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Although from the 1950s to the early 1990s , Sudan accounted for roughly 80 % of gum arabic production , today , that figure is under 50 % .	From the 1950s to the early 1990s Sudan did about 80 % of gum arabic production .
Gum arabic is used primarily in the food industry as a stabilizer .	In food , gum arabic is used as a stabilizer .
Water acts as a vehicle or a diluent to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as paper .	Water acts as a vehicle to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as paper .
Gum arabic , also known as acacia gum , chaar gund , char goond , or meska , is a natural gum made of hardened sap taken from two species of the acacia tree ; Senegalia ( Acacia ) senegal and Vachellia ( Acacia ) seyal .	It is made of hardened sap from two species of acacia tree ; Senegalia ( Acacia ) senegal and Vachellia ( Acacia ) seyal .
The gum is harvested commercially from wild trees throughout the Sahel from Senegal to Somalia , although it has been historically cultivated in Arabia and West Asia .	The gum is got from wild trees throughout the Sahel from Senegal to Somalia .
Gum arabic has been used in the past as a wine fining agent .	Gum arabic has been used from ancient times as part of black ink .
, also known as McDonald 's Tokio Hot 100 , is the official music chart program of J-Wave and also the flagship program of the Japan FM League 's Hot 100 music chart series .	, also known as McDonald 's Tokio Hot 100 , is the official music chart program of J-Wave .
Michael Konsel ( born 6 March 1962 in Vienna ) is a retired Austrian football goalkeeper .	Michael Konsel ( born 6 March 1962 ) is a retired Austrian football player who played as goalkeeper in Austria and Italy .
As of April 2012 , Jessie J had sold over 11 million singles and 2.5 million albums , worldwide .	As of April 2012 , Jessie has sold over 11 million singles and 2.5 million albums worldwide .
Jessie J has garnered various awards and nominations for contributions to the music industry , including the 2011 Critics ' Choice BRIT Award and the BBC 's Sound of 2011 .	These include the 2011 Critics ' Choice BRIT Award and the BBC 's Sound of 2011 .
The seventh single released from Who You Are , `` LaserLight '' , became the album 's sixth top ten single , making her the first British female artist to have six top ten singles from a studio album .	She is the first British female artist to have six top ten singles on one album .
Jessie has also written lyrics for artists such as Chris Brown and Miley Cyrus , including `` Party in the U.S.A. '' .	Jessie J has written songs for other singers such as Chris Brown and Miley Cyrus .
Other releases from the album included `` Nobody 's Perfect '' , `` Who 's Laughing Now '' and `` Who You Are '' , which all charted within the top 20 in the UK .	Other singles from the album included `` Nobody 's Perfect '' , `` Who 's Laughing Now '' and `` Who You Are '' which charted within the top 20 in the UK but the release of fifth single `` Domino '' became international chart success , peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming her second UK number one .
After signing with Universal Republic , Jessie J came to prominence following the release of her début single , `` Do It Like a Dude '' , which peaked at number two on the UK Singles Charts .	Jessie J became better known after the release of her debut single `` Do It Like a Dude '' which peaked at number two in the UK .
Born and brought up in London , England , she studied at the BRIT School before signing with Gut Records and striking a songwriting deal with Sony\/ATV Music Publishing where she wrote for artists including Chris Brown and Miley Cyrus .	She was born and raised in London where she studied at the BRIT School before signing with Gut Records .
The single charted at number two on the UK Singles Charts .	The album charted at number two in the UK .
Citing various influences , Jessie J is recognized for an unconventional musical and performance style that mixes soul vocals with contemporary R&B , pop , electropop , and hip-hop beats .	Jessie J is recognized for an unconventional musical and performing style .
The three founders were joined by William Michael Rossetti , James Collinson , Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form the seven-member `` brotherhood '' .	The three founders were soon joined by William Michael Rossetti , James Collinson , Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form a seven-member `` brotherhood '' .
