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And in the future, you would not only have 14 billion light bulbs, you may have 14 billion Li-Fis deployed worldwide -- for a cleaner, a greener, and even a brighter future. | I u budućnosti, nećete imati samo 14 milijardi sijalica, možete imati 14 milijardi Li-Fi-ja postavljenih širom sveta -- za čistiju, zeleniju, pa čak i svetliju budućnost. | en-sr |
Each of you possesses the most powerful, dangerous and subversive trait that natural selection has ever devised. | 每一个人都拥有 一个最强大，危险并具有颠覆性的特性 这一特性是自然选择前所未有的设计 | en-zh-cn |
It's a piece of neural audio technology for rewiring other people's minds. | O, diğer insanların zihinleriyle bağlantı yapmak için kullanılan bir çeşit sinirsel işitsel teknoloji. | en-tr |
I'm talking about your language, of course, because it allows you to implant a thought from your mind directly into someone else's mind, and they can attempt to do the same to you, without either of you having to perform surgery. | Es, protams, runāju par valodu, jo tā ļauj jums ievietot domu no sava prātā pa tiešo kādā cita prātā, un viņi var mēģināt darīt to pašu, nevienam no jums neveicot ķirurģisku operāciju. | en-lv |
Instead, when you speak, you're actually using a form of telemetry not so different from the remote control device for your television. | 대신에 여러분이 이야기를 할 때에는 일종의 원격 측정을 하고 있는 것이라고 볼 수 있습니다. 여러분의 텔레비전 리모컨과 비슷한 원리라고 볼 수 있죠. | en-ko |
It's just that, whereas that device relies on pulses of infrared light, your language relies on pulses, discrete pulses, of sound. | No, dok spomenuti uređaj radi pomoću valova infracrvenog svjetla, jezik se oslanja na valove, diskretne valove zvuka. | en-hr |
And just as you use the remote control device to alter the internal settings of your television to suit your mood, you use your language to alter the settings inside someone else's brain to suit your interests. | E así como usan o mando a distancia para alterar a configuración interna do seu televisor para a súa completa satisfacción, vostedes usan a súa linguaxe para alterar a configuración interna do cerebro doutra persoa para satisfacer os nosos intereses. | en-gl |
Languages are genes talking, getting things that they want. | Езиците са говорещи гени, получаващи неща, които искат. | en-bg |
And just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth. | و فقط حس تعجب را در یک نوزاد هنگامی که او برای اولین بار در می یابد می تواند اشیاء را در یک اتاق به حرکت دربياورد تصور کنید و بوسیله این جادو حتی شاید آن را بر دهان بگذارد. | en-fa |
Now language's subversive power has been recognized throughout the ages in censorship, in books you can't read, phrases you can't use and words you can't say. | Puterea subversivă a limbajului a fost recunoscută de-a lungul anilor de cenzură; nu puteai citi anumite cărți, nu puteai folosi anumite fraze, nu puteai rosti anumite cuvinte. | en-ro |
In fact, the Tower of Babel story in the Bible is a fable and warning about the power of language. | อันที่จริง เรื่องของหอคอยบาเบล ในไบเบิล เป็นเรื่องราวที่คอยเตือนเรา ถือพลังของภาษา | en-th |
According to that story, early humans developed the conceit that, by using their language to work together, they could build a tower that would take them all the way to heaven. | 根據故事的描述，遠古的人類藉由使用語言 得以彼此溝通，進而起了驕慢之心， 認為他們能夠共同合作建造一座 直上天庭的高塔。 | en-zh-tw |
Now God, angered at this attempt to usurp his power, destroyed the tower, and then to ensure that it would never be rebuilt, he scattered the people by giving them different languages -- confused them by giving them different languages. | Dievas, pasipiktinęs šiuo bandymu pasiglemžti jo galią, sunaikino bokštą ir tada, kad užtikrintų, jos jis nebebus perstatytas, jis išsklaidė žmones suteikdamas skirtingas kalbas -- supainiojo juos suteikdamas skirtingas kalbas. | en-lt |
And this leads to the wonderful irony that our languages exist to prevent us from communicating. | 皮肉にも言語の多様性は 意思疎通の妨げとなっています | en-ja |
