english stringlengths 2 3.06k | non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k | language stringclasses 52 values |
|---|---|---|
As just a second example: these pyramidal cells, large cells, can span a significant fraction of the brain. | もう一つ 例として この大きな錐体細胞は 多くの脳部位に存在しています これは興奮性の細胞であり | en-ja |
They're excitatory. | Und sie sind eine der Zellen, | en-de |
And these are some of the cells that might be overactive in disorders such as epilepsy. | てんかんなどで 活動過剰になっていると 思われる細胞の一つです | en-ja |
Every one of these cells is an incredible electrical device. | je nevjerojatan električni uređaj. | en-hr |
They receive inputs from thousands of upstream partners and compute their own electrical outputs, which then, if they pass a certain threshold, will go to thousands of downstream partners. | De får indata från tusentals partners och beräknar sina egna elektriska utdata vilka, om de går över en viss gräns, fortsätter till tusentals partners längre ner | en-sv |
And this process, which takes just a millisecond or so, happens thousands of times a minute in every one of your 100 billion cells, as long as you live and think and feel. | megtörténik több ezerszer percenként mindegyikében a száz milliárd idegsejtből, amíg csak él és gondolkodik és érez. | en-hu |
So how are we going to figure out what this circuit does? | 그렇다면 우리는 이 회로가 무엇을 하는지 어떻게 알까요? | en-ko |
Ideally, we could go through this circuit and turn these different kinds of cell on and off and see whether we could figure out which ones contribute to certain functions and which ones go wrong in certain pathologies. | Dans un monde parfait, nous pourrions parcourir ce circuit, allumer et éteindre différentes sortes de cellules et voir si nous pouvons trouver lesquelles participent à telles fonctions et lesquelles faillissent dans certaines pathologies. | en-fr |
If we could activate cells, we could see what powers they can unleash, what they can initiate and sustain. | אם יכולנו להפעיל תאים, היינו יכולים לגלות אילו כוחות חבויים בהם, מה הם יכולים להפעיל ולשמר. אם היינו יכולים לכבות אותם, | en-he |
If we could turn them off, then we could try and figure out what they're necessary for. | entonces podríamos intentar y dilucidar para qué son necesarias. | en-es |
And that's the story I'm going to tell you about today. | 這就是今天我要告訴你的故事. | en-zh-tw |
And honestly, where we've gone through over the last 11 years, through an attempt to find ways of turning circuits and cells and parts and pathways of the brain on and off, both to understand the science and also to confront some of the issues that face us all as humans. | Thành thật mà nói, khi mà chúng tôi đã trải qua 11 năm, qua cố gắng tìm được phương thức để điều khiển trạng thái của các mạch, tế bào, các phần và các đường dẫn của não bộ tắt và bật, để hiểu được khoa học, và cũng để giải quyết một vài vấn đề đang đối diện với chúng ta. | en-vi |
Now, before I tell you about the technology, the bad news is that a significant fraction of us in this room, if we live long enough, will encounter, perhaps, a brain disorder. | som påverkar alla oss människor. Innan jag berättar om teknologin, är de dåliga nyheterna att en stor del av oss i detta rum om vi lever tillräckligt länge, kommer stöta på en hjärnsjukdom. | en-sv |
Already, a billion people have had some kind of brain disorder that incapacitates them. | Xa mil millóns de persoas tiveron algún tipo de trastorno cerebral que as incapacita, | en-gl |
The numbers don't do it justice, though. | Lai arī skaitļi nav diez ko precīzi. | en-lv |
These disorders -- schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, depression, addiction -- they not only steal away our time to live, they change who we are. | 这些疾病--精神分裂症，老年痴呆症 抑郁症，成瘾症-- 它们不仅榨取我们的生命，而且篡改我们生存的意义 它剥夺了我们的性格也改变了我们的情感-- | en-zh-cn |
They take our identity and change our emotions and change who we are as people. | они меняют нас как людей. | en-ru |