In particular , the group objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds , founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts , whom they called `` Sir Sloshua '' .	In particular , they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds , the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts , whom they called `` Sir Sloshua '' .
The group 's debates were recorded in the Pre-Raphaelite Journal .	Their debates were recorded in the Pre-Raphaelite Journal .
Its members believed the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art , hence the name `` Pre-Raphaelite '' .	The Brotherhood believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art .
In contrast , the brotherhood wanted a return to the abundant detail , intense colors and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian art .	In contrast , they wanted to return to the abundant detail , intense colors , and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art .
The group 's intention was to reform art by rejecting what it considered the mechanistic approach first adopted by Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo .	The group 's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the ` mechanistic approach ' .
The group continued to accept the concepts of history painting and mimesis , imitation of nature , as central to the purpose of art .	The Pre-Raphaelites continued to accept the idea of history painting , and the imitation of nature , as central to the purpose of art .
The Pre-Raphaelites defined themselves as a reform movement , created a distinct name for their form of art , and published a periodical , The Germ , to promote their ideas .	Despite this , they were a reform movement : they created a distinct name for their form of art , and published a periodical , The Germ , to promote their ideas .
Increasing market share is one of the most important objectives of business .	Increasing market share is one of the most important objectives in business .
The main advantage of using market share as a measure of business performance is that it is less dependent upon macroenvironmental variables such as the state of the economy or changes in tax policy .	The main advantage of using market share is that it removes the effects of industry-wide macroenvironmental variables such as the state of the economy , or changes in tax policy .
Sometimes , though , one can use primary research to estimate the total market size and a company 's market share .	It is necessary to commission ( hire ) market research ( generally desk\/secondary research , although sometimes primary research ) to estimate the total market size and a company 's market share .
A lion ( or other beast ) coward carries the tail between its hind legs .	A lion ( or other beast ) coward carries its tail between its hind legs .
The following table summarizes the principal attitudes of heraldic lions : Other terms are used to describe the lion 's position in further detail .	The following table describes the different attitudes of heraldic lions : Other terms are used to describe the lion 's position in further detail .
The lion 's head is normally seen in agreement with the overall position , facing dexter ( left ) unless otherwise stated .	The lion 's head is normally seen in agreement with the overall position , ( facing left ) unless otherwise stated .
If his head only faces the viewer he is guardant or gardant , and if he looks back over his shoulder he is regardant .	If his head only faces the viewer he is guardant or gardant , and if he looks back over his shoulder ( body facing left but head turned to face right ) he is regardant .
It traditionally symbolises bravery , valor , strength and royalty , since traditionally , it is regarded as the king of beasts .	It traditionally symbolises bravery , valor , strength , and royalty .
Agent Orange is an American punk rock band formed in Orange County , California in 1979 .	Agent Orange is an American punk rock band .
According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 45.0 square miles ( 116.6 km ² ) of which 44.1 square miles ( 114.1 km ² ) is land and 0.9 square miles ( 2.4 km ² ) ( 2.07 % ) is water .	According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 45.0 square miles ( 116.6 km ² ) , of which , 44.1 square miles ( 114.1 km ² ) of it is land and 0.9 square miles ( 2.4 km ² ) of it ( 2.07 % ) is water .
Kingsport is commonly included in what is known as the Mountain Empire , which spans a portion of Southwest Virginia and the mountainous counties in Tennessee to the east .	It is part of what is known as the `` Mountain Empire , '' which includes a portion of southwest Virginia and the mountainous counties in Tennessee to the east .
Kingsport is a city in Sullivan , Hawkins and Washington counties in the State of Tennessee .	Kingsport is a city in Hawkins and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee .
Residents of Kingsport are served by the Kingsport City Schools public school system which operates eight elementary schools , two middle schools , and one high school .	People who live in Kingsport use the Kingsport City Schools public school system .
