या करना चाहते हैं - वह यह है कि हम बाहरी वातावरण को बहार ही रखते हैं - यह हमने यांत्रिक वेंटीलेशन से किया है | | en-hi |
So if you look at the green data points, which is air that's outside, you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity, or variety of microbial types. | Ako pogledate skupove podataka predstavljene zelenom bojom, koje predstavljaju vazduh spoljašnje sredine, uočićete veliku raznolikost mikroba, ili različite tipove mirkoba. | en-sr |
But if you look at the blue data points, which is mechanically ventilated air, it's not as diverse. | でも 機械式の換気をしている 青い点では それほど多様ではありません | en-ja |
But being less diverse is not necessarily good for our health. | Η μειωμένη ποικιλία δεν είναι απαραίτητα καλή για την υγεία μας. | en-el |
If you look at the y-axis of this graph, you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air, you have a higher probability of encountering a potential pathogen, or germ, than if you're outdoors. | Wenn Sie sich die Y-Achse dieses Graphen anschauen, dann sehen Sie, dass man in der mechanisch ventillierten Luft eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit hat, mit potentiellen Pathogenen in Kontakt zu kommen, oder Krankheitserregern, als wenn man sich draußen aufhält. | en-de |
So to understand why this was the case, we took our data and put it into an ordination diagram, which is a statistical map that tells you something about how related the microbial communities are in the different samples. | Norėdami geriau į viską įsigilinti, paėmėme duomenis ir sudarėme koordinavimo schemą, kuri yra statistinis žemėlapis, parodantis, kaip skirtinguose mėginiuose tarpusavyje susijusios mikrobų bendruomenės. | en-lt |
The data points that are closer together have microbial communities that are more similar than data points that are far apart. | Точки, находящиеся ближе друг к другу, индицируют более схожие сообщества микроорганизмов, чем более разнесенные точки. | en-ru |
And the first things that you can see from this graph is, if you look at the blue data points, which are the mechanically ventilated air, they're not simply a subset of the green data points, which are the outdoor air. | והדבר הראשון שאתם יכולים לראות בגרף הזה הוא, אם תסתכלו על נקודות המידע הכחולות, שהן האוויר המאוורר מכנית, הן אינן פשוט קבוצת משנה של נקודות המידע הירוקות, שהן האוויר בחוץ. | en-he |
What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air looks like humans. | Ceea ce am găsit este faptul că aerul ventilat mecanic arată ca și oamenii. | en-ro |
It has microbes on it that are commonly associated with our skin and with our mouth, our spit. | Má v sebe mikróby, ktoré sa obvykle spájajú s našou pokožkou, ústami a slinami. | en-sk |
And this is because we're all constantly shedding microbes. | A to je zbog toga jer konstantno prosipamo mikrobe. | en-hr |
So all of you right now are sharing your microbes with one another. | Taigi dabar visi Jūs dalinatės savo mikrobais vieni su kitais. | en-lt |
And when you're outdoors, that type of air has microbes that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt. | 外にいる時には 空気には 植物の葉や土で よく見られる微生物が含まれます | en-ja |
It matters because the health care industry is the second most energy intensive industry in the United States. | Тому, що індустрія охорони здоров'я друга за енергоємністю індустрія в США. | en-uk |
Hospitals use two and a half times the amount of energy as office buildings. | 病院は オフィスビルの 2.5倍のエネルギーを使います | en-ja |
And the model that we're working with in hospitals, and also with many, many different buildings, is to keep the outdoors out. | Ve hastanelerde çalıştığımız model ve başka bir sürü farklı binada çalıştığımız modeller, açık havayı dışarıda tutmak için. | en-tr |
And this model may not necessarily be the best for our health. | И този модел, не е задължително най-добрия за нашето здраве. | en-bg |
And given the extraordinary amount of nosocomial infections, or hospital-acquired infections, this is a clue that it's a good time to reconsider our current practices. | Atsižvelgiant į neįprastą hospitalinių infekcijų kiekį, ar ligoninėse įgytų infekcijų, tai užuomina, kad dabar pats metas persvarstyti mūsų dabartinius įpročius. | en-lt |
So just as we manage national parks, where we promote the growth of some species and we inhibit the growth of others, we're working towards thinking about buildings using an ecosystem framework where we can promote the kinds of microbes that we want to have indoors. | Presne tak, ako spravujeme národné parky, kde podporujeme rast niektorých druhov a spomaľujeme rast iných, smeruje naša práca k premýšľaniu o budovách, ktoré používajú rámec ekosystému, kde môžeme podporovať druhy mikróbov, ktoré chceme mať vo vnútri. | en-sk |
I've heard somebody say that you're as healthy as your gut. | Mọi người thường nói khỏe từ bên trong cơ thể. | en-vi |
And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt so they can promote a healthy gut flora. | Y por esta razón muchas personas comen yogurt probiótico para promover una sana flora intestinal. | en-es |
And what we ultimately want to do is to be able to use this concept to promote a healthy group of microorganisms inside. | और हम अंततः चाहते हैं कि हम इस अवधारणा का उपयोग करके हमारे अंदर एक सूक्ष्मजीवों के स्वस्थ समूह को विकसित कर सकें | | en-hi |
For a long time, there was me, and my body. | Dugo vremena, postojali smo ja i moje tijelo. | en-hr |
Me was composed of stories, of cravings, of strivings, of desires of the future. | Moi était fait d'histoires, de désirs, de projets, d'envies du futur. | en-fr-ca |
Me was trying not to be an outcome of my violent past, but the separation that had already occurred between me and my body was a pretty significant outcome. | Moje ja sa snažilo, aby nebolo produktom mojej divokej minulosti, ale z odpútania, ktoré už nastalo medzi mojím ja a mojím telom, sa predsa len stal dosť podstatný dôsledok. | en-sk |
Me was always trying to become something, somebody. | 自我は 常に何者かに なろうとしていました | en-ja |
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