Now, in the 20th century, there was some hope that was generated through the development of pharmaceuticals for treating brain disorders. | Bugün 20. yüzyılda, beyin hastalıklarını düzeltmek adına kurulan bir eczacılık gelişimine umut bağlanmıştı. | en-tr |
And while many drugs have been developed that can alleviate symptoms of brain disorders, practically none of them can be considered to be cured. | 縱使已有許多藥物能 緩解腦部疾病的的症狀， 幾乎沒有任何一種能被認為可以完全治癒腦部病變。 | en-zh-tw |
In part, that's because, if you think about it, we're bathing the brain in a chemical -- this elaborate circuit, made of thousands of different kinds of cell -- is being bathed in a substance. | Sebagian alasannya adalah karena kita merendam otak dalam bahan kimia. Sirkuit rumit itu terdiri dari ribuan jenis sel yang berbeda direndam dalam sebuah bahan tertentu. | en-id |
That's also why most of the drugs, not all, on the market can present some kind of serious side effect too. | Đó cũng giải tích vì sao mà hầu hết các loại thuốc, không phải là tất cả, đang ở trên thị trường có thể để lại một vài tác dụng phụ nghiêm trọng. | en-vi |
Now some people have gotten some solace from electrical stimulators that are implanted in the brain, for Parkinson's disease or cochlear implants. | Sekarang beberapa orang mendapatkan ketenangan dari stimulator listrik yang ditanam di dalam otak. Untuk penyakit Parkinson, implan Cochlear (telinga), | en-id |
These have indeed been able to bring some kind of remedy to people with certain kinds of disorders. | s'han convertit en una mena de remei per a persones amb determinats tipus de trastorns. | en-ca |
But electricity also will go in all directions -- the path of least resistance -- which is where that phrase, in part, comes from, and will also affect normal circuits, as well as the abnormal ones you want to fix. | ولی حتی الکتریسیته هم در همه جهات حرکت میکند در مسیری با مقاومت کمتر، که این عبارت هم از آن گرفته شده. و این همچنین هم روی مدارهای سالم تاثیر میگذاره و هم روی آنهایی که میخواهیم ترمیم شوند. پس دوباره برمیگردیم به همان نظریه | en-fa |
So again, we're sent back to the idea of ultraprecise control: Could we dial in information precisely where we want it to go? | والمطلوب التحكم الدقيق جداً بالخلايا المعطوبة فهل نستطيع ان نضبط عملية حركة السيالات الكهربائية بصورة دقيقة ؟ | en-ar |
So, when I started in neuroscience 11 years ago -- I had trained as an electrical engineer and a physicist -- the first thing I thought about was, if these neurons are electrical devices, all we need to do is to find some way of driving those electrical changes at a distance. | وقتی 11 سال پیش در رشتۀ علم اعصاب شروع بکار کردم، به عنوان یک مهندس برق و فیزیکدان تعلیم دیده بودم، و اولین چیزی که به فکرش افتادم این بود، که اگر سلولهای عصبی مانند وسایل برقی کار میکنند، تنها کاری که باید بکنیم اینه که یک راهی پیدا کنیم که بتونیم آن تغییرات الکتریکی را از دور کنترل کنیم. اگر ما میتونستیم الکتریسیته را در یک سلول، | en-fa |
If we could turn on the electricity in one cell but not its neighbors, that'd give us the tool to activate and shut down these different cells to figure out what they do and how they contribute to the networks in which they're embedded. | pero no la de sus vecinas, eso nos daría la herramienta que hace falta para activar y apagar las distintas células, para averiguar qué hacen y cómo contribuyen a las redes en las que están insertas. Y eso también nos permitiría contar con una herramienta de control ultra-precisa | en-es |
It would also allow us to have the ultraprecise control we need to fix the circuit computations that have gone awry. | para corrigirmos os cálculos do circuito que não deram certo. | en-pt-br |
Now, how are we going to do that? | ¿Cómo vamos a hacer eso? | en-es |
Well, there are many molecules that exist in nature which are able to convert light into electricity. | خوب، خیلی مولکولها در طبیعت وجود دارند، که میتونند نور را به الکتریسیته تبدیل کنند. | en-fa |