While no college or university houses its main campus within the city , these institutions have branch campuses in Kingsport : King , Lincoln Memorial , Milligan , Northeast State , Tusculum and Tennessee are all located in the Kingsport Center for Higher Education complex in downtown Kingsport .	While no college or university houses its main campus within the city , Northeast State Technical Community College , East Tennessee State University , and University of Tennessee have branch campuses in Kingsport .
In addition , Kingsport has eight private academies , most with religious affiliation .	Kingsport is also home to eight private academies .
Kingsport is the northwest terminus of Interstate 26 .	Kingsport is also the starting and ending point of Interstate 26 .
List of Kingsport city schools Douglass High School in Kingsport was one of the largest African-American high schools in the region when it closed for desegregation in 1966 .	The city is also part of Sullivan county which has 2 other high schools in Kingsport .
The next day , Irene made landfall on Cape Lookout , North Carolina as a category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds with an unusually low pressure for a category 1 hurricane .	Irene made landfall on Cape Lookout , North Carolina as a category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds with an unusually low pressure for a category 1 hurricane .
Coinciding with this , Gert reached its peak intensity with winds of 60 mph ( 100 km\/h ) .	Coinciding with this , Gert reached its peak strength with winds of 60 mph ( 100 km\/h ) .
The storm was of potential concern and was being monitored closely as it may have indirectly impacted the east coast of North America .	The storm was of potential concern and was being monitored closely as it may have indirectly impacted the east coast of the United States and Canada .
After weakening to a tropical storm , Irene made a second U.S. landfall at Brigantine Island in New Jersey at 5:35 a.m. On August 28 , still a strong tropical storm , Irene made its third U.S. landfall in the Coney Island area of Brooklyn , New York , at approximately 9:00 a.m. on August 28 .	After weakening to a tropical storm , Irene made a second U.S. landfall at Brigantine Island in New Jersey at 5:35 a.m. .
Its remnants struck Great Britain and Ireland on September 11 and 12 , killing one .	Its remnants struck the UK and the Republic of Ireland on September 11 and September 12 , killing one .
By late August 19 the storm was intensifying rapidly and it was announced that it could become a hurricane just before landfall .	By late August 19 the storm was strengthening rapidly and it was announced that it could become a hurricane just before landfall .
It dissipated on August 22 .	It dissipated on September 12 .
On October 6 , Philippe became a strong Category 1 hurricane .	It then became a category 1 hurricane on September 30 .
On September 1 , the storm organized into a tropical depression , very early that morning .	Tropical Depression Ten formed on August 25 .
On October 8 , Philippe weakened to a tropical storm , then became post-tropical later that day .	It weakened again to a tropical storm the next day and was no longer tropical on October 8 .
Later that day , Ophelia further strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane , becoming the third major hurricane of the season .	It then strengthen into a major hurricane .
As a result , Gert degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone over the open Atlantic .	As a result , Gert deteriorated into a post-tropical cyclone over the open Atlantic .
Early on August 24 , Irene became a Category 3 major hurricane , with winds of 120 mph ( 150 km\/h ) .	Irene then became the first major hurricane of the season as well .
An area of low pressure formed on the southern extent of a stalled cold front just off the East Coast of the United States on July 16 .	On July 16 , a low-pressure area formed north of the Bahamas .
On September 11 , Nate made landfall on the Mexican coastline as a weak tropical storm , with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km\/h ) .	Nate made landfall near the Mexican coastline .
At 0600 UTC on July 20 , the low developed into a tropical depression east of Bermuda .	Tropical Storm Cindy formed on July 20 , when it developed into a tropical depression east of Bermuda .
Tropical Storm Harvey moved into the coastline of Central America in mid-August , and three deaths were reported as a result .	Tropical Storm Harvey formed on August 18 .
A total of 22 deaths were reported in association with Tropical Storm Arlene .	The season started when Tropical Storm Arlene formed on June 29 .