Even today, we know that there are words we cannot use, phrases we cannot say, because if we do so, we might be accosted, jailed, or even killed. | Sogar heute sind wir uns bewusst, dass es Worte gibt, die man nicht benutzen darf, Sätze, die man nicht sagen darf, denn wenn wir es täten, könnten wir behelligt, eingesperrt oder sogar getötet werden. | en-de |
And all of this from a puff of air emanating from our mouths. | I sve to samo od daška vazduha koji izađe iz naših usta. | en-sr |
Now all this fuss about a single one of our traits tells us there's something worth explaining. | Mindez a kellemetlenség csupán egyetlen jellemvonásunk miatt azt sugallja, hogy van itt valami, amit bizony érdemes megfejteni! | en-hu |
And that is how and why did this remarkable trait evolve, and why did it evolve only in our species? | És az pedig az, hogy hogyan és miért fejlődött ki ez a figyelemreméltó jellemzőnk, és hogy miért fejlődött ki kizárólag a mi fajunknál. | en-hu |
Now it's a little bit of a surprise that to get an answer to that question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees. | Bây giờ đó là một chút ngạc nhiên rằng để có câu trả lời cho vấn đề đó, chúng ta phải sử dụng tới loài tinh tinh. | en-vi |
Now these chimpanzees are using tools, and we take that as a sign of their intelligence. | Taigi tos šimpanzės naudojasi įrankiais ir mes tai priimam kaip jų protingumo ženklą. | en-lt |
But if they really were intelligent, why would they use a stick to extract termites from the ground rather than a shovel? | Αλλά αν ήταν πράγματι ευφυείς, γιατί να χρησιμοποιούν ένα ξυλαράκι για να βγάλουν τερμίτες από το χώμα, αντί για ένα φτυάρι; | en-el |
And if they really were intelligent, why would they crack open nuts with a rock? | Ak by naozaj boli inteligentné, prečo by rozbíjali orechy kameňom? | en-sk |
Why wouldn't they just go to a shop and buy a bag of nuts that somebody else had already cracked open for them? | Tại sao chúng không đi vào một cửa hàng và mua một túi quả hạch mà ai đó đã đập sẵn cho chúng? | en-vi |
Why not? I mean, that's what we do. | Por que não? Quer dizer, isso é o que fazemos. | en-pt-br |
Now the reason the chimpanzees don't do that is that they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social learning. | Nun, die Schimpansen tun das nicht, weil sie nicht über das verfügen, was Psychologen und Anthropologen soziales Lernen nennen. | en-de |
They seem to lack the ability to learn from others by copying or imitating or simply watching. | Похоже, у них нет способности учиться у других путём повторения или имитации или просто путём наблюдения. | en-ru |
As a result, they can't improve on others' ideas or learn from others' mistakes -- benefit from others' wisdom. | Akibatnya, mereka tidak bisa mengembangkan ide yang lain atau belajar dari kesalahan yang lain -- memanfaatkan kebijakan yang lain. | en-id |
And so they just do the same thing over and over and over again. | A tak prostě dělají totéž pořád a pořád dokola. | en-cs |
In fact, we could go away for a million years and come back and these chimpanzees would be doing the same thing with the same sticks for the termites and the same rocks to crack open the nuts. | Hakikaten, eğer milyonlarca yıl uzaklaşabilip tekrar geri gelebilseydik bu şempanzeler aynı şeyleri yapıyor olabilirdi karıncalar için aynı çöpler ve kırılmış kabukları yeniden kıran taşlar. | en-tr |
Now this may sound arrogant, or even full of hubris. | มันฟังดูเหยียดหยามชิมแปนซีพวกนี้มาก | en-th |
How do we know this? | Kako to znamo? | en-hr |
Because this is exactly what our ancestors, the Homo erectus, did. | Perché è esattamente quello che il nostro antenato, l'Homo Erectus, faceva. | en-it |
These upright apes evolved on the African savanna about two million years ago, and they made these splendid hand axes that fit wonderfully into your hands. | Bu iki ayakları üzerinde duran maymunlar iki milyon yıl kadar önce Afrika'nın düz ovalarında evrimleştiler ve şimdi bile sizin elinize uyabilecek bunun gibi muhteşem baltalar yaptılar. | en-tr |