You can think of them as little proteins that are like solar cells. | Sie können sie sich wie kleine Proteine vorstellen, die wie Solarzellen sind. | en-de |
If we install these molecules in neurons somehow, then these neurons would become electrically drivable with light, and their neighbors, which don't have this molecule, would not. | Gdyby jakoś zainstalować te cząsteczki w neuronach, moglibyśmy pobudzać neurony światłem. Sąsiednie komórki, bez cząsteczki, nie reagowałyby. | en-pl |
There's one other magic trick you need to make this happen: the ability to get light into the brain. | Hi ha un altre truc de màgia que fa possible que això passi de debó i és la capacitat d'introduir llum al cervell. | en-ca |
The brain doesn't feel pain. | Pour ce faire -- le cerveau ne ressent pas la douleur -- vous pouvez mettre -- | en-fr |
Taking advantage of all the effort that's gone into the internet, telecommunications, etc., you can put optical fibers connected to lasers to activate -- in animal models, for example, in preclinical studies -- these neurons and see what they do. | אפשר לנצל את כל המאמצים שהוכנסו לתעשיית האינטרנט והתקשורת - סיבים אופטיים המחוברים ללייזר איתם ניתן להפעיל, למשל בבע"ח במחקרים קדם-קליניים, את הנוירונים האלה ולראות מה הם עושים. | en-he |
Around 2004, in collaboration with Georg Nagel and Karl Deisseroth, this vision came to fruition. | Apie 2004-uosius bendradarbiaudami su Gerhardu Nageliu ir Karlu Deiserotu, mes įgyvendinome šią viziją | en-lt |
There's a certain alga that swims in the wild, and it needs to navigate towards light in order to photosynthesize optimally. | 我們發現一種野生的藻類 它們會自動導航向光源游去, 好讓自身的光合作用發揮到最佳狀態。 | en-zh-tw |
And it senses light with a little eyespot, which works not unlike how our eye works. | Recepisce la luce usando un occhiolino che funziona grosso modo come il nostro occhio. | en-it |
In its membrane, or its boundary, it contains little proteins that indeed can convert light into electricity. | U njezinoj membrani (ili njezinoj granici) sadrži male proteine koji zaista pretvaraju svjetlost u elektricitet. | en-hr |
These molecules are called channelrhodopsins. | Estas moléculas denomínanse canalrodopsinas. | en-gl |
And each of these proteins acts just like that solar cell that I told you about. | Az összes ilyen protein úgy viselkedik mint egy napelem amiről az előbb beszéltem. Amikor kék fény esik rá, akkor kinyit egy kis lyukat | en-hu |
When blue light hits it, it opens a little hole and allows charged particles to enter the eyespot; that allows this eyespot to have an electrical signal, just like a solar cell charging a battery. | et permet aux particules chargées d'entrer dans l'œil. Cela permet à cet œil d'avoir un signal électrique tout comme un panneau solaire qui charge une batterie. | en-fr |
So what we need to do is take these molecules and somehow install them in neurons. | Op de een of andere manier moeten we deze moleculen in neuronen weten te installeren. | en-nl |
And because it's a protein, it's encoded for in the DNA of this organism. | És mivel egy fehérjéről beszélünk, ennek az organizmusnak a DNS-be van bekódolva. | en-hu |
So all we've got to do is take that DNA, put it into a gene therapy vector, like a virus, and put it into neurons. | Taigi, viskas, ką mums reikia padaryti, tai paimti tą DNR, įdėti ją į genų terapijos vektorių, pavyzdžiui, virusą, ir įkelti į neuronus. | en-lt |
And this was a very productive time in gene therapy, and lots of viruses were coming along, so this turned out to be fairly simple. | Het was een zeer productieve tijd in de gentherapie, er waren veel virussen beschikbaar. Het bleek heel eenvoudig om te doen. | en-nl |
Early in the morning one day in the summer of 2004, we gave it a try, and it worked on the first try. | Assim, numa manhã, num dia de verão de 2004, decidimos arriscar e funcionou à primeira tentativa. | en-pt |