Moving northwest , the tropical depression was upgraded to a tropical storm , given the name `` Lee '' on September 2 .	The Unnamed Tropical Storm formed on September 1 east of Boston , Massachusetts as a tropical depression .
Most Romance languages are null subject languages .	The Romance languages are a language family in the Indo-European languages .
The same system underlines many other modern Romance languages , such as Portuguese , French and Catalan .	The biggest Romance languages are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian .
The name Yehudi means `` Jew '' in Hebrew .	The name Yehudi means ` Jew ' in Hebrew .
He married Nola Nicholas , daughter of an Australian industrialist , and sister of Hephzibah Menuhin 's first husband Lindsay Nicholas .	He first married Nola Nicholas , daughter of an Australian industrialist , and sister of Hephzibah Menuhin 's first husband .
He is widely considered one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century .	He was one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century .
In 1983 Menuhin and Robert Masters founded the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists .	In 1983 he founded together with Robert Masters the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists .
His sisters were concert pianist and human rights worker Hephzibah Menuhin and pianist , painter and poet Yaltah Menuhin .	His sisters were Hephzibah Menuhin who became a pianist , and Yaltah Menuhin who became a pianist , painter and poet .
Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City , United States , to Jewish parents from what is now Belarus .	Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City , New York .
Menuhin and Gould had two sons , Gerard and Jeremy , a pianist .	They had two sons , Gerard and Jeremy , who became a pianist .
Through his father Moshe Menuhin , a former rabbinical student and anti-Zionist writer , he was descended from a distinguished rabbinical dynasty .	His father , Moshe Menuhin , had been a rabbinical student and anti-Zionist writer .
In 1991 Menuhin was awarded the prestigious Wolf Prize by the Israeli Government .	In 1991 he was given the Wolf Prize by the Israeli Government .
Menuhin died in Martin Luther Hospital , Berlin , Germany , from complications of bronchitis .	Lord Menuhin died in Berlin , Germany , from bronchitis .
In the Israeli Knesset he gave an acceptance speech in which he criticised Israel 's continued occupation of the West Bank : In 1977 Menuhin and Ian Stoutzker founded the charity Live Music Now , the largest outreach music project in the UK .	In the Israeli Knesset he gave a speech in which he criticised Israel 's occupation of the West Bank .
Soon after his death , the Royal Academy of Music acquired the Yehudi Menuhin Archive , which includes sheet music marked up for performance , correspondence , news articles and photographs relating to Menuhin , autograph musical manuscripts , and several portraits of Paganini .	Soon after his death , the Royal Academy of Music was given the Yehudi Menuhin Archive , a very large collection of musical books , letters etc. that had belonged to Yehudi Menuhin .
He performed for Allied soldiers during World War II and , accompanied on the piano by English composer Benjamin Britten , for the surviving inmates of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp after its liberation in April 1945 .	He was the first person to perform in the Paris Opéra after the war and he went with the composer Benjamin Britten to perform for the people who were prisoners in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp , after they were made free in April 1945 .
Yehudi Menuhin , Baron Menuhin , OM , KBE ( 22 April 1916 - 12 March 1999 ) was an American-born violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in the United Kingdom .	Yehudi Menuhin , Baron Menuhin , OM , KBE ( born New York , 22 April 1916 ; died Berlin 12 March 1999 ) was a violinist and conductor .
In 1962 , he established the Yehudi Menuhin School in Stoke d'Abernon , Surrey .	The school is in Stoke d'Abernon , Surrey , just south of London .
One of the more memorable later performances was of Edward Elgar 's Violin Concerto , which Menuhin had recorded with the composer in 1932 .	One of the most remarkable was a recording made in 1932 of Elgar 's Violin concerto .
In 1974 , he was made assistant conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra .	In 1974 , he was made assistant conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra , and in 1977 assistant conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic .
In May 2006 he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Arts .	In May 2006 he was made an Honorary Member of the Society of Arts .