But if we look at the fossil record, we see that they made the same hand axe over and over and over again for one million years. | ولكن لو نظرنا لتاريخ الأحافير، سنجد أنهم صنعوا نفس النصل اليدوي مراراً ومراراً لمليون سنة. | en-ar |
You can follow it through the fossil record. | Kita bisa melihat dari rekaman fosil yang ada. | en-id |
Now if we make some guesses about how long Homo erectus lived, what their generation time was, that's about 40,000 generations of parents to offspring, and other individuals watching, in which that hand axe didn't change. | Доколку претпоставиме колку долго живеел Хомо еректус, колкаво е времето на овој вид, ќе кажеме дека тоа се околу 40,000 генерации на родители, деца, и други индивидуи, во чие постоење оваа рачна секира не се променила. | en-mk |
It's not even clear that our very close genetic relatives, the Neanderthals, had social learning. | Netgi nėra aišku, jog mūsų patys artimiausi genetiniai giminaičiai, Neandertaliečiai, gebėjo pasinaudoti socialiniu išmokimu. | en-lt |
Sure enough, their tools were more complicated than those of Homo erectus, but they too showed very little change over the 300,000 years or so that those species, the Neanderthals, lived in Eurasia. | Naravno, njihovi alati bili su složeniji od onih koje je izrađivao Homo erectus, ali ni oni se nisu mnogo mijenjali kroz nekih 300.000 godina, koliko je ta vrsta, Neandertalci, živjela u Euraziji. | en-hr |
Okay, so what this tells us is that, contrary to the old adage, "monkey see, monkey do," the surprise really is that all of the other animals really cannot do that -- at least not very much. | Итак, о чём это нам говорит? О том, что не работает старая пословица "что обезьяна видит, то она и делает". Сюрприз как раз в том, что животные не могут учиться у других -- или почти не могут. | en-ru |
And even this picture has the suspicious taint of being rigged about it -- something from a Barnum & Bailey circus. | Og selv dette billede har en mistænkelig bismag af at være blevet opstillet - noget fra Cirkus Benneweis. | en-da |
But by comparison, we can learn. | Dla porównania, my mamy zdolność uczenia się. | en-pl |
We can learn by watching other people and copying or imitating what they can do. | Possiamo imparare guardando le altre persone e copiare e imitare quello che possono fare. | en-it |
We can then choose, from among a range of options, the best one. | Potem lahko med kopico možnosti izberemo najboljšo. | en-sl |
We can benefit from others' ideas. | Vi kan dra nytta av andras idéer. | en-sv |
We can build on their wisdom. | 우리는 그들의 지혜를 증축시킬 수 있습니다. | en-ko |
And as a result, our ideas do accumulate, and our technology progresses. | Un rezultātā mūsu idejas uzkrājas, un mūsu tehnoloģija attīstās. | en-lv |
And this cumulative cultural adaptation, as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas, is responsible for everything around you in your bustling and teeming everyday lives. | และการปรับตัวสะสมทางวัฒนธรรมเช่นนี้ หรือที่นักมานุษยวิทยาเรียกว่า การสั่งสมความคิด เป็นเหตุผลที่พวกเราในที่นี้ ต่างวุ่นวายทำงานร่วมกันในทุกวันนี้ | en-th |
I mean the world has changed out of all proportion to what we would recognize even 1,000 or 2,000 years ago. | منظورم این است که همه اجزاي جهان نسبت به همه آنچه که ما می شناسیم تغییر کرده ،حتی هزار یا دو هزار سال گذشته . | en-fa |
And all of this because of cumulative cultural adaptation. | И всичко това, поради кумулативната културна адаптация. | en-bg |
The chairs you're sitting in, the lights in this auditorium, my microphone, the iPads and iPods that you carry around with you -- all are a result of cumulative cultural adaptation. | Kursi yang Anda duduki, lampu di auditorium ini, mikrofon saya, iPad dan iPod yang Anda bawa-bawa semua adalah hasil adaptasi budaya kumulatif. | en-id |