You take this DNA and put it into the neuron. | לוקחים את ה DNA הזה ומכניסים אותו לנוירון. | en-he |
The neuron uses its natural protein-making machinery to fabricate these little light-sensitive proteins and install them all over the cell, like putting solar panels on a roof. | הנוירון משתמש במנגנונים הטבעיים שלו לייצור חלבונים כדי לייצר את החלבונים הקטנים הללו הרגישים לאור ולהתקין אותם בכל התא, כמו שמתקינים לוחות סולאריים על הגג. | en-he |
And the next thing you know, you have a neuron which can be activated with light. | och därefter har du en neuron som kan aktiveras med ljus. | en-sv |
So this is very powerful. | Das funktioniert also sehr gut. | en-de |
One of the tricks you have to do is figure out how to deliver these genes to the cells you want and not all the other neighbors. | Viens no trikiem, kas jums jādara, ir jāsaprot, kā nogādāt šos gēnus uz tām šūnām, kurām jūs vēlaties, bet ne citiem kaimiņiem. | en-lv |
And you can do that; you can tweak the viruses so they hit some cells and not others. | これは可能です まずウィルスを 特定の細胞にだけ 取り付くよう改造します | en-ja |
And there's other genetic tricks you can play in order to get light-activated cells. | Ir yra kitų genetinių triukų, kuriuos galite pasitelkti, kad gautumėte šviesa aktyvuojamas ląsteles. | en-lt |
This field has now come to be known as "optogenetics." | 這個領域現在被稱為光電遺傳學(optogenetics)。 | en-zh-tw |
And just as one example of the kind of thing you can do, you can take a complex network, use one of these viruses to deliver the gene just to one kind of cell in this dense network. | E, como exemplo de cousas que se poden facer, podes tomar unha rede complexa, usar un destes virus para entrega-lo xene a un só tipo de célula nesta densa rede. | en-gl |
And then when you shine light on the entire network, just that cell type will be activated. | A pouze tyto buňky se pak aktivují, i když posvítíme na celou síť. | en-cs |
For example, let's consider that basket cell I told you about earlier, the one that's atrophied in schizophrenia and the one that is inhibitory. | Bijvoorbeeld zo'n korfcel waar ik het daarstraks over had - die atrofieert bij schizofrenie - en die een remmende functie heeft. Als we dat gen kunnen leveren aan deze cellen - | en-nl |
If we can deliver that gene to these cells -- they won't be altered by the expression of the gene, of course -- then flash blue light over the entire brain network, just these cells are going to be driven. | Om vi kan leverera genen till dessa celler och de inte ändras av insättningen av genen, så kommer blixtar av blått ljus inuti hela hjärnan, att aktivera bara dessa celler. | en-sv |
And when the light turns off, these cells go back to normal; there don't seem to be adverse events. | bu yüzden hücreler bu olaya karşı isteksiz görünmüyorlar. | en-tr |
Not only can you study what these cells do, what their power is in computing in the brain, you can also use this to try to figure out if we could jazz up the activity of these cells if indeed, they're atrophied. | Podemos não só usar este procedimento para estudar o que as células fazem, qual é o seu poder no funcionamento cerebral, como também podemos usar isto para tentar descobrir – bem, talvez nós pudéssemos estimular a atividade destas células, caso elas estejam verdadeiramente atrofiadas. | en-pt-br |
I want to tell you some short stories about how we're using this both at the scientific clinical and preclinical levels. | Szeretnék elmondani egy pár rövid történetet arról, hogy miként használjuk ezt, mind a tudományos, a klinikai és a elő-klinikai szinten. | en-hu |
One of the questions that we've confronted is: What signals in the brain mediate the sensation of reward? | یکی از سوالهایی که با آن مواجه هستیم این هست که چه پیامها و سیگنالهایی در مغز وجود دارند که باعث احساس پاداش میشوند؟ | en-fa |