In 1992 , Rattle was named a Principal Guest Conductor of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment ( OAE ) , along with Frans Brüggen .	In 1992 , Rattle was made Principal Guest Conductor of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment ( OAE ) , together with Frans Brüggen .
He spent the academic year 1980\/81 at St Anne 's College , Oxford studying English Language and Literature .	He spent a year studying English Language and literature at St Anne 's College , Oxford .
Rattle made his conducting debut with the Berlin Philharmonic ( BPO ) in 1987 , in a performance of Gustav Mahler 's Symphony No. 6 .	The first time Rattle conducted the Berlin Philharmonic ( BPO ) was in 1987 when he gave a performance of Gustav Mahler 's Symphony No. 6 .
Rattle was awarded a CBE in 1987 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1994 .	Rattle was given the award of CBE in 1987 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1994 .
He gave his first concert as principal conductor of the BPO on 7 September 2002 , leading performances of Thomas Adès ' Asyla and Mahler 's Symphony No. 5 , performances which received rave reviews from the press worldwide and were recorded for CD and DVD release by EMI .	He gave his first concert as principal conductor of the BPO on 7 September 2002 , leading performances of Thomas Adès ' Asyla and Gustav Mahler 's Symphony No. 5 .
In 2001 , he conducted the OAE at Glyndebourne in their first production of Fidelio with a period-instrument orchestra .	In 2001 , Rattle conducted the OAE at Glyndebourne in their first production of Beethoven 's opera Fidelio with a period instrument orchestra .
His time with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra ( CBSO ) from 1980 to 1998 drew him to the attention of critics and the public .	He spent 18 years as conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra ( CBSO ) , from 1980 to 1998 .
In 1993 , Rattle made his conducting debut with The Philadelphia Orchestra .	In 1993 , Rattle conducted the Philadelphia Orchestra .
In 1999 , Rattle was appointed as successor to Claudio Abbado as the orchestra 's principal conductor .	In 1999 Rattle was made chief conductor of the orchestra when Claudio Abbado left .
He first conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic ( LA Phil ) in 1979 during the music directorship of Carlo Maria Giulini , and was their Principal Guest Conductor from 1981-1994 .	In 1979 he conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic ( LAP ) and was their Principal Guest Conductor from 1981-1994 .
In 1974 , his graduation year , Rattle won the John Player International Conducting Competition .	Three years later he won the John Player Conductor Competition .
One other major achievement during his time was the move of the CBSO from its former venue , Birmingham Town Hall , to a newly built concert hall , Symphony Hall , in 1991 .	The orchestra used to give their concerts at the Town Hall in Birmingham , but a new concert hall , the Symphony Hall , was opened in 1991 .
He entered the Royal Academy of Music , University of London , in 1971 .	He went to study at the Royal Academy of Music in London in 1971 .
Sir Simon Denis Rattle , OM CBE ( born 19 January 1955 ) , is an English conductor .	Sir Simon Denis Rattle CBE , ( born Liverpool , 19 January 1955 ) is an English conductor .
In the natural sciences , gradualism is the theory which holds that profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes , often contrasted with catastrophism .	In the natural sciences , gradualism is a theory which holds that profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes , often contrasted with catastrophism .
Tenets from both theories were applied to biology and formed the basis of early evolutionary theory .	It formed the basis of early evolutionary theory .
Charles Darwin was influenced by Lyell 's Principles of Geology , which explained both uniformitarian methodology and theory .	Charles Darwin was influenced by Lyell 's Principles of Geology .
The theory was proposed in 1795 by James Hutton , a Scottish physician and gentleman farmer , and was later incorporated into Charles Lyell 's theory of uniformitarianism .	The theory was proposed in 1795 by James Hutton , a Scottish physician and gentlemen farmer , and was later was the basis for Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology .
It is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium , which is gradualist itself , but argues that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability ( called stasis ) , which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution .	`` Phyletic gradualism '' is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium .

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