Now to many commentators, cumulative cultural adaptation, or social learning, is job done, end of story. | Για πολλούς σχολιαστές, η σωρευτική πολιτιστική προσαρμογή ή κοινωνική μάθηση είναι τελειωμένη ιστορία, τελεία και παύλα. | en-el |
Our species can make stuff, therefore we prospered in a way that no other species has. | Vår art kan göra saker, därför blomstrade vi på ett sätt som ingen annan art har. | en-sv |
In fact, we can even make the "stuff of life" -- as I just said, all the stuff around us. | Potrafimy nawet tworzyć rzeczywistość, czyli wszystko co nas otacza. | en-pl |
But in fact, it turns out that some time around 200,000 years ago, when our species first arose and acquired social learning, that this was really the beginning of our story, not the end of our story. | Στην πραγματικότητα αποδεικνύεται πως πριν από 200.000 χρόνια περίπου, όταν εμφανίστηκε το είδος μας και απέκτησε κοινωνική μάθηση, αυτή ήταν η αρχή της ιστορίας μας, όχι το τέλος της. | en-el |
Because our acquisition of social learning would create a social and evolutionary dilemma, the resolution of which, it's fair to say, would determine not only the future course of our psychology, but the future course of the entire world. | Бидејќи стекнувањето со социјално учење ќе создаде социјална и еволуциска дилема, чиешто разрешување, можеме да кажеме, ќе го одреди не само идниот тек на нашата психологија, туку иднината на целиот свет. | en-mk |
And most importantly for this, it'll tell us why we have language. | และที่สำคัญที่สุด มันคือสิ่งที่อธิบายว่า ทำไมเราถึงมีภาษาใช้ | en-th |
And the reason that dilemma arose is, it turns out, that social learning is visual theft. | Razlog zbog kojeg se pojavila ta dilema jest taj što ispada da je društveno učenje zapravo vizualna krađa. | en-hr |
If I can learn by watching you, I can steal your best ideas, and I can benefit from your efforts, without having to put in the time and energy that you did into developing them. | Če se lahko učim tako, da vas gledam, lahko kradem vaše najboljše ideje in imam koristi od vaših naporov, ne da bi moral vlagati čas in energijo, ki ste ju vložili vi, da ste ideje razvili. | en-sl |
If I can watch which lure you use to catch a fish, or I can watch how you flake your hand axe to make it better, or if I follow you secretly to your mushroom patch, I can benefit from your knowledge and wisdom and skills, and maybe even catch that fish before you do. | 如果我可以觀察你使用什麼魚餌釣魚， 或如何削薄手斧 讓它更加順手， 或者，偷偷跟蹤你到你的蘑菇採集點， 我就能夠從你的知識、智慧和技巧受惠， 甚至可能比你更早一步 抓到魚。 | en-zh-tw |
Social learning really is visual theft. | 社会的学習は当に視覚的窃盗なのです | en-ja |
And in any species that acquired it, it would behoove you to hide your best ideas, lest somebody steal them from you. | І кожному виду, який її опанував, спадало на думку приховати свої найкращі ідеї, щоб хтось їх часом не вкрав. | en-uk |
And so some time around 200,000 years ago, our species confronted this crisis. | E em algum momento 200.000 anos atrás, nossa espécie se confrontou com essa crise. | en-pt-br |
And we really had only two options for dealing with the conflicts that visual theft would bring. | Kita hanya punya dua pilihan untuk menghadapi konflik yang ditimbulkan pencurian visual. | en-id |
One of those options was that we could have retreated into small family groups. | אחת האפשרויות הייתה לסגת לקבוצות משפחתיות קטנות. | en-he |
Because then the benefits of our ideas and knowledge would flow just to our relatives. | Porque así os beneficios das nosas ideas e coñecemento só sería transmitido aos nosos parentes. | en-gl |
Had we chosen this option, sometime around 200,000 years ago, we would probably still be living like the Neanderthals were when we first entered Europe 40,000 years ago. | Если бы мы выбрали этот вариант, где-то 200 000 лет назад, мы бы все жили как неандертальцы, к тому времени, когда мы пришли в Европу 40 000 лет назад. | en-ru |
And this is because in small groups there are fewer ideas, there are fewer innovations. | lat temu. A to dlatego, że w małych grupach jest mniej pomysłów i innowacji. | en-pl |