Because if you could find those, those would be some of the signals that could drive learning; the brain will do more of what got that reward. | Perché se si riesce ad individuarli, da lì potremmo evidenziare quelli che inducono l'apprendimento. Il cervello ci indurrà a ripetere l'attività che ha causato quella gratifica. E sono gli stessi segnali che vanno in tilt nei disordini da dipendenza. | en-it |
So if we could figure out what cells they are, we could maybe find new targets for which drugs can be designed or screened against or maybe places where electrodes could be put in for people who have severe disability. | 그러니 그 세포들이 무엇인지 알 수 있다면, 우리는 새 목표를 찾아 어떤 약을 제작하거나 가려낼 수 있는지, 아니면 심각한 장애를 가진 사람들을 위해 전극을 놓을 수 있는 곳에 사용할 수 있을겁니다. | en-ko |
To do that, we came up with a very simple paradigm in collaboration with the Fiorillo group, where, if the animal goes to one side of this little box, it gets a pulse of light. | Per tal de fer-ho, se'ns va ocórrer un paradigme molt simple amb la col·laboració del grup Fiorella. En un cantó d'aquesta petita capsa, si un animal hi va, aleshores rep un impuls lluminós per tal de fer que certes neurones siguin sensibles a la llum. | en-ca |
And we'll make different cells in the brain sensitive to light. | Dacă aceste celule pot facilita reocompensa | en-ro |
If these cells can mediate reward, the animal should go there more and more. | dann sollte das Tier immer häufiger dort hingehen. Und das ist passiert. | en-de |
And that's what happens. | Este animal va a ir a la derecha a meter la nariz por ahí, | en-es |
The animal goes to the right-hand side and pokes his nose there and gets a flash of blue light every time he does it. | ona dobije bljesak plavog svjetla svaki put kada to napravi. I učinit će to stotinama i stotinama puta. | en-hr |
He'll do that hundreds of times. | Son as neuronas dopamina, | en-gl |
These are the dopamine neurons, in some of the pleasure centers in the brain. | amelyekről talán hallottak már, az agy örömkeltő központjaiban vannak. Megmutattuk, hogy ezeknek egy rövid aktiválása | en-hu |
We've shown that a brief activation of these is enough to drive learning. | pour conduire l'apprentissage. | en-fr |
Now we can generalize the idea. | ومن ثم قررنا ان نعمم هذه الفكرة وبدلا من نوجه الضوء الى نقطة واحدة | en-ar |
Instead of one point in the brain, we can devise devices that span the brain, that can deliver light into three-dimensional patterns -- arrays of optical fibers, each coupled to its own independent miniature light source. | mēs varam izgudrot ierīces, kas aptver visas smadzenes, kuras var nogādāt gaismu trīsdimensionālos modeļos -- optisko šķiedru rindās, kur katra no tām savienota ar neatkarīgu mazu gaismas avotu. Un tad mēs varam mēģināt izdarīt lietas organisma iekšienē, | en-lv |
Then we can try to do things in vivo that have only been done to date in a dish, like high-throughput screening throughout the entire brain for the signals that can cause certain things to happen or that could be good clinical targets for treating brain disorders. | qui ont seulement été faites à ce jour en labo -- comme le criblage à haut débit dans tout le cerveau pour les signaux qui peuvent produire certaines choses. Ou ils pourraient être de bonnes cibles cliniques pour le traitement des troubles du cerveau. | en-fr |
One story I want to tell you about is: How can we find targets for treating post-traumatic stress disorder, a form of uncontrolled anxiety and fear? | И една история, която искам да ви разкажа, е за това как можем да намерим мишени за третиране на посттравматично стресово разстройство - форма на неконтролируеми безпокойство и страх. | en-bg |
One of the things that we did was to adopt a very classical model of fear. | Jedna od stvari koju smo napravili jest da smo prilagodili klasičan model straha. | en-hr |
This goes back to the Pavlovian days. | وهذا يعود الى أيام تجارب بافلوف | en-ar |
It's called Pavlovian fear conditioning, where a tone ends with a brief shock. | Jde o podmíněnou úzkostnou reakci na tón následovaný šokem, | en-cs |