And small groups are more prone to accidents and bad luck. | Und kleine Gruppen sind anfälliger für Unfälle und Unglück. | en-de |
So if we'd chosen that path, our evolutionary path would have led into the forest -- and been a short one indeed. | Så hvis vi havde valgt den vej, havde vores evolutionære vej ledt os ind i skoven - og havde helt sikkert været en kort tur. | en-da |
The other option we could choose was to develop the systems of communication that would allow us to share ideas and to cooperate amongst others. | L’autre option que nous pouvions choisir était de développer les systèmes de communication qui nous permettraient de partager les idées et de coopérer entre autres. | en-fr |
Choosing this option would mean that a vastly greater fund of accumulated knowledge and wisdom would become available to any one individual than would ever arise from within an individual family or an individual person on their own. | At vælge den mulighed betød, at en langt større fond af ophobet viden og klogskab ville være til rådighed for et hvilket som helst individ, end der nogensinde ville kunne opstå i en enkelt familie eller fra et enkelt menneske på egen hånd. | en-da |
Well, we chose the second option, and language is the result. | حسناً، نحن اخترنا الخيار الثاني، واللغة كانت النتيجة. | en-ar |
Language evolved to solve the crisis of visual theft. | تطورت اللغة لتحل مشكلة السطو البصري. | en-ar |
Language is a piece of social technology for enhancing the benefits of cooperation -- for reaching agreements, for striking deals and for coordinating our activities. | Ngôn ngữ là một phần của kỹ năng xã hội để gia tăng lợi ích của sự cộng tác -- để đạt được các thỏa thuận, để ký kết hợp đồng và để phối hợp các hoạt động của chúng ta. | en-vi |
And you can see that, in a developing society that was beginning to acquire language, not having language would be a like a bird without wings. | Dla rozwijającego się społeczeństwa, uczącego się użycia języka, jego brak byłby jak dla ptaka brak skrzydeł. jego brak byłby jak dla ptaka brak skrzydeł. | en-pl |
Just as wings open up this sphere of air for birds to exploit, language opened up the sphere of cooperation for humans to exploit. | Éppen ahogy a szárnyak feltárják a felfedezéshez a perspektívát a madarak számára a levegőégben, a nyelv feltárta az együttműködés perspektíváját az emberek számára. | en-hu |
And we take this utterly for granted, because we're a species that is so at home with language, but you have to realize that even the simplest acts of exchange that we engage in are utterly dependent upon language. | Ми приймаємо це як належне, бо наш вид має мову за щось дуже рідне. Все ж, слід також усвідомити, що навіть найпростіші перемовини повністю залежать від мови. | en-uk |
And to see why, consider two scenarios from early in our evolution. | การที่เราจะเข้าใจได้ ลองนึกถึงสองสถานการณ์ จากวิวัฒนาการช่วงแรกๆของพวกเรา | en-th |
Let's imagine that you are really good at making arrowheads, but you're hopeless at making the wooden shafts with the flight feathers attached. | Imaxinen que son vostedes moi bos facendo puntas de frecha, mais son incapaces de facer o corpo de madeira coas prumas incluídas. | en-gl |
Two other people you know are very good at making the wooden shafts, but they're hopeless at making the arrowheads. | Due altre persone che conoscete sono molto brave a fare corpi di freccia, ma sono incapaci di realizzare punte di freccia. | en-it |
So what you do is -- one of those people has not really acquired language yet. | Atëherë ajo që ju bëni është -- njëri prej tyre nuk ka fituar ende gjuhën. | en-sq |
And let's pretend the other one is good at language skills. | Předpokládejme, že tomu druhému jazyk jde. | en-cs |
So what you do one day is you take a pile of arrowheads, and you walk up to the one that can't speak very well, and you put the arrowheads down in front of him, hoping that he'll get the idea that you want to trade your arrowheads for finished arrows. | Quel che fate un giorno è prendere una pila di punte di freccia, andare dalla persona che non parla molto bene, gli mettete di fronte le punte di freccia, sperando che comprenda che volete scambiare le vostre punte per fare delle frecce complete. | en-it |
But he looks at the pile of arrowheads, thinks they're a gift, picks them up, smiles and walks off. | بهڵام ئهو کهسه سهیری ڕێژه زۆرهکهی سهره تیرهکان دهکات. وادهزانێت ئەوانە دیارین سهره تیرهکان ههڵدهگرێت و پێدهکهنێت، و دهڕوات | en-ku |
Now you pursue this guy, gesticulating. | Vous poursuivez le bonhomme en gesticulant. | en-fr |
A scuffle ensues and you get stabbed with one of your own arrowheads. | Následuje rvačka, při níž utržíte bodnou ránu svým vlastním šípovým hrotem. | en-cs |
Okay, now replay this scene now, and you're approaching the one who has language. | Rendben, játsszuk újra a jelenetet, most azt a fickót közelíted meg, aki bírja a nyelvet. | en-hu |
You put down your arrowheads and say, "I'd like to trade these arrowheads for finished arrows. I'll split you 50/50." | Složíte před něj své hroty a řeknete, "chtěl bych tyto hroty vyměnit za hotové dříky. | en-cs |
The other one says, "Fine. Looks good to me. | Imos ao 50%." O outro di, "De acordo. | en-gl |
We'll do that." | Pa dajva". | en-sl |
Now the job is done. | Ahora el trabajo se termina. | en-es |
Once we have language, we can put our ideas together and cooperate to have a prosperity that we couldn't have before we acquired it. | Quando si è dotati di linguaggio si possono condividere le idee e cooperare per ottenere una prosperità che non avremmo potuto ottenere senza averlo acquisito. | en-it |
And this is why our species has prospered around the world while the rest of the animals sit behind bars in zoos, languishing. | Inilah mengapa spesies kita hidup makmur di seluruh dunia sementara binatang yang lain hidup di belakang kerangkeng kebun binatang, menderita. | en-id |
That's why we build space shuttles and cathedrals while the rest of the world sticks sticks into the ground to extract termites. | Proto stavíme raketoplány a katedrály, zatímco ostatní tvorové dloubají větvičkami do země, snažíce se vytáhnout všekazy. | en-cs |
All right, if this view of language and its value in solving the crisis of visual theft is true, any species that acquires it should show an explosion of creativity and prosperity. | Pri tomto pohľade na jazyk a jeho hodnotu pri riešení problému vizuálnej krádeže je pravdou, že každý živočíšny druh, ktorý ho získa, by mal vykazovať prudký nárast kreativity a napredovania. | en-sk |
And this is exactly what the archeological record shows. | Og det er præcis, hvad de arkæologiske fund viser. | en-da |
If you look at our ancestors, the Neanderthals and the Homo erectus, our immediate ancestors, they're confined to small regions of the world. | Si observan a nuestros ancestros, los neandertales y el homo erectus, nuestros ancestros inmediatos, están limitados a pequeñas regiones del mundo. | en-es |
But when our species arose about 200,000 years ago, sometime after that we quickly walked out of Africa and spread around the entire world, occupying nearly every habitat on Earth. | بهڵام کاتێک ڕهگهزهکانی ئێمه پهیدا بوون نزیکهی (٢٠٠،٠٠٠) هەزار ساڵ لهمهوبهر ههندێ کات دوای ئەوە ئێمە بەخێرایی چوینه دهرهوهی ئهفهریقا وه بڵاوبوینهوه بهههموو جیهاندا وه بهنزیکهیی له ههموو شوێنێکی سهرزهویدا نیشته جێبووین | en-ku |
Now whereas other species are confined to places that their genes adapt them to, with social learning and language, we could transform the environment to suit our needs. | Habitatul altor specii este limitat la regiunile la care genele lor s-au adaptat, însă datorită învățării sociale și limbajului, noi am transformat mediul în funcție de nevoile noastre. | en-ro |
And so we prospered in a way that no other animal has. | И така, развили сме се по начин, по който никое друго животно не е. | en-bg |
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