The shock isn't painful, but it's a little annoying. | Шокът не е болезнен, но е малко досаден. | en-bg |
And over time -- in this case, a mouse, which is a good animal model, commonly used in such experiments -- the animal learns to fear the tone. | Seiring dengan waktu -- dalam kasus ini seekor tikus, model hewan yang cocok, umum digunakan untuk percobaan seperti ini -- hewan itu belajar untuk takut pada nada itu. Hewan itu akan menanggapi dengan diam, | en-id |
It will react by freezing, sort of like a deer in the headlights. | kaip elnias automobilio žibintų šviesoje. | en-lt |
Now the question is: What targets in the brain can we find that allow us to overcome this fear? | Bu noktada soru şu, beyinde bu korkuyla başa çıkmamızı sağlayacak hedefi nasıl bulabiliriz? Ve yaptığımız şey ton korkuyla birleştikten sonra | en-tr |
So we play that tone again, after it's been associated with fear. | Para iso reproducimos o ton novamente despois de que se asocie co medo. | en-gl |
But we activate different targets in the brain, using that optical fiber array I showed on the previous slide, in order to try and figure out which targets can cause the brain to overcome that memory of fear. | ただその時に 先ほどお見せした 光ファイバーを用いて いろいろな脳部位を活性化させ 恐怖の記憶を克服するためには どの脳部位が働くのかを調べます | en-ja |
This brief video shows you one of these targets that we're working on now. | Σ’ αυτό λοιπόν το σύντομο βίντεο βλέπετε έναν από τους στόχους πάνω στον οποίο δουλεύουμε τώρα. | en-el |
This is an area in the prefrontal cortex, a region where we can use cognition to try to overcome aversive emotional states. | Här testas ett område i prefrontalkortex, en region där kognition kan övervinna motbjudande känslor. | en-sv |
The animal hears a tone. A flash of light occurs. | 光线不伴随声音，但是你也能看到动物呆滞的反应 | en-zh-cn |
There's no audio, but you see that the animal freezes -- the tone used to mean bad news. | Šī skaņa nozīmē sliktas ziņas. Ir mazs pulkstenītis apakšējā kreisajā stūrī, | en-lv |
There's a little clock in the lower left-hand corner. | هنا ترون ملف فيديو قد مضى فيه التجربة على دقيقتين | en-ar |
You can see the animal is about two minutes into this. | Och nu nästa klipp | en-sv |
This next clip is just eight minutes later. | ir tikai astoņas minūtes vēlāk. | en-lv |
And the same tone is going to play, and the light is going to flash again. | Un nākamā skaņa tiks atskaņota, un gaisma atkal ieslēgsies. | en-lv |
OK, there it goes. Right ... now. | 好，开始了，就现在 | en-zh-cn |
And now you can see, just 10 minutes into the experiment, that we've equipped the brain, by photoactivating this area, to overcome the expression of this fear memory. | Vous pouvez voir, 10 minutes après le début de l'expérience, que nous avons équipé le cerveau en photoactivant cette zone pour surmonter l'expression de cette mémoire de peur. | en-fr |
Over the last couple years, we've gone back to the tree of life, because we wanted to find ways to turn circuits in the brain off. | Per paskutinius keletą metų, mes grįžome prie gyvybės medžio, nes norėjome rasti būdus smegenų grandinėms išjungti. | en-lt |
If we could do that, this could be extremely powerful. | Als we dat konden doen, zou dit een zeer krachtige methode zijn. | en-nl |
If you can delete cells for a few milliseconds or seconds, you can figure out what role they play in the circuits in which they're embedded. | Se podes suprimir células durante uns milisegundos ou segundos, podes darte de conta da súa relevancia nos circuítos en que están inseridas. | en-gl |
We surveyed organisms from all over the tree of life -- every kingdom of life but animals; we see slightly differently. | Un tagad mēs esam apskatījuši organismus visapkārt dzīvības kokam -- katru dzīvo būtņu valsti, izņemot dzīvniekus, kurus mēs redzam nedaudz citādāk. | en-lv |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.